Color Modification Research Articles

Could colour and volatile compounds be measurements of oxidation in horse meat?

Predicting and, consequently, controlling oxidative phenomena is a big challenge for meat industry. Since color modifications and volatile compounds synthesis are processes closely linked to the oxidative reactions occurring in meat, oxidation could be measured through colorimetric parameters or some volatile compounds. A Spearman’s correlation analysis of oxidative parameters and enzymatic activity with colorimetric parameters and volatile profile was performed on horse steaks subjected to short (14 days) and long aging time (56 days). In long aging, TBARS were negatively correlated with redness (rs = -0.76, p < 0.001). Some volatile compound families, such as thiols, carboxylic acids, lactones, hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds, were well correlated with enzymatic activity (p < 0.001), contrary to aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. Higher correlation indexes were recorded in short aging, if compared to those found in long aging.

Effects of Butterfly Pea Extracts on Phagocytic Activity of Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Muscular Lipid Peroxidation in Rabbits.

Sixteen 35-day-old male crossbred rabbits (New Zealand white × Thai native breed) with an initial weight of 484 ± 11.3 g were randomly divided into two groups of eight, constituting control and treatment groups. The treatment group was orally administered a crude extract of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) at 0.5 g/kg body weight from weaning (at 35 days) to slaughter (at 90 days). The effects on the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, serum biochemistry, meat quality, muscular lipid peroxidation, the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and gut histology were studied. The results revealed that the phagocytic function of circulating leukocytes (75 and 90 days) and alveolar macrophages (90 days) did not differ between the two groups. At slaughter, treated rabbits had lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations and higher liver weight than control rabbits (p < 0.05). After chilling at 4 °C for 24 h, a lower meat pH and the alteration of meat color (brighter, less yellow, lower hue angle, and decreased color saturation) were observed in the treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid peroxidation (measured at 3, 5, and 7 storage days) in the meat of treated rabbits was lower than in controls (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter and ether extract (analyzed at 46 days for 4 days) was improved in the treated group (p < 0.05), whereas gut histology was unaffected. In conclusion, butterfly pea extract supplementation did not affect phagocytic function but led to a modification in meat color, delayed lipid peroxidation, and improved digestibility.

Dual-Emissive Iridium(III) Complexes and Their Applications in Biological Sensing and Imaging.

Phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes are widely recognized for their unique properties in the excited triplet state, making them crucial for various applications including biological sensing and imaging. Most of these complexes display single phosphorescence emission from the lowest-lying triplet state after undergoing highly efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and ultrafast internal conversion (IC) processes. However, in cases where these excited-state processes are restricted, the less common phenomenon of dual emission has been observed. This dual emission phenomenon presents an opportunity for developing biological probes and imaging agents with multiple emission bands of different wavelengths. Compared to intensity-based biosensing, where the existence and concentration of an analyte are indicated by the brightness of the probe, the emission profile response involves modifications in emission color. This enables quantification by utilizing the intensity ratio of different wavelengths, which is self-calibrating and unaffected by the probe concentration and excitation laser power. Moreover, dual-emissive probes have the potential to demonstrate distinct responses to multiple analytes at separate wavelengths, providing orthogonal detection capabilities. In this concept, we focus on iridium(III) complexes displaying fluorescence-phosphorescence or phosphorescence-phosphorescence dual emission, along with their applications as biological probes for sensing and imaging.

Microstructural, durability and colorimetric properties of concrete coated with a controlled application of graphene oxide

The present work analyzes how an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide (GO), as a surface treatment, can influence the properties of conventional concrete. The results show that the application of a GO surface coating on concrete improves its resistance to carbonation and chloride ion penetration, and also increases its electrical resistivity. In the best case, the GO coating can reduce carbonation by 40% and chloride ion diffusion by 75%. An increase of up to 75% in concrete resistivity was also achieved. The application of GO promotes the hydration process and densifies the microstructure of the concrete surface, and this is verified by scanning electron microscopy analysis. In addition, no color modification occurred after application of the treatment.

Bubble Sensors for Temperature Measurements through a Colorimetric Approach.

