Glaze Color Research Articles

ГЛИНЯНІ «КОНІ» МИХАЙЛА КИТРИША

The outstanding Opishne potter Mykhailo Kytrysh devoted his whole life to the production of pottery. His work has been awarded numerous prizes, diplomas, certificates, medals. The potter paid considerable attention to the creation of zoomorphic sculpture, in particular «horses». This is a favorite work of the potter, which he reproduced throughout his career. Emphasis is placed on changing the proportions and decor of these products (glued and the use of colored glazes). For analysis, a personal collection of potter’s pottery from the funds of the National Museum of Ukrainian Pottery in Opishne and a private collection of pottery of the Kytrysh family were taken. For comparison, photos of Mykhailo Kytrysh’s products from private archives and various publications were used. The article traces the transformation of Mykhailo Kytrysh’s «horses». The image of the “horse” runs through all the works of the author. The potter turned to him not by chance. When he came to work at the Art Ceramics Factory, Mykhailo Kytrysh first carried clay on a horse, which became a true friend to his husband and was remembered for a lifetime. The first known zoomorphic sculpture «horse» dates back to 1962, the last – 2007. Since Mychailo Kytrysh did not specialize in decorating products with engobes, and horses decorated with paintings, in his legacy is not found. The master focused on the glued decor and color glazes. The development of Mykhailo Kytrysh’s creative handwriting was influenced by several factors. In 1971, an art-experimental creative laboratory was established at the Art Ceramics Factory. Mykhaylo Kytrysh became one of her creative masters. In his free time he worked at home, so he could experiment with molds, glazes, without worrying about factory norms and standards. In addition, the potter constantly participated in various exhibitions, which required a variety of forms. All this contributed to the improvement and diversification of the image of the «horse», as well as other products

Colour and composition characteristics of beige-glazed porcelain from Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln, early and middle Qing Dynasty (18th century)

The Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln made unprecedented achievements in the firing of colour glazed porcelain during the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912). Among these, beige-glazed porcelain became an imperial porcelain variety reserved for the exclusive use of the imperial household. To reveal details of the manufacturing process, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and spectrophotometry, combined with the records of ancient Chinese documents were used to analyse samples of beige-glazed porcelain fired at the Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln in the early and middle Qing Dynasty (18th century) and unearthed from the Nandaku area of the Forbidden City. The results show that the colour of beige glaze in the Qing Dynasty was similar to that in the Song Dynasty (960–1279), which is consistent with ancient literature records reflecting the former's imitation of ‘Beige Song Glaze’. The beige-glazed porcelain body is made of a binary formula of porcelain stone and kaolin clay, in a ratio between 5:5 and 4:6. Based on the glaze layer formula of purple-gold imperial porcelain, the beige glaze layer was fired by innovatively adjusting the ratio of glaze stone, glaze ash and purple-gold clay. The imitation of ‘beige Song glaze’ and the innovation of purple-gold glaze reflected the exacting production and high technology of the Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln in the Qing Dynasty.

A Preliminary Study on the Roles of Fe Content and Neoformed Ca-rich Minerals in the Coloration of Ceramic Glazes

Iron oxides are the essential coloring oxides in traditional ceramic glazes. However, when Fe is involved in the coloration in the form of ions or colloids in glazes with low Fe content, it is difficult to identify the iron oxide phases. Generally, in many these glazes, Ca-rich minerals are observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) or microscopic images, owing to their devitrification by the high Ca content. This study attempts to elucidate the correlation between the crystalline structure and coloration in the glazes while mainly focusing on neoformed Ca-rich minerals and Fe content. An experimental firing was carried out to produce tree ash glazes, with pine tree ash and Buyeo feldspar. In the case of oxidation glazes, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and XRD patterns did not exhibit any Ca-rich crystals, and all the visible light reflectance spectra lines exhibited a similar shape. In contrast, the reduction glazes divided into blue glazes and other colored glazes according to the shapes of their reflectance spectra. It was confirmed that the influence of Ca-rich minerals on the glaze color was more pronounced than the blue color of the reduction glazes when the Ca and feldspar contents were sufficiently high and low, respectively, to form wollastonite. As the Ca content increased and the elemental composition of the reduction glazes changed, the neoformation of the Ca-rich minerals, such as wollastonite, anorthite, diopside, and akermanite was sequentially observed.

Preparation and characterization of green glazes using ferrochromium slag waste

Green glazes were successfully prepared using ferrochromium slag waste as chromium and iron precursors by introducing Co2O3 as coloring agent. The performance of the glazes was investigated by XRD, EDS, FT-IR, and UV-vis. A chromatic mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze colors with the increase of Co2O3 content. The results showed that the Co-doped glazes had Co-Fe-Cr mixed spinel-type structures when Co-doped contents were 0.5–1.5 wt%. Green glazes could be prepared by adjusting the blue component (Co2+) proportion, which was achieved with different amounts of Co2O3, to balance the color proportion of blue and yellow in glazes according to subtractive color process. The intensity of green color in glaze samples was related to the presence of d-d transitions of tetrahedral Fe3+, 4A2(F) → 4T(P) of tetrahedral Co2+, and 4A2g → 4T2g of octahedral Cr3+ in spinel structures. These results indicated that environment-friendly, Co-doped, spinel-type structured, coloring agents, prepared using ferrochromium slag waste, can be applied to produce green glazes or inkjet printer ink as well as to provide a means for preparing green glaze using ferrochromium slag waste.

Parametric Design of Glaze Color and Texture Feeling of Painted Pottery of the Huaning Pottery

The protection, inheritance and innovative design of Yunnan Huaning pottery has attracted many scholars’ research. However, the key to modern innovative design of Huaning pottery is to find the connection point between traditional craftsmanship and modern design by using parametric design method in design. On the basis of many field investigations, the parametric design method is applied to collect glaze patterns and analyze the information of classification, textual research, data standards, etc., so that the glaze color and other data of folk art ceramics can be changed and classified as a whole. Parametric design method is applied to the analysis and research of glaze color and texture of traditional pottery, which is the trend in the field of innovative design of pottery products in the future.

English

English

Evaluation of carbon-based nanostructures suitable for the development of black pigments and glazes

Five different carbon-based samples were chosen for the fabrication of black pigments and glazes: historical ‘unknown’ wood charcoal, graphite, tailored graphitized soot, as-prepared multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and purified MWCNTs. Ceramic glazes with carbon pigments were prepared with Pb3O4 and SiO2 in molar ratio of 2.85:1.9 and using 5 wt. % of pigment at 900 °C. The black pigments and glazes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. International Commission on Illumination (CIE) parameters L*, a* and b* (CIELab-parameters) of the samples were also determined. It was demonstrated that nanostructured carbon pigments showed better black colour and higher quality of black ceramic glaze. Our investigation let us to conclude that these results possibly were affected by initial microstructure of applied carbon derivatives. The obtained nanostructured carbon black pigments could be successfully used for artefact restoration.

Probing the provenance of archaeological glaze colorants: Polychrome faunal reliefs of the Ishtar Gate and the Processional Way of Babylon

The polychrome glazes from the Processional Way and the Ishtar Gate of Babylon are among the best preserved from antiquity. Yet, little is known about the logistical choices involved in their production. Variations in isotope ratios can be useful for complementing an archaeological investigation of potential geological sources of raw materials. Consistent with archaeological evidence and ancient texts on trade in metals, Turkish ore deposits are thus tentatively proposed as possible sources of the metal oxide colorants used for the investigated polychrome glazes of three Neo‐Babylonian faunal reliefs that are now part of the collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

Application of copper(II) oxide of electrocoagulation products of electroplating waste water as ceramic glaze dyes

This study aims to determine the effect of combustion temperatures and copper(II) oxide concentrations on ceramic glaze color. Electrocoagulation process was carried out using optimum conditions: pH 8, electrocoagulation time of 120 minutes, Al-Fe electrodes, and current density of 1.25 mA/cm2. Experiment variables include combustion temperatures (999, 1060, 1101 °C) and copper(II) oxide concentrations (0.88; 1.76, 2.64, 3.53% ). The results of the coagulant characterization with XRF showed copper(II) content of (22.04 ± 0.73)%. Besides that it also contains of other metals such as Cr, Cd, and Pb however below the detection limit. Coagulant is a metal hydroxide which is dried and calcined formed the oxide. Then, it was applied as a glaze ceramic dye. Based on the analysis of homogeneity using chromameter, the brightness value (L*) increased at the combustion temperature of 999 and 1060 °C, but at a temperature of 1101 °C it decreased. The green color value (a*) decreases when the combustion temperature is raised but the yellow value (b*) increased. When the metal oxide concentration was increased, L* and a* values decreased. While the b* value increased at a concentration of 0.88 to 1.76%, but at a concentration of 2.64 to 3.53% decreased.

