Color Patches Research Articles

Glucose Intake Improves Executive Attention

Glucose is the essential energy source for brain, and glucose consumption is reported to be beneficial in multiple cognitive brain functions. However, it was unclear that if oral glucose intake has any effect on improving executive attention in human subjects. In this study, we firstly investigated the effect of one-shot intake of 29 g glucose on executive attention in human subjects using an internet-based Stroop color and word test (SCWT). The time interference score, defined by the reaction times in the SCWT under three different rules, was significantly lower in the glucose intake group than in the control group. The error rate in the color patch condition of the SCWT was also significantly lower in the glucose group. These results suggest that glucose enhances executive attention.

Image-brightness prediction model for wide-color-gamut displays based on Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect

A wider array of color gamut and higher luminance are increasingly offered by displays to provide users with immersive content. However, in the latest displays available, it is difficult to predict image brightness because the extensively used color appearance model is made based on a color patch whose color appearance is not the same as that of an image on the display. Therefore, in this study, a method of predicting image brightness on a display depending on its color gamut by quantifying the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect is proposed. A method for accurately measuring image luminance is also presented. To verify the performance of the proposed model, a brightness matching experiment is performed under two different color gamut sizes. The experimental results confirm that the image appears brighter with the increase in color gamut due to the H–K effect, demonstrating that the proposed prediction model exhibits desirable performance. The proposed brightness prediction model, which includes the image experience in the color range, delivers better image quality to users.

Uncertainty and Prior Assumptions, Rather Than Innate Logarithmic Encoding, Explain Nonlinear Number-to-Space Mapping

Mapping number to space is natural and spontaneous but often nonveridical, showing a clear compressive nonlinearity that is thought to reflect intrinsic logarithmic encoding of numerical values. We asked 78 adult participants to map dot arrays onto a number line across nine trials. Combining participant data, we confirmed that on the first trial, mapping was heavily compressed along the number line, but it became more linear across trials. Responses were well described by logarithmic compression but also by a parameter-free Bayesian model of central tendency, which quantitatively predicted the relationship between nonlinearity and number acuity. To experimentally test the Bayesian hypothesis, we asked 90 new participants to complete a color-line task in which they mapped noise-perturbed color patches to a “color line.” When there was more noise at the high end of the color line, the mapping was logarithmic, but it became exponential with noise at the low end. We conclude that the nonlinearity of both number and color mapping reflects contextual Bayesian inference processes rather than intrinsic logarithmic encoding.

The jumping spider Saitis barbipes lacks a red photoreceptor to see its own sexually dimorphic red coloration

Examining the role of color in mate choice without testing what colors the study animal is capable of seeing can lead to ill-posed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions. Here, we test the seemingly reasonable assumption that the sexually dimorphic red coloration of the male jumping spider Saitis barbipes is distinguishable, by females, from adjacent black color patches. Using microspectrophotometry, we find clear evidence for photoreceptor classes with maximal sensitivity in the UV (359 nm) and green (526 nm), inconclusive evidence for a photoreceptor maximally sensitive in the blue (451 nm), and no evidence for a red photoreceptor. No colored filters within the lens or retina could be found to shift green sensitivity to red. To quantify and visualize whether females may nevertheless be capable of discriminating red from black color patches, we take multispectral images of males and calculate photoreceptor excitations and color contrasts between color patches. Red patches would be, at best, barely discriminable from black, and not discriminable from a low-luminance green. Some color patches that appear achromatic to human eyes, such as beige and white, strongly absorb UV wavelengths and would appear as brighter “spider-greens” to S. barbipes than the red color patches. Unexpectedly, we discover an iridescent UV patch that contrasts strongly with the UV-absorbing surfaces dominating the rest of the spider. We propose that red and black coloration may serve identical purposes in sexual signaling, functioning to generate strong achromatic contrast with the visual background. The potential functional significance of red coloration outside of sexual signaling is discussed.

