Glaze Color Research Articles

Reproduction of Jun‐red glazes with nano‐sized copper oxide

AbstractNano sized copper oxide was firstly employed for producing Jun‐red glazes. A series of Jun‐red glazes were prepared by adjusting the copper oxide nanoparticle content and the valance state of elemental copper in the glaze matrix. The coloring and microstructure of each glaze was investigated by spectrophotometer, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, and transmission electron microscope. Under reducing conditions, the red glaze color gradually darkens with increasing CuO content from 0.5 to 1.0 wt%. Interestingly, the coloring of the samples fired under reducing atmosphere turned to be green‐blue, when the content of nanosized CuO was increased to 1.5 wt%. We also found that increased CuO content increases the size of phase separation in the glazes. As comparison, the coloring of samples fired without nanosized CuO are slightly blue under reducing atmosphere, which is attributed to the structural color generated owing to the Rayleigh scattering. Red color of the Jun glazes may arise from elemental copper nanoparticles. The current research utilizing modern nanotechnology provides a new insight into both the “furnace transmutation” and “color regulating” of the ancient Jun‐red glazes.

Elegant Style—Study on the Aesthetic Characteristics of Ceramics Art in the Song Dynasty

Ceramics have a long history in China, and the Song Dynasty is the peak period of ceramics in our country. Ceramics made in Song Dynasty feature unique shapes with simple but elegant geometric patterns , glazed in natural and dignified color, satisfying people’s aesthetic demands to quietness and elegance. This paper analyzes elegant and quiet artistic styles and aesthetic characteristics of ceramics made in Song Dynasty from such three aspects as decorative patterns, shapes and glaze color, to improve people’s understanding of ceramic art in the Song Dynasty, and explore the ceramic art of the Song Dynasty comprehensively.

Development of anorthite based white porcelain glaze without ZrSiO4 content

The aim of this study was to develop new compositions of white glazes without the addition of ZrSiO4designed for sanitary products obtained in a 12-h firing cycles at a maximum temperature of 1230°C.Alternative glazes with a good opacity and a high degree of whiteness were obtained, composed primarily of raw materials available on the domestic market in Poland. The opaque effect was achieved due to crystallisation of anorthite, which was identified as a major crystalline phase in the system. The glazes were characterised by a high whiteness value L*, greater than 90 in the CIELAB colour space, and a gloss, measured with a 60° light incident angle on the glaze surface, above 50%.The microstructure and structure of the glazes were measured with the use of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The colour and gloss of glazes were measured with the use of a spectrophotometer and a gloss metre at a 60° angle of incidence. The topography of glazes surfaces, as well as the roughness level (Ra), were measured with the use of a confocal microscope.

Metal nanoparticles in contemporary potters’ master pieces: Lustre and red “pigeon blood” potteries as models to understand the ancient pottery

Reduction of metal precursors within the molten glaze is a rather complex route to obtain coloured glaze. “Sang de bœuf”, “pigeon blood” or “flammé” first discovered glazes by the Chinese potters of the Song Dynasty (10th c.) are produced by atmosphere controlled firing of copper-containing glaze on porcelain and stoneware body. Lustre pottery, an Abbasid potters’ innovation (9th c.), offers to the eyes of the connoisseur an iridescent reflection, which is only visible at specular position. For centuries connoisseurs’ interest in these objects has been continuous and the development of transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) allows us an in depth study of the micro and nano-structure of these objects. A porcelain with red “pigeon blood” decor made by the late famous French-American potter Fance Franck, and lustre stonewares made by the French potter Eva Haudum, have been investigated by TEM-EDX and nanochemical analysis in order to better understand the key parameters controlling the microstructure and the colour of glazes. Although some authors assigned the red colour of pigeon-blood to Cu2O, our results clearly demonstrate that the colour only arises from Cu° nanoparticles. Phase separation of the glassy phase was observed close to the surface. Concerning the lustrewares, analysis confirmed that the alternating reducing and oxidising conditions during the firing lead well to the formation of metal-free/metal-rich alternate layers in the lustre decor.

