Color Modification Research Articles

The Development of Methodologies for Color Printing in Digital Inkjet Textile Printing and the Application of Color Knowledge in the Ways of Making Project

ABSTRACT Digital textile printing (DTP) offers creative potential and entrepreneurial business models in textile design. Designers are no longer restricted to a number of colors or pattern repeat. It has become possible to print fabric without large set-up costs. This relatively sustainable technology reduces water-usage and dye-wastage. DTP meets Just in Time, Concept to Consumer demand, reducing stock wastage. However, there is a marked difference between screen-color to print-color and software allows a user to select colors unprintable using CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) colorants. Color results are further affected by factors such as structure and composition of the fabric, dye type, printer communications, fabric pre-treatments and secondary processes. A textile designer will be required to understand and experiment with a number of variables in order to feel color-confident. This paper presents investigations which focused on developing methods to aid a designer’s color expectation knowledge, using a Practice-as-Research methodology. Outcomes include a color reference book, digital lap dip tests presented as color maps, and a set of indicator ICC profiles, generated from data accumulated through measuring printed color differences on a variety of substrates. These visual prompts are intended to support designers to build their own internal color look-up table enabling them to predict and resolve color issues during the design process. Finally, the paper concludes by presenting a Case Study detailing an application of these color methods by the researcher for the Ways of Making project, a collaboration between Sir Peter Blake, Worton Hall Studios and Centre for Fine Print Research (CFPR) at University of West of England (UWE). Here, the indicator profiles were applied to Blake’s images, altering the color data to create experimental color modifications and printed onto silk. An initial selection of works from the project were exhibited at London Original Print Fair, Royal Academy, April 2019.

Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Color, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in African Nightshade.

This study aimed to investigate the influences of fermentation at 37 °C for 3 days by different lactic acid bacterium strains, Lactobacillus plantarum (17a), Weissella cibaria (21), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (56), W. cibaria (64) or L. plantarum (75), on color, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of African nightshade (leaves). Results indicated fermentation with L. plantarum 75 strain significantly decreased the pH and total soluble solids, and increased the concentration of ascorbic acid after 3 days. L. plantarum 75 strain limited the color modification in fermented nightshade leaves and increased the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity compared to the raw nightshade leaves. Overall, L. plantarum 75 enhanced the functional potential of nightshade leaves and improved the bioavailability of gallic, vanillic acid, coumaric, ferulic ellagic acids, flavonoids (catechin, quercetin and luteolin) and ascorbic acid compared to the other lactic acid bacterium strains. Correlation analysis indicated that vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid were responsible for the increased antioxidant activity. Proximate analysis of the fermented nightshade leaves showed reduced carbohydrate content and low calculated energy.

Cause of Color Modification in Tanzanite after Heat Treatment.

Natural tanzanites usually show strongly trichroic coloration from violet to blue, and brown colors in different directions. However, this characteristic is easily changed to violet-blue dichroism after heat treatment. Moreover, the cause of color modification after heating is still controversial. A few researchers have previously suggested that trace amounts of either vanadium or titanium substituted in aluminum site should be the main determinant of color after the heat treatment. Alteration of either V3+ to V4+ or Ti3+ to Ti4+ may relate to light absorption around 450–460 nm, which is the main cause. UV/vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), a utility of synchrotron radiation, were applied for this experiment. As a result, the violet-blue absorption band (centered around 450–460 nm) as well as green absorption band (centered around 520 nm) were obviously decreased along the c-axis after heating, and XAS analysis indicated the increasing of the oxidation state of vanadium. This result was well supported by the chemical composition of samples. Consequently, vanadium was strongly suggested as the significant coloring agent in tanzanite after heat treatment.

Genetic engineering as a way to obtain ornamental plants with a changed flower color

An important trend in the field of floriculture is the creation of new varieties of ornamental plants, among which varieties with unusual color are most in demand. To this end, traditional breeding and selection programs have been successfully applied for many years. However, currently genetic engineering is able to offer an alternative way to obtain new forms and varieties. Anthocyanins belonging to flavonoids, betalains and carotenoids are the main types of pigments that are synthesized in the plant and are responsible for the color of flower petals. The modification of pigment biosynthesis pathways using genetic engineering techniques can produce results that cannot be obtained by traditional breeding. This review presents the main advances in the application of genetic engineering techniques in floriculture using the example of flower color modification. There are several main areas of work with the genes of pigment biosynthesis. Among them, the strategy of suppressing gene expression is used most often. Expression of certain genes is suppressed to prevent pigment synthesis, or vice versa, to eliminate factors that hinder color development. The method of additional heterologous genes insertion to plants lacking them in the pathway of pigment biosynthesis is often used. Genomic editing, in particular by using the CRISPR/Cas system, is also used for color modification, but the application of this method to ornamental plants is a relatively recent innovation. Despite the rapid development of biotechnology, there are obstacles to the distribution of genetically modified plants on the world market. By addressing a number of problems, the production of transgenic ornamental plants may become economically more cost-effective and attractive than the development of new varieties exclusively through traditional breeding methods.