Reactivity of chromium-based pigments in a porcelain glaze

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive investigation at the microscopic scale of various pigments composed of chromium from the French ‘Manufacture de Sevres’ to establish the origin of color in glazes. Electron microscopy coupled with X-ray diffraction allows the determination of the microstructure and composition of the crystalline phases after firing. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals subtle changes in the medium-range ordering around Cr with high spatial resolution, in the pigment grain or at the pigment/glass interface. Principal results indicate systematic and common changes whatever the pigment types: (i) Cr-enrichment for the final crystals, that controls the coloration of the glaze, (ii) migration of specific elements such as Al or Zn from the pigments to the amorphous part of the glaze, and (iii) crystallization of anorthite in the near proximity of the altered Cr-bearing crystalline pigments.

Revealing the coloration mechanism in the earliest Chinese celadon glaze

The quality of ancient Chinese celadon is essentially affected by its glaze color. For a long time, due to the structural complexity of the amorphous glaze, the exact microstructure of the iron-based colorant in the celadon glaze, especially the local structure, is not well determined, therefore the coloration mechanism of the glaze remains unclear. This study exploits a unique opportunity to investigate the glazes of the earliest Chinese celadon recently excavated from Jinshan, an unprecedented Yue kiln site, by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. For the first time, we found that Fe in the celadon glaze is solely present in a trivalent state with distorted octahedral geometry [Fe3+O6]. Combined with ab initio calculations, we reveal that different Fe-O bonds in distorted octahedra can bring about different ligand field splitting energies of Fe-3d levels, which leads to differential absorption of visible light and consequently the varying colors of celadon glaze.

Analyzing the earliest Chinese proto-porcelain: Study on the materials from Liaotianjianshan kiln sites, Dehua County, Fujian Province (China)

The Liaotianjianshan kiln dates back to ca. 3700 years ago as a typical kiln used to manufacture proto-porcelain and stamped stoneware. In this paper, 22 ceramic shard samples from Liaotianjianshan kiln sites were selected to be analyzed by XRF, EMPA-WDS and DIL. The results indicated that the two types of samples have similar chemical characteristics in the body and the consistent firing temperature. The element composition of the kiln sites had low iron and calcium content, which was different from the materials from other areas. The samples had high calcium glazes. Two different types of glaze recipes were distinguished by the content of the minor elements, which also corresponded to the changes in the glaze color. The regular change of the glaze composition and the color reflected an advanced ability of the craftsman to control the glaze recipes. The ceramic properties and the technical maturity revealed that the manufacturing technology of the proto-porcelain of the Liaotianjianshan sites were in the leading level in Southern China during Xia and Shang periods, and Quanzhou seems to be one of the original producing locations of proto-porcelain within China.

Effect of phase separation on the Jian ware blue colored glaze with iron oxide

This study was aimed to explore the effect of phase separation on the Jian ware blue colored glaze with iron oxide. In order to analyze the forming cause of glaze patterns and their coloring mechanism, the phase, microstructure and chemical state of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The results indicated that the addition of calcium phosphate introduced highly-active Ca2+ and P5+ into the glaze. Since Ca2+ with high ionic potential had a greater ability to appeal O2− than Si4+, the glaze melt was separated into calcium-rich phase and silicon-rich phase. The difference of viscosity caused the non-uniform distribution of quartz and glass phase, and then affected the distribution of iron ions in two phases, which formed glaze patterns. Adding P5+ that had a strong effect of reversed polarization on the Fe-O increased the contents of Fe2+ and Fe3+-O-Fe2+, and thus deepened the blue-green of glaze surface. In addition, it promoted the formation of worm-like phase-separated structures and the existence of structural color. Therefore, phase separation enriched not only patterns but also glaze colors of the Jian ware blue colored glaze.

A multi-size study of gold nanoparticle degradation and reformation in ceramic glazes

Most traditional ceramic glazes employ high amounts of transition metal colorants that are toxic to the environment and can cause health issues in humans through surface leaching. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been found to be environmentally friendly and non-toxic alternative metal colorant in ceramic glazes. The plasmon band observed with Au-NPs can result in vibrant solutions by manipulating NP size, shape, and concentration; however, the effects of traditional firing in both reductive and oxidative kilns on Au-NPs are poorly understood. Aside from ancient art processes whose mechanisms have not been fully explored, the use of Au-NPs as suspended ceramic glaze colorants remains somewhat unexplored. Au-NPs have been previously reported to diminish in size during sintering and possess significant differences in concentration with respect to reduction and oxidation firing atmospheres. As a means of studying possible degradation/renucleation processes within the glaze during firing, a systematic study introducing different diameter Au-NPs into the glaze materials was conducted with transmission electron microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy used to probe possible mechanisms which showed changes to Au-NP diameter and color intensity, making this work applicable to industry and art current practices.