This paper introduces an innovative sensor utilizing bubbles coated with thermochromic paint, aiming to facilitate temperature measurements in challenging-to-reach locations without the requirement of an external power source. The research conducted is innovative in terms of both methodology and application. The characterization of the thermochromic properties of paints was, in fact, performed using spectroradiometric measurements by selecting a temperature range useful for applications in various fields including preventive conservation. The study encompasses two main objectives: (1) analyzing the color characteristics of thermochromic paint and plastic resin that forms the bubbles, and (2) assessing a temperature sensor comprising a thermochromic paint-coated bubble subjected to temperature variations. The thermochromic paint exhibits reversible color modifications in response to temperature changes, making it an ideal candidate for applications of this nature. The color characterization phase involves measurements using a spectroradiometer to compare the spectral reflectance factor (SRF%) of the colored plastic resin spread on canvas with that of the inflated bubbles. The sensor characterization entails evaluating color changes of the thermochromic paint on the bubble surface with varying temperatures. Experimental results indicate that the combination of a red (R) bubble and blue (B) thermochromic paint produces quantifiable color variations suitable for the proposed applications, whereas the alternative combination under examination, namely a blue bubble and red thermochromic paint, yields less accurate results. Considering that for both thermochromic paints the color change temperature is 35 °C, it is possible to see how, for B bubble with R thermochromic paint, the chromatic coordinates change value: C* = 3.14 ± 0.14 and h = 289.54 ± 11.58 at room temperature, while C* = 2.96 ± 0.12 and h = 304.20 ± 12.17 at 35 °C. The same is true for R bubble with B thermochromic paint where C* = 25.31 ± 1.01 and h* = 285.05 ± 11.40 at room temperature, while C* = 20.87 ± 0.85 and h = 288.37 ± 11.53 at 35 °C. The study demonstrates the potential of the approach and suggests further investigations into reproducibility and expanded color combinations. The results provide a promising basis for future improvements in temperature monitoring with thermochromic bubble sensors.

Optical and Color Modification in Polycarbonate/Polybutylene Terephthalate/Zinc sulfide-Nickel Oxide Nanocomposite Films due to Gamma Irradiation

Nanocomposites (NC) of amorphous polycarbonate (PC), semicrystalline polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), zinc sulfide (ZnS) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized. We believe that this study is novel in the area of the effect of γ radiation on such NC. Both the synthesized NiO and ZnS had a nanonature of average particle size 4 and 18 nm, respectively, as indicated from the Rietveld refinement of the XRD records. Samples of the PC-PBT/ZnS-NiO NC films were irradiated with several γ doses (10–140 J/cm2). The resultant outcome of the γ irradiation on the optical behavior of the NC films was studied applying ultraviolet spectroscopy (UVs). Upon raising the dose up to 140 kGy, the direct bandgap decreased from 4.11 to 3.6 eV. The Urbach energy showed an opposite tendency; it increased from 0.61 to 0.95 eV. We attribute this to the dominance of chain crosslinks. Also, the optical dielectric loss (ε″) aided in detecting the nature of the microelectronic transitions. It was found that the PC-PBT/ZnS-NiO NC films had direct allowed transitions. Additionally, the γ induced alterations in the dielectric parameters and optical conductivity were studied. Moreover, the optical color changes between the pristine and the irradiated films were assessed. The pristine NC film was uncolored. It showed significant color alterations when irradiated with γ radiation up to 140 kGy. The induced enhancements in the optical properties suggest that the γ radiation is an effective means that allows the use of PC-PBT/ZnS-NiO NC in optoelectronic devices.

Mutation in BrFLS encoding flavonol synthase induced anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage.

BrFLS mutation promoted anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage, which was verified in four allelic mutants. Chinese cabbage is a major vegetable crop in Eastern Asia. Anthocyanin-rich vibrantly colored varieties are increasingly favored by consumers for their higher nutritional and aesthetic value compared to the typical green varieties of Chinese cabbage. Herein, we identified an anthocyanin accumulation mutant aam1 from a mutant library of EMS-mutagenized Chinese cabbage DH line 'FT', which appeared partial purple on leaves, bolting stems and floral buds. This anthocyanin accumulation trait was genetically controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, and through MutMap mapping and KASP genotyping, BraA10g030950.3C was identified as the candidate causal gene with a G202 to A202 non-synonymous SNP variation in exon 1. Three additional mutants allelic to aam1 were obtained via screening of similar-phenotype mutants from the mutant library, namely aam2/3/4, where the causal SNPs reside in the same gene as aam1, corroborating that the mutation of BraA10g030950.3C caused anthocyanin accumulation. BraA10g030950.3C encodes a flavonol synthase that catalyzes dihydroflavonols substrate into flavonols and is homologous to Arabidopsis FLS1 (AT5G08640), named BrFLS. Compared to wildtype, the expression level of BrFLS was significantly reduced in the mutants, while BrDFR, which is involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and competes with FLS for the common substrate dihydroflavonols, was increased. The flavonol synthase activity decreased, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity was elevated. Differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites were detected between wildtype and aam1, which were enriched primarily in flavonol and anthocyanin pathways. Our results revealed that mutations in the BrFLS gene could contribute to anthocyanin accumulation and provide a new target for Chinese cabbage color modification.