Sustainable wood coatings made of epoxidized vegetable oils for ultraviolet protection

Environmental policies are becoming more restrictive in preserving ecosystems, encouraging the use of renewable resources such as wood. Wood products need to be protected, notably in outdoor situations, because wood is aging under the effect of climate conditions such as light, water and biodegradation. Surface color modifications occur, accompanied by a decline in physico-mechanical properties. Classical wood coatings are progressively prohibited due to their environmental toxicity, thus calling for safer coatings. Here we review wood photodegradation and protective coatings made of vegetable oils and epoxy resins. Epoxy resins allow high crosslinking and solve the common incompatibility of wood surface and coatings.

Hoopoe Upupa epops male feeding effort is related to female cosmetic egg colouration

Avian eggshell colouration might function as a post‐mating sexually selected signal of female quality, influencing male parental investment and, hence, reproductive success. This hypothesis has been tested for intrinsic eggshell pigments as biliverdin (blue‐green colouration) and/or protoporphyrin (brown coloured spots), but never for colourations applied post‐laying. Post‐laying staining colouration due to, for instance, uropygial secretion of the female could reflect its phenotypic properties and, thus, might be a cue for male investment in reproduction. In hoopoes, the uropygial gland of incubating females hosts symbiotic bacteria that are responsible for the brown colour of their uropygial secretion and of the eggshells, as they cover their bluish‐grey eggshells with gland secretion after laying. The secretion protects embryos from pathogenic trans‐shell infections and, thus, egg colouration may function as a cue or even as a post‐mating sexually selected signal of antimicrobial potential in hoopoes. In a wild hoopoe population breeding in nest boxes in Spain, we test this hypothesis by exploring whether egg colour predicts male parental investment. In accordance with the hypothesis, we found that the amount of food provided by males to incubating females was higher in nests with less saturated eggshell colours. This relationship was affected by female body condition. High quality females in terms of body condition and/or in secretion colour obtained better males in terms of provisioning effort during incubation. Given that eggshell saturation is negatively related to density of bacterial symbionts in uropygial secretions, one possibility is that males may regulate their parental investment in accordance to the expected characteristics of mutualistic bacteria hosted in uropygial glands and deposited on eggshells. We discuss alternative explanations for our results, concluding that the post‐mating sexual selection hypothesis is the most likely but experimental modification of egg colour is needed to test it further.

Enhanced UV-Reflection Facilitated a Shift in the Pollination System of the Red Poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae)

Evolutionary change is considered a major factor influencing the invasion of new habitats by plants. Yet, evidence on how such modifications promote range expansion remains rather limited. Here we investigated flower color modifications in the red poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae), as a result of its introduction into Central Europe and the impact of those modifications on its interactions with pollinators. We found that while flowers of Eastern Mediterranean poppies reflect exclusively in the red part of the spectrum, those of Central European poppies reflect both red and ultraviolet (UV) light. This change coincides with a shift from pollination by glaphyrid beetles (Glaphyridae) to bees. Glaphyrids have red-sensitive photoreceptors that are absent in bees, which therefore will not be attracted by colors of exclusively red-reflecting flowers. However, UV-reflecting flowers are easily detectable by bees, as revealed by visual modeling. In the North Mediterranean, flowers with low and high UV reflectance occur sympatrically. We hypothesize that Central European populations of P. rhoeas were initially polymorphic with respect to their flower color and that UV reflection drove a shift in the pollination system of P. rhoeas that facilitated its spread across Europe.

Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Bacteria and Utilization of the Chemical Fabricated for Diagnostic Performance of Viral Hepatitis C Virus-NS4

Extracellular biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) becomes a significant approach to NPs preparation. Development in medical diagnostics focuses on the nanomaterials, particularly AuNPs. This study focuses on the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs and, additionally, the use of the chemicals made-up in medical detection of hepatitis C Virus-NS4 (HCV-NS4). Cell-free extracts (CFE's) and cell biomass (CBM) of E. coli ATCC 8739, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, St. thermophilus ESH1 and L. acidophilus DSMZ 20079T mixed with Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) at 1:1(v/v) ratio, kept at distinctive temperatures and pHs for time intervals, and observed for AuNPs biogenesis. The chemically made-up AuNPs, 5'- hexanethiol, and the critical 20-base target oligonucleotide mixed. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) adsorbate on citrate-coated AuNPs used for the detection of the HCV-NS4 target oligonucleotide sequence. This study has advanced fast biogenic synthesis of stable AuNPs from 10-3M HAuCl4 utilizing the bacteria mentioned above at 37 oC, pH 7, and within fifteen minutes. UV spectrum at 520 nm, XRD, and TEM assured the development of AuNPs. Incorporated created up AuNPs recorded broad uptake bands and obtained the color modification from crimson to blue. The results directed to the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs and the attainable utilization of made-up AuNPs to seek out HCV-NS4.

A novel R3 MYB transcriptional repressor, MaMYBx, finely regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape hyacinth

R3-MYBs negatively regulate anthocyanin pigmentation in plants. However, how R3-MYB repressors finely modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in cooperation with R2R3-MYB activators remains unclear in monocots. We previously identified two anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB activators (MaMybA and MaAN2) in grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.). Here, we isolated a R3-MYB repressor, MaMYBx, and characterized its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis using genetic and biochemical markers. The temporal expression pattern of MaMYBx was similar to that of MaMybA and MaAN2, and it was correlated with anthocyanin accumulation during flower development. MaMYBx could be activated either by MaMybA alone or by MaMybA/MaAN2 and cofactor MabHLH1, and it suppressed its own activation and that of MaMybA promoters mediated by MaMybA/MaAN2 and MabHLH1. Like MaMybA, MaMYBx interacted with MabHLH1. MaDFR and MaANS transcription and anthocyanin accumulation mediated by MaMybA/MaAN2 and MabHLH1 were inhibited by MaMYBx. Overexpression of MaMYBx in tobacco greatly reduced flower pigmentation and repressed the expression of late structural and regulatory anthocyanin pathway genes. Thus, MaMYBx finely regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to MabHLH1 and disrupting the R2R3 MYB-bHLH complex in grape hyacinth. The regulatory network of transcriptional activators and repressors modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis is conserved within monocots. MaMYBx seems a potentially valuable target for flower color modification in ornamental plants.

Effect of Modified Atmosphere, Vacuum and Polyethylene Packaging on Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Chestnuts (Castanea sativa) during Storage

ABSTRACT There is a commercial requirement to extend the shelf-life of chestnuts. This study aimed to determine the effect of different packages (modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (0.3% O2 and 32% CO2), polyethylene (PE) and vacuum (VAC)) on physicochemical and microbial properties of raw chestnuts during storage (1, 2, 3 and 6 months). The results showed that the storage time and packaging type influence chestnuts properties. VAC and MAP showed a decrease in the aw, maximum force, and hardness values of the fruits at the end of storage. All treatments may also cause color modifications in the fruit. Total acidity and total soluble solids values remained similar between samples, although they increased in the first two months of storage. During the storage period, there was a significant increase in microorganism counts in the control and PE samples, being observed germination after one month in the latter situation. On the contrary, the use of MAP and VAC could significantly control the proliferation of the microorganisms; however, after 3 to 6 months, the chestnuts lost quality, showing a fermented smell.

Gamma radiation induced modifications in PC/SnS2 nanocomposite: structural and optical studies

Polycarbonate/tin disulfide (PC/SnS2) nanocomposite (NCP) was synthesized by the casting and thermolysis routes. The resulted effect of γ radiation, within doses 20–130 kGy, on the structural and optical characterization of PC/SnS2 NCP has been inspected via XRD, FTIR and UV spectroscopes. Additionally, the optical band gap reduced from 4.29 to 4.02 eV on raising γ dose to 130 kGy, indicating the growth in disordered phase. This was accompanied by an increase in the refractive index values from 2.11 to 2.16, revealing the spreading of SnS2 nanoparticles (NPs) into the PC matrix that enhances the isotropic nature of the PC-SnS2 NCP. Moreover, the color variation between the irradiated NCP films and the pristine one (color intensity, ΔE) has been computed; results show that the NCP films have a response to color modifications by γ radiation, since ΔE increase from 2.09 to 23.40. According to the resulting enhancement in the optical characteristics of the developed PC/SnS2 NCP, it may be a suitable candidate, as a material that is used for blocking UV radiation.