고해상도 디지털 세라믹 프린팅을 위한 유약 개발과 색채관리 평가

고해상도 디지털 세라믹 프린팅을 위한 유약 개발과 색채관리 평가

Study on the copper and iron coexisted coloring glaze and the mechanism of the fambe

With copper and iron oxides as colorants, reddish and bluish purple glazes were prepared by changing the raw material ratio at the same firing schedule. Based on the primary factor experiments and the analyses of XRF and SEM/EDS, the fambe mechanism was proposed. The results indicated that glaze colors were related to multiple factors. The difference in copper red and purple glazes was merely caused by the later ingredient containing Ca3(PO4)2, in which liquid-liquid phase separation structures were developed and formed structural colors, while the accumulated Fe2O3 in one phase decomposed to Fe2+ and bubbles to form blue stains and colorful texture. In addition, both CuO and Fe2O3 had a variety of coloring characteristics, which depended on the process parameter, firing temperature and base glaze compositions to make colors and hues change accordingly. In such cases, the multiple chemical colors were coupled with structural colors to form the fambe glaze.

Amorphous photonic crystals and structural colors in the phase separation glaze

In this paper, the phase-separated structures and the effective refractive index of the sky-blue glaze of Jun ware were investigated to determine the forming conditions of structural colors caused by amorphous photons crystals. It showed that with separation structures of short range order and average diameter of 106–260nm, the structural color of amorphous photons could be formed in the glaze. In order to verify them and study the effect of colorant by the experimental method, the phase separation glazes were prepared with different contents of iron ore slag. The results indicated that the addition of colorant not only increased the effective refractive index of glazes, but also darkened the glaze color and suppressed incoherent scattering. Therefore, structural colors deepened with the increasing of colorant contents. Deciphering the ancient nanotechnology could thus potentially help researchers prepare colorful glazes by the green environmental protection method.

An analytical evaluation of historic glazed tiles from Makli and Lahore, Pakistan

The composition and production of pre-modern glazed tiles in Pakistan are not well understood. Here, 38 glazed tile samples sourced from various monuments at Makli Hill and Lahore Fort in Pakistan, dating mainly from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries CE, were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry for a comprehensive technological study to understand the methods used in their production. The analyses were supplemented by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to more fully characterise the raw materials used for the glazes. The Makli tile bodies are composed of clay-based ceramic whereas those from Lahore are stonepaste. Both are coated with soda-lime-silica glazes made using plant ash. Cobalt, copper, lead‑tin yellow and lead‑tin orange are identified as the glaze colorants. White glazes do not have an added opacifier or colorant, but are white due to the presence of an underlying layer of silica particles. Technological variations between the Makli and Lahore tiles are highlighted in the discussions, the former found to resemble traditional kashi ware of Sindh-Multan in their make-up, while the latter matches Mughal tile-work that prevailed for a while locally in the seventeenth century.

Tides of Celadon: Glaze Color Chronology from the Edgefield Pottery District, South Carolina

ABSTRACTLarge alkaline-glazed stoneware vessels from the Edgefield District of South Carolina have long been studied by ceramic historians and collectors. Manufactured by enslaved laborers in the antebellum period, these vessels were sold throughout the South. Based on extant vessels from collections, scholars have proposed that a lighter green glaze, often called celadon, was manufactured earlier than a darker green-brown glaze. This assertion has not been tested systematically using archaeological evidence. Understanding how glaze color changes over time at one kiln site allows us to better understand antebellum aesthetic and economic systems. Establishing that there is change over time is the first step toward asking why this may be the case. Was it purely an aesthetic choice, an economic one, or due to experimentation with glazes by enslaved laborers? Excavations in 2011 and 2013 at the Pottersville site (38ED11) uncovered thousands of alkaline-glazed stoneware sherds that can illuminate this topic.

Gothic green glazed tile from Malbork Castle: multi-analytical study

Looking at the façade of a historical building, it is often difficult to distinguish between the original decoration and later additions. One such building is the Holy Virgin Mary Church at the Malbork Castle (Northern Poland), built between 1276 and 1406. During the latest restoration works, ceramic tiles with some remnants of the green glaze, decorating the Holy Virgin Mary Church façade, were studied in situ using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Micro-samples were analyzed in laboratory by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–WDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray micro-diffraction. We found that what was originally thought to be a paint layer was in fact a heavily deteriorated SiO2–PbO glaze. White, yellow and black pigments were found to have been added into the glaze as opacifiers and colorants. Copper and iron were used as glaze colorants. The originally added pigments were transformed into new phases, such as antimony-doped tin oxide. The technology used to produce the glazed tiles was identified. All the results collectively confirmed the medieval origin of the green glazed tiles.Graphical abstractGothic green glazed tile from Malbork Castle: multi-analytical study.