Light-Induced Colour Changes in Wood Surfaces in Indoor Conditions Determined by an Artificial Accelerated Test: Influence of Wood Species and Coating Materials

Stabilising the natural colour of wood species exposed to light in indoor conditions is a challenge that could be better addressed based on a deeper understanding of the occurring phenomena and influencing factors. This paper investigates comparatively the light-induced colour changes for three hardwood species, namely, European maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and European walnut (Juglans regia L.), as well as the influence of finishing with three types of clear, colourless waterborne lacquers: acrylic-polyurethane (F1), acrylic (F2) and polyurethane (F3) on their colour stability. Colour measurements in the CIELab system in conjunction with an artificial accelerated ageing test under the action of UV-VIS radiation, simulating natural light passing through window glass, and two types of test samples were employed to highlight the influence and contributions of the wood substrate and of the coating films to the global colour modifications. Coating films applied on 1 mm clear glass slides were employed as a sort of “detachable” finish for this purpose. Direct exposure to UV-VIS light caused visible colour changes for both uncoated and coated wood surfaces, the values of the calculated colour differences (ΔE) after a 72 h exposure being dependant on both the wood species and the coating material. Excepting two situations for walnut, statistically significantly higher colour differences were obtained for the uncoated samples: maple (9.36 units), ash (8.39 units), walnut (6.20 units), compared to the coated ones: maple (4.92–5.71 units), ash (2.25–3.94 units), walnut (4.74–7.70 units). The wood substrates underlying the coating films were found to bring the maximum contribution to the overall colour changes in the clear coated surfaces, while the coating films employed in this research demonstrated a fairly good colour stability to UV-VIS light exposure, with maximum colour changes (∆E) up to only 1.30 units. Overall, the wood species and the type of coating were found as influencing factors in interaction with the light-induced colour changes in wood surfaces in indoor conditions.

Lip color diversity: An intricate study.

Lip investigations and characterizations in the literature are less prevalent than for skin, particularly on the topic of color diversity. However, as the consumer demand increases for a nude lip makeup result, that is, shades close to the bare lip color, the identification and modification of lip color is essential for the cosmetic industry. The objective was to highlight lip color diversity among three ethnicities (Caucasian, African and Hispanic), through the use of a spectral color measurement device especially adapted to the lip area, and to consider lip color ethnic specificities and overlaps. The inferior natural lip color was measured with a full-face hyperspectral imaging system, SpectraFace (Newtone Technologies, Lyon, France), on 410 healthy women aged 19 to 68 (Caucasian French, Caucasian American, African American, and Hispanic American women). A hierarchical ascending classification, was deployed to determine clusters based on the lip colorimetric parameters along two strategies to identify the best statistical analysis to preserve the lip color diversity. Lip color is a continuous color space, with great intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic diversity, especially for African American women in terms of chroma and lightness. Among the two strategies of data analysis, our two-step statistical clustering analysis yielded 11 groups (i.e., 11 lip tones), revealing an accurate representation of the scope of diversity, but also of the overlaps. The 11 lip tones/colors could potentially serve as target shades for the development of a more diverse and inclusive range of lip cosmetics, such as nude lipsticks.

A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Yield and Quality in Modern Horticultural Practices