Development of Decorative Ceramic Glaze from Palm Fiber Ash

Palm fiber ashes are the industrial waste which is abundantly available in Malaysia. In this study, palm fiber ash were used to produce decorative ceramic glaze. The content of minerals in the palm fiber ash were analyzed by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), respectively. The formulations of glaze with different composition of raw materials were studied by adding different amount of calcium carbonate and feldspar. The glaze slurries then coated on ball clay body bisque which was obtained from Kg. Dengir and sintered at 1200 ° C for two hours.The glaze was characterized in term of its physical appearance such as type of glaze and colour. Both glossy and matte glaze produced by using different composition of glaze formulation. The presence of silica minerals (79 %) contributed to glossy surface to the glaze. It is clearly seen that the glossiness of glaze improved by increasing amount of feldspar. Feldspar acts as fluxing agent which form a glassy phase at lower temperature. In addition, the presence of small amount of iron oxide (2.2 wt.%) contributed to brown colour of glaze. An addition of calcium carbonate give effect to the colour of glaze, which change from brown to yellow colour as amount of CaCO3 increased. As a conclusion, the palm fibre ashes were highly suitable to supply abundant and cheap raw materials to produce decorative ceramic glaze.

Preparation of separative-phase fancy glaze derived from iron ore slag

The separative-phase fancy glaze was successfully prepared by using the iron ore residue as the ceramic colorant. A possible coloring mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze colors and patterns with the increasing of firing temperature. Effects of the firing temperature on the chromaticity, precipitated phase and microstructure of separative-phase fancy glaze were investigated. The results indicated that with increasing the firing temperature, the content of whitlockite decreased while the size of phase separation droplets in glazes increased. The residual whitlockite weakened coloring of Fe2O3 and formed glaze patterns. In addition, the increased size of phase separation droplets weakened the structural color, which increased the L* and b* value of glazes. Therefore, the color of separative-phase fancy glaze got more yellow and brown gradually.

Preparation of the moon-white glaze by carbothermic reduction of Fe2O3 and SiC

The moon-white glaze was successfully reproduced with the addition of 0.02wt% silicon carbide (SiC) for supplying carbon (C) and reducing iron oxide (Fe2O3) at 1250°C. Effects of the SiC contents on the chromaticity, precipitated phase and microstructure of moon-white glaze were investigated. Based on the analysis of colorimeter, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, SEM and TG–DSC, a possible coloring mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze colors with the increasing of SiC content. The results indicated that the addition of SiC contributed to increasing the content of C and the size of phase separation droplets in glazes. The formation of C increased the ratio of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and the increased size of phase separation droplets weakened the structural color, which increased the L* and b* value of glazes. Therefore, the color of moon-white glaze got more blue and white gradually.

Effect of Iron Oxide and Phase Separation on the Color of Blue Jun Ware Glaze.

Based on the traditional Jun ware glaze, the imitated Jun ware glazes were prepared by adding iron oxide and introducing phase separation agent apatite through four-angle-method. The effect of iron oxide contents, phase separation and the firing temperature on the color of Jun ware glazes were investigated by a neutral atmosphere experiment, optical microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The results showed that the colorant, mainly Fe2O3, contributed to the Jun ware glaze blue and cyan colors of Jun ware glaze. The light scatter caused by the small droplets in phase separation structure only influenced the shade of the glaze color, intensify or weaken the color, and thus made the glaze perfect and elegant opal visual effects, but was not the origin of general blue or cyan colors of Jun ware glaze. In addition, the firing temperature and the basic glaze composition affected the glaze colors to some extent.

Color prediction in ceramic enamels using the Kubelka Kunk Model

In the present research, the Kubelka-Munk model was applied for predicting color in glazes used in ceramic decoration. The model relates the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and the diffuse reflectance expected for a mixture of three ceramic pigments in the visible spectrum. The concentrations of each enamel were also considered making possible predict a particular tone. It was used visible spectrophotometry to obtain the absorption and scattering coefficients of pigments chosen on ceramic substrates for their use in pottery, and also for the diffuse reflectance spectra of mixtures selected for burned enamels. The results showed a good prediction in some regions of the visible spectrum, concluding that the model could be used for quality control of products manufactured in the ceramic industry.

Design of a cool color glaze for solar reflective tile application

Solar reflective materials, so called cool roofs, can be identified as one of the most promising solutions to counteract urban heat island. Cool roof market is nowadays dominated by polymeric product, which can ensure good optical properties but poor durability against weathering and ageing. Ceramic-based products can be an excellent solution combining both good solar properties and higher durability against time, in particular if glazed. Embedded colored pigments, moreover, can help the introduction of these materials in Mediterranean building policies. These cool colored ceramic-based products, in fact, match naturally high thermal emissivity (ε=0.90) with higher mechanical, chemical and physical durability. A traditionally engobed porcelain stoneware tile was used as a substrate for a new generation of colored glazes characterized by different surfaces reaching promising values in solar reflectance.