G<sub>0</sub> Revisited as Equally Bright Reference Boundary

Brilliance and zero grayness (denoted as G0) and are two terms coined by Ralph Evans. Nayatani, Heckaman and Fairchild have done series of work to incorporate them into comprehensive color appearance models. In this work, those concepts were reexamined to scale lightness/brightness across the chromaticity diagram. Specifically, observers, mostly with a color science background, were asked to adjust the luminance of a color patch to appear with no grayness, or equivalently just about/cease to glow. The hypothesis was that lightness can be equalized across those chromaticities and the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect is automatically incorporated. This hypothesis was verified in a follow-up experiment where another group of observers completed paired comparisons of the brightness between the collected G0 results. The G0 task was also repeated under another two levels of adaption backgrounds, based on which different absolute brightness results for a given chromaticity might be derived. In addition, high correlations between the G0 results (as a perceptual boundary between appearance modes) and different physical gamut boundaries including MacAdam's optimal colors were found for possible computational proxies and ecologically meaningful implications.

A Digital Test Chart for Visual Assessment of Color Appearance Scales

A digital color appearance test chart, akin to a ColorChecker® Chart for human perception, was developed and evaluated both perceptually and computationally. The chart allows an observer to adjust the appearance of a limited number of color patches to allow a quick evaluation of perceived brightness, colorfulness, lightness, saturation, and hue on a display. The resulting data can then be used to compared observed results with the predictions of various color appearance models. Analyses in this paper highlight some known shortcomings of CIELAB, CIECAM02, and CAM16. Differences between CIECAM02 and CAM16 are also highlighted. This paper does not provide new psychophysical data for model testing, it simply describes a technique to generate such data and a computational comparison of models.

The color matching design based on polynomial regression

Camouflage spots are mostly color patches of different colors. Compared with the traditional empirical color matching method, computer color matching can quickly and effectively calculate the proportion of red, yellow, and blue primary colors. In general, camouflage computer color matching in the practical application of the initial formula is not accurate and multiple color modification still cannot match. First, we measured the chroma coordinates of 98 standard swatches made of red, green, and blue coatings in different proportions by the OHSP-660 spectral reflectance tester. Then, we adopted polynomial regression algorithm by Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) to obtain the regression equation between [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]. Finally, the fitting equation is used to obtain the paint color scheme in the coordinates of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] in arbitrary uniform color space, so as to realize the purpose of computer color matching. The experimental results show that the minimum color difference is 1.691 ( L* a* b* unit) the maximum color difference is 2.497, which meets the design requirements of camouflage and target color difference being no more than 3. Our work provides a theoretical basis for the further development of computer color matching system in camouflage.

Appending Global to Local features for Skin Lesion Classification on Dermoscpic Images

Skin cancer is the deadliest diseases compared with all other kinds of cancer. In this paper various pre- and post-treatments are proposed for improving automated melanoma diagnosis of dermoscopy images. At first pre-processing have done to exclude unwanted parts, a new triple-A segmentation proposes to extract lesion according to their histogram patterns. Lastly, suggest appending process with testing many factors for superior detection decision. This paper offers a novel approach with testing different detection rules: first system used fuzzy rules based on a different features, a second test has been done by modeled local colours with bag-of-features classifier. Then proposed adding lesion shape on two previous systems as their global form in the first one, while distributing it and appending with local colour patches in the second system. For each case, different features; various colour models, and many other parameters are examined to decide which settings are more discriminating. Evaluates performance of each method has carried out on (ISIC2019 Challenge) dermoscopic database. The novel processes with their a specific parameters are rising the classification accuracy to 98.26%.

Comparison of digital photography and spectrometry for evaluating colour perception in humans and other trichromatic species

Digital photography and spectrometry are widely used for colour measurement, but both methods have a number of advantages and disadvantages. Comparative studies can help determine the most appropriate method for quantifying animal colour perception, but few have attempted to compare them based on colour model conversion. Here we compare colour measurements from digital photography and spectrometry in a controlled standard experimental environment using the three-dimensional colour space model CIE L*a*b* which is designed to approximate colour perception in humans and assess the repeatability and agreement of the two methods. For digital photography, we first extracted RGB values from each colour patch and transferred these to L*a*b* values using colour model conversion. For spectrometry, we measured the spectral reflectance (SR) value and subsequently transferred SR values to L*a*b* values. Using a consensus of correlation analysis, intraclass correlation coefficients, concordance correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman analysis, we found that although spectrometry showed a slightly higher repeatability than photography, both methods were highly repeatable and showed a strong agreement. Furthermore, we used Bland-Altman analysis to derive the limits of agreement, which can be used as criteria for identifying when photography and spectrometry could be as a suitable alternative for measuring colour perception in humans and other trichromatic species. We suggest that our workflow offers a practical and logical approach that could improve how we currently study colour perception in trichromats. Measuring colour efficiently and accurately is necessary for investigating the evolutionary biology of colour perception in animals. Digital photography and spectrometry are two methods widely used for colour measurement, but there are benefits and limitations to using either method. Comparative studies based on colour model conversion are therefore critical for helping researchers determine which method is most appropriate. Here we test the repeatability and agreement of the two measuring methods using standard colour patches, as a comparative case study of broader interest in measuring colour perception in humans and similar primates. Our results demonstrate that both methods are highly repeatable, and the two methods may be used interchangeably to measure colour perception in humans under experimental conditions.

The Role of Joint Influence on the Cross-Modal Stroop Effect: Investigating Time Course and Asymmetry

ABSTRACT We conducted three experiments to analyze the respective roles of the joint influence account and the word production architecture account within the cross-modal Stroop effect. We utilized a varied time course of targets and distractors and investigated the possible asymmetry of visual and auditory targets to determine the underlying mechanism of interference. In Experiment 1, we used color patches as the visual target. We found color-word Stroop asymmetry that supported the word-production architecture account; there was a Stroop interference effect when participants named visual but not auditory targets. In Experiment 2, we used printed words as the color carrier instead of color patches. The size of interference in visual targets in Experiment 2 was still greater than in auditory targets and was driven by additive interference from the visual distractor dimension, which supported the joint influence account. In Experiment 3, which was a replication of Experiment 2 that removed the integrated incongruent visual distractor, we concluded that target and distractor integration played a key role in moderating the size of the interference effect, and that the lesser interference after removing the incongruent visual distractor supported the joint influence account. In almost every possible combination of conditions, we detected color-word Stroop asymmetry, and while the results were consistent with both the joint influence and word production architecture account when color patches were used as the color carrier, the joint influence account could more completely explain the findings regardless of the color carrier. Further research should be done to establish how target and distractor integration operates within and across modalities, as well as the contexts in which the word production architecture account applies.

Rethinking attentional reset: Task sets determine the boundaries of adaptive control.

Adaptive control processes that minimise distraction often operate in a context-specific manner. For example, they may minimise distraction from irrelevant conversations during a lecture but not in the hallway afterwards. It remains unclear, however, whether (a) salient perceptual features or (b) task sets based on such features serve as contextual boundaries for adaptive control in standard distractor-interference tasks. To distinguish between these possibilities, we manipulated whether the structure of a standard, visual distractor-interference task allowed (Experiment 1) or did not allow (Experiment 2) participants to associate salient visual features (i.e., colour patches and colour words) with different task sets. We found that changing salient visual features across consecutive trials reduced a popular measure of adaptive control in distractor-interference tasks-the congruency sequence effect (CSE)-only when the task structure allowed participants to associate these visual features with different task sets. These findings extend prior support for the task set hypothesis from somewhat atypical cross-modal tasks to a standard unimodal task. In contrast, they pose a challenge to an alternative "attentional reset" hypothesis, and related views, wherein changing salient perceptual features always results in a contextual boundary for the CSE.

Application of Internet of Things intelligent image-positioning studio classroom in English teaching

The purpose is to minimize color overflow and color patch generation in intelligent images and promote the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) intelligent image-positioning studio classroom in English teaching. Here, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm is introduced to extract and classify features for intelligent images. Then, the extracted features can position images in real-time. Afterward, the performance of the CNN algorithm is verified through training. Subsequently, two classes in senior high school are selected for experiments, and the influences of IoT intelligent image-positioning studio classroom on students’ performance in the experimental class and control class are analyzed and compared. The results show that the introduction of the CNN algorithm can optimize the intelligent image, accelerate the image classification, reduce color overflow, brighten edge color, and reduce color patches, facilitating intelligent image editing and dissemination. The feasibility analysis proves the effectiveness of the IoT intelligent image-positioning studio classroom, which is in line with students’ language learning rules and interests and can involve students in classroom activities and encourage self-learning. Meanwhile, interaction and cooperation can help students master learning strategies efficiently. The experimental class taught with the IoT intelligent positioning studio has made significant progress in academic performance, especially, in the post-test. In short, the CNN algorithm can promote IoT technologies and is feasible in English teaching.

Female choice and male aggression in the polymorphic lizard Sceloporus minor

AbstractIn comparison with some other vertebrate groups, female choice in lizards is relatively poorly understood. In contrast, aggressive behavior in lizards has been better studied; nevertheless, there are many genera and even whole families for which little or no information on aggressive behavior has been described. Therefore, the objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate the importance of morphometric traits, body coloration, and behavioral attributes of male Sceloporus minor from a population in central Mexico in order to (1) determine whether female choice exists in this species, and if so, identify which features of males females are using to do so, and (2) identify the phenotypic features of males that predict dominance status in contests between dominant and subordinate males. We found that females of S. minor indeed show a preference for males on the basis of ventral patch color; specifically, females chose males with ventral patches of Spectrum Blue or True Blue over males with ventral patches of other blue hues, but found no evidence of choice based on other morphological characters examined. Results also showed that winner (i.e., dominant) males exhibited more aggressive behaviors and were larger in body size than subordinate (i.e., loser) males. Notably, we found no support for a role of male polymorphic dorsal coloration on either female choice or male contest outcome. The results of this study showed evidence of female choice and male‐male competition, suggesting that in this population, males exhibit intrasexual interactions to compete for resources such as territories and produce displays that serve in part to attract females.

Specifics in Children's Drawings with Autism

Background: The peculiarities of sensory perception and perception of one's own body in children with autism are the basis for understanding their cognitive and social development difficulties.
 Objective: The study aims to structure different categories of drawings of children with autism and compare them with the severity of autism measured by CARS2. Methods: 120 children aged 3 to 9 years were studied (X= 6.26, SD = 3.16). Drawings of autistic children. The children have a white sheet, pencils, a children's drawing table, and the experimenter asks them to draw a person. The children were studied with CARS. 2. Clinical method: includes observation, direct work with the child on each of the topics of the methodology used, interview with parents, diagnostic discussion with the clinical team. Psychodiagnostic method: includes an examination of children with mental developmental stairs, assessment of cognitive, communication, socioemotional and sensorimotor functions. CARS 2 Childhood Autism Rating Scale | Second Edition Statistical.
 Method: includes data processing using the SPSS programme. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, a frequency distribution of data are used for data analysis.
 Results: The results show eight main categories of drawings in autistic children: 1. circles, water; 2. patches of colour covering the human figure or representing a human figure without an external boundary; 3. figures and letters; 4. human figures fenced as a bubble, a human figure composed of parts of objects (the elements are not connected); 5. objects with geometric shapes (buildings, roads with markings, apartment blocks, strange shells; 6. road signs, logos.
 Conclusions: There is no statistical dependence between the severity of autistic symptomatology and the types of drawings. We can draw some conclusions about how a child with autism perceives his own body from the presented results. Because we see that in mild and moderate degrees of autism CARS 2, the whole variety of drawing categories was evaluated, while in severe and very severe degrees of expression of the disorder circles, colourful spots with vague boundaries predominate. Children with autism often identify with non-living objects, street signs, eccentric houses and towers.

Information out of the blue: phenotypic correlates of abdominal color patches in Sceloporus lizards

Colorful ornaments are important visual signals for animal communication that can provide critical information about the quality of the signaler. In this study, we focused on different color characteristics of the abdominal patches of males of six lizard species from the genus Sceloporus. We addressed three main objectives. First, we examined if size, brightness, saturation, and conspicuousness of these ornaments are indicative of body size, condition, immune function, or levels of testosterone and corticosterone. Second, we evaluated if the distinct components of these abdominal patches (blue or green patches and black stripes) transmit similar information about the signaler, which would support the redundant signal hypothesis, or if these components are related to different phenotypic traits, which would support the multiple message hypothesis. Third, we compared the phenotypic correlates of these ornaments among our six species to understand the degree of conservatism in the signaling patterns or to find species-specific signals. Using data collected from males in natural conditions and a multi-model inference framework, we found that in most species the area of the patches and the brightness of the blue component are positively related to body size. Thus, these color characteristics are presumably indicative of the physical strength and competitive ability of males and these shared signals were likely inherited from a common ancestor. In half of the species, males in good body condition also exhibit relatively larger blue and black areas, suggesting that the expression of these ornaments is condition-dependent. Abdominal patches also provide information about immunocompetence of the males as indicated by different correlations between certain color characteristics and ectoparasite load, counts of heterophils, and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Our findings reveal that area and brightness of the abdominal patches signal the size and body condition of males, whereas blue saturation and conspicuousness with respect to the surrounding substrate are indicative of immune condition, thus supporting the multiple message hypothesis. However, some of these correlations were not shared by all species and, hence, point to intriguing species-specific signals.

Taxonomic revision of south-eastern Australian giant burrowing frogs (Anura: Limnodynastidae: Heleioporus Gray).

The rarely encountered giant burrowing frog, Heleioporus australiacus, is distributed widely in a variety of sclerophyll forest habitats east of the Great Dividing Range in south-eastern Australia. Analyses of variation in nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial ND4 gene and thousands of nuclear gene SNPs revealed the presence of two deeply divergent lineages. Multivariate morphological comparisons show the two lineages differ in body proportions with > 91% of individuals being correctly classified in DFA. The two lineages differ in the number and size of spots on the lateral surfaces and the degree by which the cloaca is surrounded by colour patches. The mating calls are significantly different in number of pulses in the note. The presence of a F2 hybrid in the area where the distribution of the two taxa come into closest proximity leads us to assign subspecies status to the lineages, as we have not been able to assess the extent of potential genetic introgression. In our sampling, the F2 hybrid sample sits within an otherwise unsampled gap of ~90km between the distributions of the two lineages. The nominate northern sub-species is restricted to the Sydney Basin bioregion, while the newly recognised southern subspecies occurs from south of the Kangaroo Valley in the mid-southern coast of New South Wales to near Walhalla in central Gippsland in Victoria. The habitat of the two subspecies is remarkably similar. Adults spend large portions of their lives on the forest floor where they forage and burrow in a variety of vegetation communities. The southern subspecies occurs most commonly in dry sclerophyll forests with an open understory in the south and in open forest and heath communities with a dense understory in the north of its distribution. The northern subspecies is also found in dry open forests and heaths in association with eroded sandstone landscapes in the Sydney Basin bioregion. Males of both taxa call from both constructed burrows and open positions on small streams, differing from the five Western Australian species of Heleioporus where males call only from constructed burrows. Using the IUCN Red List process, we found that the extent of occupancy and area of occupancy along with evidence of decline for both subspecies are consistent with the criteria for Endangered (A2(c)B2(a)(b)).

Ayurvedic Management of Shwitra: A Case Study

Shwitra is a chronic illness. The lesions of shwitra being dry and also noninfectious thus differs from the kushtha in general. It is whitish discoloration of skin starting from child to old, rich to poor, irrespective of sex, religion, status, age. vitiligo can be co-related with Shwitra disease in Ayurveda due to the alike signs and symptoms which are; non exudative white, red or coppery-red colored patches, roughness, dryness, itching, burning sensation of the patches, loss and discoloration of the hair. Shwitra is caused by vitiation all the three doshas. Pracchanna karma is one of among the shastrakrita raktamokshana in which multiple small incisions are made to irrigate the impure blood. It is usually adopted as a sthanika chikitsa. In this study, Balyadi lepa is used externally for the management of shwitra, the result of which has been found encouraging.

Generalist camouflage can be more successful than microhabitat specialisation in natural environments

BackgroundCrypsis by background-matching is a critical form of anti-predator defence for animals exposed to visual predators, but achieving effective camouflage in patchy and variable natural environments is not straightforward. To cope with heterogeneous backgrounds, animals could either specialise on particular microhabitat patches, appearing cryptic in some areas but mismatching others, or adopt a compromise strategy, providing partial matching across different patch types. Existing studies have tested the effectiveness of compromise strategies in only a limited set of circumstances, primarily with small targets varying in pattern, and usually in screen-based tasks. Here, we measured the detection risk associated with different background-matching strategies for relatively large targets, with human observers searching for them in natural scenes, and focusing on colour. Model prey were designed to either ‘specialise’ on the colour of common microhabitat patches, or ‘generalise’ by matching the average colour of the whole visual scenes.ResultsIn both the field and an equivalent online computer-based search task, targets adopting the generalist strategy were more successful in evading detection than those matching microhabitat patches. This advantage occurred because, across all possible locations in these experiments, targets were typically viewed against a patchwork of different microhabitat areas; the putatively generalist targets were thus more similar on average to their various immediate surroundings than were the specialists.ConclusionsDemonstrating close agreement between the results of field and online search experiments provides useful validation of online citizen science methods commonly used to test principles of camouflage, at least for human observers. In finding a survival benefit to matching the average colour of the visual scenes in our chosen environment, our results highlight the importance of relative scales in determining optimal camouflage strategies, and suggest how compromise coloration can succeed in nature.

UAV Object Tracking Application Based on Patch Color Group Feature on Embedded System

The discriminative object tracking system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is widely used in numerous applications. While an ample amount of research has been carried out in this domain, implementing a low computational cost algorithm on a UAV onboard embedded system is still challenging. To address this issue, we propose a low computational complexity discriminative object tracking system for UAVs approach using the patch color group feature (PCGF) framework in this work. The tracking object is separated into several non-overlapping local image patches then the features are extracted into the PCGFs, which consist of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The object location is calculated by the similar PCGFs comparison from the previous frame and current frame. The background PCGFs of the object are removed by four directions feature scanning and dynamic threshold comparison, which improve the performance accuracy. In the terms of speed execution, the proposed algorithm accomplished 32.5 frames per second (FPS) on the x64 CPU platform without a GPU accelerator and 17 FPS in Raspberry Pi 4. Therefore, this work could be considered as a good solution for achieving a low computational complexity PCGF algorithm on a UAV onboard embedded system to improve flight times.

Prediction of the layered ink layout for 3D printers considering a desired skin color and line spread function

We propose a layout estimation method for multi-layered ink using a measurement of the line spread function (LSF) and machine learning. The three-dimensional printing market for general consumers focuses on the reproduction of realistic appearance. In particular, for the reproduction of human skin, it is important to control translucency by adopting a multilayer structure. Traditionally, layer design has depended on the experience of designers. We, therefore, developed an efficient layout estimation to provide arbitrary skin color and translucency. In our method, we create multi-layered color patches of human skin and measure the LSF as a metric of translucency, and we employ a neural network trained with the data to estimate the layout. As an evaluation, we measured the LSF from the computer-graphics-created skin and fabricate skin using the estimated layout; evaluation with root-mean-square error showed that we can obtain color and translucency that are close to the target.