Study of the role of oxygen in the evolution of red wine colour under different ageing conditions in barrels and bottles

Wine ageing in barrels is conditioned, among other factors, by the amount of oxygen received during this process, which thus impacts its final properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxygen on wine colour during ageing in barrels and bottles during different times. The use of barrels with different and known rates of oxygenation allows the effect of different oxygenation conditions throughout the process in barrels and its later evolution in bottles. A simulation process of ageing in bottles was used to study the impact of bottling in wines after differing ageing periods in barrels. The study of winés oxygen consumption capacity has been tied to colour modifications during ageing in barrels and bottles. Wines aged in barrels with a high oxygenation rate showed greater avidity to consume oxygen taking less time to consume that available, which is reflected in a greater increase in colour intensity.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Jati Plus Perhutani

The teak breeding program has long been conducted by Perum Perhutani and produced superior teak and was named Teak Plus of Perhutani - Jati Plus Perhutani (JPP). With good silviculture practices, JPP-teak of 9 year-old can produce no less than 100 m³/ha, with ± 60 cm of tree circumstance. The high demand for teak wood is an opportunity to develop JPP-teak with fast growing character. Research shows that the quality of JPP wood of 5 and 10 years of age can be classified into Strength Class III. Although the quality of JPP-teak is not equal as the teak gets older, it can be improved through several methods, such as densification, thermal modification, etc. Durability of fast growing JPP-teak can be enhanced by additional treatment with natural or chemical material preservation. Wood color modification can be done through heat treatment method. The color change of JPP-teak of 5 years of age that looked more brownies with variation in value of color change (ΔE*) of 1.04 to 48.53. Modification technology influenced the properties of teak wood and it is an opportunity of JPP to gain added value as a renewable forest resource product. With teak forest area covering 1.7 million hectares, Perum Perhutani has challenges in developing JPP-teak with more added value.

Effect of neutral electrolyzed water as antimicrobial intervention treatment of chicken meat and on trihalomethanes formation

Summary Salmonella is the most common pathogen in poultry associated to foodborne outbreaks. There is concern about the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) during antimicrobial interventions in broiler chicken processing because of trihalomethane (THM) generation through oxidation of organic matter. In this study, we showed the effectiveness of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) in broiler chickens, and their physicochemical properties after antimicrobial intervention. Neutral electrolyzed water showed 10 times higher antimicrobial effect on Salmonella pure culture than NaClO treatments but similar results were achieved on inoculated chicken carcasses. The mechanism of action of NEW was revealed by microscopic studies, showing cell swelling and morphologic changes on membrane. Neutral electrolyzed water was effective in reducing total viable counts and coliforms on broiler chicken carcasses, without color and pH modification. No THM were detected on chicken meat using 50 mg/L of either antimicrobial agents but when using higher concentration, THM were generated. Only 0.037 ± 0.001 μg/kg of chloroform was detected after ≥100 mg/L NEW treatments, whereas bromoform and chlorodibromomethane were generated after similar concentration of NaClO treatments. Neutral electrolyzed water represents a safe alternative for antimicrobial broiler chicken intervention owing to competitive production cost, safe handling, low corrosion capacity, and low toxicity because of lack of by-product generation.

Contribution to understanding the color development on wood surfaces treated with iron salts by a combination of analytical methods

Metal salts application on wood surface is a simple and nontoxic method that can be used for wood color modification, which is induced by the formation of colored complexes between wood extractives and metal ions. In this study, we have combined several analytical methods to understand the color development for four North American hardwood species: white oak, red oak, sugar maple and yellow birch. The phenolic composition of the ethanolic extracts of heartwood and sapwood of the four wood species was studied by UV-Vis spectrometry and liquid state phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) and analyzed in relation to color development. The correlations between different OH types and the color development as measured with the CIEL*a*b* color coordinates, indicate that the descending order of correlation for phenolic hydroxyls was: di-substituted OH, mono-substituted OH and un-substituted OH while no correlation was found between COOH hydroxyls and total color change (ΔE).

Arthrospira platensis as Natural Fermentation Booster for Milk and Soy Fermented Beverages.

Arthrospira platensis, commercially known as Spirulina, is a fresh-water cyanobacterium that has been gaining increasing attention in recent years due to its high biological and nutritional value. For this reason, it has been employed in several food applications, to obtain or enhance functional and technological properties of cheese, yogurt, bread, cookies or pasta. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential boosting effect of two different concentrations (0.25% and 0.50% w/v) of A. platensis on the fermentation capability of several starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, 1 probiotic and 4 commercial mix culture. These strains were used to ferment three different substrates and their fermentation behaviors were evaluated by impedance analyses together with rheological and color measurements. In tryptic soy broth (TSB), the A. platensis boosting effect was significantly higher if compared to yeast extract for all the starter LAB strains except for Lb. casei, which was equally stimulated. Different results were found when the same LAB strains were cultivated in SSM. The most evident boosting effect was found for S. thermophilus and Lb. casei. LAB growth was promoted by A. platensis, confirming that it could be a useful tool in the production of novel functional fermented dairy foods. The potential boosting effect was evaluated on four commercial mix cultures used to produce milk and soy fermented beverages. It was demonstrated that the booster effect took place, but it was variable and dependent not only on the mix culture used, but also on the substrate and A. platensis concentration. Also, rheological and color modifications were found to be dependent on these factors.