A study on Furniture Design as Object by Fusion Approaching with Wood and Ceramics

Postmodernism has blurred the line between design and art. We would like to suggest a design case that took diversity in the modern era that harmonizes functionality and shape of the top board of a furniture and trend of the role of furniture and objet into consideration. This study aims to project a new role into space via convergence of objet that has aesthetic function and furniture design that plays practical role in space. Thus, furniture design attempts to combine ceramic and carpentry and demonstrate the value and potential the combination possesses. By creating a distinct design from previous furniture that had visual limitations with ceramic bridge that adopted existing piling method in ceramic design, we expect a fresh blend of furniture and space that encompasses a different sensation from color and texture of soil and glaze, unable to attain from simple wood.

Study on Influence to the Ceramic Glaze Color of Environmental-Friendly Pottery Brick by Low-Carbon Catalytic Combustion Furnace of Natural Gas

This experiment consists of two parts. On the one hand is about the concentration of Variation of exhaust gas when heated potteries .On the other hand is about the compared between the potteries (Tang Dynasty) heated by natural gas catalytic combustion furnace and the traditional firing of the glaze. The potteries fired by catalytic combustion furnace could be used for decorating are not only more fine and glossy than the traditional, but also more translucent. Therefore, the potteries made by catalytic combustion furnace will be applied in decoration industries, such as decorative murals.

Co, Fe가 diopside 결정색 변화에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 도예가들이 경험적으로 제조하여 사용하는 diopside 결정유약에 <TEX>$Co_3O_4$</TEX>와 <TEX>$Fe_2O_3$</TEX>를 첨가하였을 경우 Co와 Fe이 유약과 diopside 결정의 발색에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 하였다. 그 결과 diopside 결정유약에 <TEX>$Co_3O_4$</TEX>를 넣을 경우 유약의 색상은 blue색을 띠며 결정의 색상은 diopside 결정에 Co가 고용되면서 pastel violet색을 띠었으며 diopside 결정유약에 <TEX>$Fe_2O_3$</TEX>를 넣을 경우 유약의 색상은 brown색을, 결정의 색상은 diopside 결정에 Fe가 고용되면서 goldenrod색을 띠었다. 그리고 diopside 결정유약 표면에 석출된 결정은 diopside 결정과 diopside precursor로 이루어져 있었다. 또한 유지시간이 길어짐에 따라 diopside precursor의 량은 줄고 diopside 결정량은 많아졌다. Diopside 결정에는 Fe보다는 Co가 더 잘 고용되었으며, Co가 고용될 경우 diopside 결정성은 더 좋아져 특성 peak의 강도가 높아졌다. 그리고 Fe이 고용되면 특성 peak의 강도는 낮아지면서 diopside 결정은 부분적으로 와해됨을 알 수 있었다. This study was conducted to study the influence of Co and Fe on the color of glaze and diopside crystals in the diopside crystal glaze empirically produced and used by ceramic artists, in case of adding <TEX>$Co_3O_4$</TEX> and <TEX>$Fe_2O_3$</TEX>. As a result, the color of glaze was blue when <TEX>$Co_3O_4$</TEX> was added to the diopside crystal glaze and the diopside crystals appeared pastel violet with Co included. When <TEX>$Fe_2O_3$</TEX> was added to the diopside crystal glaze, the color of glaze appeared brown and the color of diopside crystals was goldenrod with Fe included. The crystals precipitated on the surface of diopside consisted of diopside crystals and diopside precursors. With longer retention time, the amount of diopside precursors decreased and the amount of diopside crystals increased. Also, Co was more easily included by the diopside crystals than Fe was and crystallizability of dispside was improved in case of including Co. Including Fe lowered peak intensity of properties and partially dissolved the diopside crystals.