This review provides an exhaustive analysis of the impact of climate change on fruit yield and quality, with a specific focus on India's horticultural sector. It synthesizes current research findings, identifies gaps, and suggests future directions to understand and mitigate the effects of climate change on key fruit crops. Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events, poses significant challenges to fruit production. These challenges under three main sections: the direct and indirect effects of climate change on fruit yield, the influence of climate change on fruit quality, and the adaptations in modern horticultural practices. The direct effects include alterations in flowering and fruiting cycles and changes in pollination dynamics. Indirect effects comprise changes in soil quality and nutrient availability, along with water availability and irrigation challenges. These factors collectively lead to variations in fruit yield across different regions and crops. The review also discusses the impact of climate change on the nutritional content of fruits, such as changes in sugar, acid, vitamin levels, and secondary metabolites that affect flavour and health benefits. Physical and aesthetic changes, including modifications in size, color, texture, and shelf life, are also examined, highlighting their implications for marketability and consumer preference. Adaptation strategies in response to these challenges are crucial. Delves into breeding and genetic modification efforts aimed at developing climate-resilient fruit varieties and discusses the role of biotechnology in these adaptations. It also covers changes in agronomic practices, such as adjustments in planting dates and crop rotation, alongside water management and conservation techniques. The adoption of technological innovations like precision agriculture, monitoring systems, and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is evaluated for their potential to enhance resilience in fruit production.

Surface Degradation of DGEBA Epoxy Resins Cured with Structurally Different Amine Hardeners: Effects of UV Radiation.

In this study, the effects of three diamine curing agents (aromatic, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic) on the photochemical behavior of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether networks were comparatively examined. In order to monitor structural changes and study the curing agents' action mode, the cured epoxy resins were characterized before and after photoirradiation by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, mass loss, and color modification measurements. Water absorption tests were also conducted. The cured epoxy resins are to be used in different multicomponent polymer materials for outdoor protection. The presence of the cycloaliphatic hardener led to reduced water absorption, and after UV irradiation, an increase in the glass transition temperature and lowest mass loss of the corresponding cured epoxy resin compared to the ones cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardener.

Modeliranje dizajna boje površine namještaja CNC laserskom modifikacijom

Today, handcrafted furniture surface treatment techniques are less used due to application difficulties and high costs. Recently, the use of CNC router processing machines has resulted in a revival of these techniques. However, since this method is insufficient in micro-processes and color modifications that require precision, these processes have started to be performed with lasers. In this research, the beech wood surface was processed using a CNC laser processing machine with a carbon dioxide gas tube by applying different engraving power and engraving speeds. Product design and manufacturing parameters were determined in the CIE L*a*b* color system using the regression modeling method. A sample application was made by applying laser engraving to a furniture surface designed according to the obtained parameters. As a result of the study, it has been explained that using L* color group regression modeling method and CAD/CAM supported laser technology in furniture top surface color design processes is suitable for industrial engineering approach. It has been determined that many surface color design techniques can be applied with laser to furniture designed for CNC laser production.

Regulation of energy properties and thermal behavior of bio-coal from lignocellulosic biomass using torrefaction

The energy properties in bio-coal, such as proximate analysis, element composition, high heat value, colour, thermal behavior are detailed elaborated. The results show bio-coal production processes from biomass can be divided into three stages which is close to coalification through the data in energy properties. The first stage called mild torrefaction (≤220 °C) seen as biomass to peat phase during coalification in the result of unstable oxygenated functional groups in hemicellulose are decomposed and Maillard reaction induces the colour modification. Second stage called moderate torrefaction (220–260 °C) seen as lignite formation process during coalification leads to degradation of celluloses. Biomass colour from brown to sepia due to the chromophoric groups. The heating value of maple sawdust (MS) increases to 30.02 MJ/kg of MS-260. Third stage called severe torrefaction (260–300 °C) considered as metamorphic episode of lignite to bituminous coal results of covalent bond cleavage, oxygenation of lignin and condensation of aromatic carbons. As functional groups decomposition during bio-coal production, three characteristic temperatures increase with the torrefied temperature increasing read from TG and DTG curves. The MS with the highest cellulose and aliphatic C–C bonds, is effective raw materials for bio-coal production by torrefaction with the close energy properties, thermal behavior to bituminous coals.

Structural Color Boosted Electrochromic Devices: Strategies and Applications

AbstractElectrochromic devices (ECDs) have attracted substantial attention on account of their unique characteristics and prosperous applications. However, their monotonous color modification remains a momentous challenge that significantly restricts their application scope. Integrating structural colors that arise from the interaction between light and periodic micro/nanostructures with electrochromic materials (ECMs) turns out to be an effective approach to enhancing the comprehensive performance of ECDs more than the coloration effectiveness. This review provides an overview on the recent burgeoning development of structural color ECDs regarding strategies and applications. The performance parameters of ECDs and physical principles regarding the generation of structural colors are introduced. Then, strategies that introduce structural colors into ECDs are discussed according to the category of chromogenic micro/nanostructures, namely, gratings, (single‐layer and multilayer) thin films, photonic crystals, plasmonic metasurfaces, and composite structures. The current state‐of‐the‐art research activities of structural color ECDs for display application including segmented and pixelated devices are also presented. Additionally, the future perspective of structural color ECDs with respect of major challenges and potential solutions is proposed.

Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers’ risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial

ObjectivePlain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations.MethodsAdult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior.ResultsWarning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59–3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0–8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70–2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31–1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as ‘safer’ than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22–0.32).ConclusionsPack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge.Trial registrationNovember 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351.

Color modification of ceramics with controlled firing

This study explores vacuum firing to achieve a dark color of ceramics produced with iron-bearing clays. Four local low-quality clays were used as the ceramic body. The clay samples were ground, compacted into pellets, and fired at 1150 °C in either a conventional muffle or vacuum furnace. The resulting ceramics were evaluated by visual observation, optical microscopy, XRD, TGA, and nanoindentation to assess their color, chemical, and micromechanical properties. The study revealed that vacuum firing produced dark grey ceramics, and longer vacuum retention during cooling led to a darker shade. Metastable phases were decomposed, and mullite and cristobalite were formed from the kaolinitic constituent. More magnetite existed under vacuum firing, contributing to the dark shade of the ceramics. However, the indentation elastic modulus was lower under vacuum firing due to more formation of the softer magnetite and less of the stiffer hematite. The findings have implications for the large-scale production of dark-color ceramics with low-quality clays.

Effect of Edible Coating Made from Arrowroot Flour and Kaffir Lime Leaf Essential Oil on the Quality Changes of Pork Sausage under Prolonged Refrigerated Storage.

Edible coatings are pivotal in enhancing the quality of processed meat products, acting as barriers to environmental and microbial influences by adhering directly to the food surface. Arrowroot flour, a widely produced edible tuber in Thailand, is uncharted in terms of its capability and effectiveness as an edible coating on food materials. This study aims to elucidate the composition and spectral properties of arrowroot tuber flour (ATF) to discern its viability as an edible coating for pork sausages. ATF exhibited a composition predominantly featuring carbohydrates (74.78%), moisture (9.59%), and protein (8.89%), underlining its appropriateness as an edible coating. Rapid visco amylograph revealed ATF's significant pasting capability. This study incorporated kaffir lime leaves essential oil (KEO) into the ATF coating in diverse concentrations (0-3%). Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy illuminated characteristic peaks and bands, showing observable shifts with the integration of KEO, yet the majority of peak placements remained essentially unchanged. The microstructure of the coatings maintained its homogeneity at heightened KEO concentrations, reflecting compatibility with ATF. The efficacy of the ATF-KEO coatings was evaluated on pork sausages, using uncoated samples as controls. While color modifications were evident, coated sausages maintained consistent moisture content, water activity, and pH levels throughout the storage duration. The coated samples also manifested enhanced textural attributes and a decline in lipid oxidation, as evidenced by reduced TBARS levels compared to controls. A subsequent microbial examination corroborated the inhibitory capacity of the ATF-KEO coatings on the microbial proliferation in pork sausages, encapsulating Total Viable Count (TVC), psychrotrophic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, the findings substantiate the promising application of ATF, especially in synergy with KEO, as a proficient edible coating for meat products. This combination aids in preserving color and texture, impeding microbial advancement, and moderating lipid oxidation, thereby contributing to the overall quality and safety of the products.

CANTO: Skin Toxicities Evaluation of a Multicenter Large Prospective Cohort of Irradiated Patients for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Skin damage is a common toxicity during oncology management. Its assessment and understanding of the factors influencing its occurrence, is a major issue in the management of patients treated for an early breast cancer (BC). CANTO (NCT01993498) is a prospective, multicentric, clinical cohort study of 11 400 patients with stage I-III BC, treated in 26 French cancer centers. In this study, we will evaluate the 8561 patients during their overall management for a BC. We are focus on specifical skin toxicities: Erythema, fibrosis, telangiectasia and skin color (CTCAE v4.0). These toxicities were assessed at 3-6 (M0), 12 (M12), 36 (M36), 60 (M60) months. The prevalence of toxicities of interest varied over time, so at M0, 30.4% of patients had erythema while 17.7% of patients had fibrosis. At M12, M36 and M60, the prevalence of erythema decreased from 5.5 % to 2.5 % then to 2 %, respectively, while fibrosis remained stable at about 19 %. The prevalence of telangiectasia increased from 0.8 % to 7 % from M0 to M60. While the modification of skin color was 51.1 % at M0, and 10.6 % at M60. After adjustments, at M0, there was a statistically significant association between the onset of cutaneous erythema and obesity, the presence of axillary dissection, the type of surgery the age of the patient as well as the tumor phenotype RH+/HER2+ [OR: 0.79 [0.67; 0.93]]. Concerning fibrosis, a statistically significant association was found, at M12, with the age of the patient, obesity, tumor grade, Charlson score, type of surgery and mitotic index. Obesity and the age of the patient represent at M12 and M36 a risk significantly associated with the onset of telangiectasia. Concerning the modification of skin color at M12, we find a link between the age of the patient, obesity, tobacco consumption, tumor grade, Charlson score, type of surgery, and alcohol consumption [OR: 0.69 [0.51; 0.91]]. In this study we identified several risk factors for acute and late skin toxicity. The knowledge of its predictive factors allows a personalized management of the patient by adapting our treatments and our monitoring according to these different factors.

The Effect of Water-Based Primer Pretreatment on the Performance of Water-Based Inkjet Coatings on Wood Surfaces

Wood surface staining suffers from volatile organic gas (VOC) emissions and uneven staining at knots, and these environmental and decorative performance issues are the main restrictions in the application of wood products, indoors and outdoors. Herein, the method of wood-based panel surface staining is presented for improving environmental and decorative performance using environmentally friendly water-based inks, water-based primers, and digital inkjet coloring technology. The wood-based panels’ dye coatings were prepared with oak plank as the sample substrate, a one-component water-based primer as the interfacial adhesive, and a water-based ink as a coating agent. The application amount of water-based primer was 15 g per square meter, applied twice by a roller, and the coating thickness reached approximately 20 μm. The influence of the one-component water-based primer on the interfacial properties of water-based inkjet coatings was investigated via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a video contact angle analyzer, and environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the one-component water-based primer connected the plain board to the inkjet-printed coating. The addition of a water-based primer coating reduced the contact angle of the wood surface from 41.69° to 37.28° and increased wettability. This helped enhance the adhesion of the water-based inkjet coating, and the primer treatment in the semi-closed state covered the scar defects of the plain board while preserving the path of grain holes on the wood surface. With image editing and inkjet dyeing, the surface of the oak plank obtained a uniform staining effect on the primer coating while maintaining the original natural pore texture of the wood. This study proves that a one-component water-based primer pretreatment process for water-based inkjet printing coatings on wood surfaces has excellent modification ability and interface adhesion. It provides a feasible method of color modification for artificial panel surfaces.

Assessment of colour modifications in two different composite resins induced by the influence of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and gels, with and without anti-staining properties: An in vitro study.

Chlorhexidine (CHX)-based products are the most effective chemical agents used in plaque control and oral disinfection. One of their side effects is tooth and restoration staining. For this reason, CHX products with anti-discolouration systems (ADS) have been developed. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare different CHX-based products (gel and mouthwash) with or without ADS in composite colour modification. Two hundred specimens were created, 100 of which were made of packable composite and 100 of flowable composite. After 24 h, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°) were recorded using a spectrophotometer (T0). Then, all samples were subjected to a CHX/tea staining model and immersed in human saliva for 2 min. Composite specimens were divided in 10 groups (N = 20). Control groups (PC, FC) were soaked in distilled water and test groups (PG, PGads, FG, FGads, PM, PMads, FM and FMads) were immersed in CHX-based solutions or brushed with CHX gel. Then the cycle was repeated 6 times, and colour differences (ΔEab and ΔE00) were finally calculated. Through flowable composites, FC and FG showed the highest colour differences, respectively ΔEab = 3.48 ± 1.0, ΔE00 = 2.24 ± 0.6 and ΔEab = 2.95 ± 1.3, ΔE00 = 1.53 ± 0.6. In the composite groups instead, PM and PMads showed the highest colour differences, respectively ΔEab = 2.78 ± 1.3, ΔE00 = 1.94 ± 0.8 and ΔEab = 2.71 ± 1.4, ΔE00 = 1.84 ± 0.9. CHX-containing products are able to cause stains on restorative composite materials. Discolouration is more likely to occur in flowable composites than packable composites, and ADS-containing products cause fewer pigmentations than CHX products without ADS. Packable composites showed more staining after mouthwash treatment, whereas flowable composites underwent higher discolouration after treatment with gels.