Evaluation of the process thermal treatment of maple wood saturated water steam in terms of change of pH and color of wood

Changes in maple wood’s pH and color (Acer pseudoplatanus) were evaluated before and after thermal treatment process with saturated water steam. Maple wood was thermally treated at temperatures: tI = 105 ± 2.5 °C, tII = 125 ± 2.5 °C, and tIII = 135 ± 2.5 °C for τ ≤ 12 hours. Direct pH measurement of maple wood with a moisture content above the fiber saturation point (FSP) was performed using a pH-meter SI 600 with a Lance FET + H puncture probe. The polynomial dependence of pH and total color difference ∆E* on temperature t time τ was calculated by statistical processing of measured results. The correlation between the total color difference ∆E* of maple wood in the process of thermal color modification and the pH value is expressed y the equation: ∆E* = 4.5516∙(pH)2 – 48.405∙(pH) + 134.35. This dependence is a suitable tool for assessing the achieved color change based on the change of wood pH in the technological process.

Valorization of American Barrel-Shoot Wastes: Effect of Post Fermentative Addition and Readdition on Phenolic Composition and Chromatic Quality of Syrah Red Wines.

The influence of post fermentative addition of American barrel-shoot wastes on phenolic composition and chromatic quality of Syrah red wines has been evaluated as an environmentally sustainable alternative to the conventional winemaking for avoiding the common color loss of red wines elaborated in warm climates. American oak wood byproducts added were previously classified by hyperspectral image analysis according to the amount of phenolic compounds transferred to the extraction media. After that, wines were elaborated under different maceration conditions by applying only one proportion of wood (12 g L−1) and two different maceration procedures (simple and double addition) and were compared with a traditionally macerated Syrah red wine (CW, no wood addition). Results proved the effectiveness of the moderate postfermentative addition of oak wood byproducts to stabilize the color of wines and to provoke lower color modification along the time, producing color wines chromatically more stable for a better aging. In the case of double addition, the adsorption of the pigments during the maceration presents a stronger effect on the color than copigmentation and polymerization by cause of the copigments extracted from the wood.

Improved packing performance and structure-stability of casein edible films by dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) cold plasma

Abstract This study utilized dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) cold plasma technique to improve the packing characters of casein edible films. It was found that with DBD cold plasma discharge treatment, the crystalloid migration and casein aggregation occurred in casein based films could be seen clearly by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A little change of crystal structure and stable state of molecule structure was obtained in casein from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results, respectively. Importantly, packing characters including tensile strength, elongation, thermo stabilization and barrier property were improved remarkably with DBD cold plasma treatment. In addition, slight modifications of color and transparency were revealed with cold plasma discharge reinforced. These phenomena could be owe to crystalloid migrated with plasma discharge treatment leading to the arrangement of order among protein and crystalloid varied and transferred in the casein based films. Therefore, DBD cold plasma successfully facilitated the packing characters of casein based films development. And this study would be a basis for the research on improving property of protein films via a behavior of cold plasma treatment.

An efficient protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of Campanula medium (Canterbury bells) based on leaf disc explants

Campanula medium is an important ornamental plant known for its blue and bell-shaped flowers and a good model for studying flower colour formation and modification. The major outstanding obstacle preventing the developing of genetic modification and improvements in C. medium is a missing transformation method. For the first time, an effective and reliable in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system has been established in this study. Different types and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were investigated for shoot regeneration by using leaf explants from three different cultivars. A high regeneration rate (50% for cv. ‘Blue double’, 58% for cv. ‘White double’ and 44% for cv. ‘Pink double’) was achieved on MS-based medium supplemented with 11.5 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2.3 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). In total, the Agrobacterium strains ABI, AGL1 and GV3101:pMP90, transformed with a binary plasmid harbouring NPTII and GFP gene cassettes, were evaluated for plant transformation, while various factors affecting the transformation efficiency were also identified. The highest transformation rate of about 22% was obtained from explants pre-cultured on regeneration medium and infected with AGL1. However, transgenic shoots were produced by all three Agrobacterium strains studied and confirmed by PCR and GFP fluorescence microscopy. Campanula medium regeneration and genetic transformation methods were established while various factors affecting the transformation efficiency were identified such as pre-culture treatment of leaf explants and different Agrobacterium strains.