Reaction Iron Oxide and Magnesium Oxide in Ceramics Body with Glaze

【This is the study on diffusion of ceramic body oxide compounds to glaze. For ceramic bodies, no ferrous oxides contain white ware, celadon, and 3 wt% iron oxides contained white ware was used in this experiment. These ceramic bodies were glazed by transparency glaze, iron oxides contained glaze, and glaze made by pine tree ash that treated in 1240 degree, under reduction condition for an hour. An electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) was used to study diffusion of oxides and to calculate distance of ceramics bodies. As a result, only iron oxide and magnesium oxide from the body diffused to glaze, and also made a band which shown very thin layer of iron oxide and magnesium oxide between the body and glaze. The densest band of iron oxide formed 100 to $150{\mu}m$ in the glaze, and the densest band of magnesium oxide was found 50 to $100{\mu}m$ in the glaze. Therefore, it could be concluded that iron oxide in the body is diffused to the glaze and it affects the color of glaze, even though iron oxide exists in the glaze. Furthermore, the thickness of the glaze has an effect on the color of celadon.】

산화티타늄이 청자유약의 발색에 끼치는 영향에 관한 연구

In aprevious study, the mutual interaction between Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ was found to influence the color of celadon glaze. Celadon samples were prepared with varying concentrations of TiO₂ at a fixed level of Fe₂O₃. The electronic states of Fe and Ti were analyzed by Mossbauer spectroscopy and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy, respectively. These results were examined with the celadon colors measured according to CIELAB values. This study revealed that an increase of Ti₃+ in the glassy phase decreased the Fe₂+/Fe₃+ ratio, resulting in a color change of the celadon samples in the GY and Y groups. The maximum reflectance wavelength was shifted from 505 nm to 610 nm with an increase in the TiO₂ concentration.

The source of blue colour of archaeological glass and glazes: the Raman spectroscopy/SEM‐EDS answers

The founding of lapis lazuli to give blue colour to glass and glazes is more and more coming out from the most recent studies of pottery and glassware of different epochs and provenances. The recent discovery in the south of Italy (Frederick II, Melfi castle) of enamelled glass pieces including blue enamels questioned the real nature of the blue colour raw materials because the castle is built over and not far from outcrops of two volcanic rocks – haüynophire and phonolite – that contain haüyne, mineral belonging to sodalite group as lazurite, that can be blue or become blue after heating. Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were tested in order to identify the rock used as raw material and to understand if the chromophore‐bearing mineral in the artefacts could be other than lazurite. To do this, the two volcanic rocks, lapis lazuli and archaeological glass with blue enamels, were studied. In particular, temperature‐dependent Raman measurements and Raman mappings both on single lazurite and haüyne crystals and on the rocks and the enamels were carried out also in order to investigate the colouration mechanism of haüyne. The results obtained allowed to make hypotheses about the transformations occurring in haüyne with heating and about the procedures of distinguishing the raw materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effect of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and MgCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; on Physical Properties of Crawling Shino Glaze in Reduction Atmosphere

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of Al2O3, CaCO3 and MgCO3 on the physical properties of crawling shino glaze at 1250 °C in a reduction atmosphere. The raw material used in the study are soda feldspar, lampang kaolinite and silica. Al2O3, CaCO3 and MgCO3 were used in ungrounded form as an additive at 5, 10, 15 and 20%wt. The specimen after fired were tested using eye appearance, texture, color of glaze and shrinkage. The results show that the optimum appearance Shino glaze was gained by adding MgCO3 at 15%wt.

Effect of Silver Oxide on Colour Variation and Gloss of an Opaque Glaze

The most important point of whitening frit glazes is the elimination of transperancy. For that purpose, opacifiers are used. In this work, the effect of Ag2O additive on colour variation and gloss of a white opaque glaze, used commonly in ceramic ware production, were investigated at the temperatures of 1040°, 1090° and 1140°C. It was found that colour and gloss of an opaque glaze did not vary significantly with Ag2O addition. Furthermore, Ag2O addition was found to be a viable alternative for reducing the sintering temperature of opaque glaze from 1090° to 1040°C.

Formulation of Ceramic Glazes by Recycling Waste Glass

Basically, a traditional ceramic glaze is a thin layer of glass created on the ceramic surface to enhance the aesthetic appearance and also to waterproof the artifact. Almost all glazes are based on quartz, SiO2, and a flux such as Na2O or K2O, similar to the composition of common glass, which contains approximately 72% SiO2 and 15% Na2O, and is widely used as windows or in glass packaging. The current work investigated the formulation of glazes using recycled waste glass powder for firing temperatures of 1100 and 1250°C. Three transparent base glaze formulations were developed and by adding coloring agents such as iron, cobalt or copper oxide several colored glazes could be successfully produced. In this way, up to 30% of recycled waste glass powder could be incorporated into the glazes.

A relationship between oxidation state of iron and color of Arita celadon glaze characterized by &lt;sup&gt;57&lt;/sup&gt;Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy

A relationship between oxidation state of iron and color of Arita celadon glaze characterized by &lt;sup&gt;57&lt;/sup&gt;Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy