Color Grading Research Articles

Influence of the body color and size on the market value of wild captured coralgroupers (Serranidae, Plectropomus): Implications for fisheries management

Body color of the coralgroupers (Serranidae, Plectropomus) is known to vary from red to brown and dark to pale, with a vivid red color is thought to be preferred in fish markets of East Asia. This study revealed quantitative effects of the body color of coralgroupers on the market value at fish market in Okinawa, Japan. Results showed that bid price of six color grades of P. leopardus are significantly different, and normal- to dark-red individuals were sold at higher auction prices than light-brown and light-red individuals. Results also showed that unit price per kg of coralgroupers increased up to 1.5 kg body weight but slightly decreased for fish larger than 4 kg. Increase of fish supply in the market greatly reduced the bid price of the coralgroupers, and condition factor (index of fatness for individual fish) influenced the bid price of individual fish. These results indicate that an effective fisheries management strategy could be available if the optimal size and color individuals were harvested for days/weeks when a shortage of wild fish catch occurred.

The Impact of Ginning Rate on Fiber and Seed Quality

HighlightsReducing the ginning rate improved fiber quality properties.HVI color, leaf grade, and trash area were improved as the ginning rate is reduced.AFIS gave longer, more uniform, and lower short fiber content results with slower ginning rates.Economic benefits on lower ginning rates are negated by input cost, i.e., labor costs.Abstract. Fiber quality needs to be maintained as ginning rates and saw loadings increase. This study utilized two gin stands, which were each operated at three different Ginning Rate Levels to determine if there were significant differences in fiber quality as a function of ginning rate. As ginning rates were reduced, HVI results for leaf grade, trash area, and color grade, were significantly improved. AFIS measurements showed lower ginning rates resulted in longer fibers with less short fiber. Reducing the ginning rate on average from 7.36 to 4.10 bales/h (48.7 to 27.2 kg/saw/h) increased the lint value by $3.92 per 218 kg bale, yet the increase in lint value may be negated by increased labor and other costs due to the additional processing time per bale. Keywords: Fiber quality, Ginning rate, Short fiber content, Neps, Saw gin capacity.

Neologisms-hybrids in the texts of modern media communication

Neologisms-hybrids in the texts of modern media communication are analyzed. It is noted that polycode is a combination of verbal and nonverbal components in the text. The author refers to the descriptive-analytical method, structural-semantic method, word-formation analysis, quantitative analysis. In addition, when selecting the material, a continuous sampling technique is used. Special attention is paid to the identification of media innovations created with the help of graphics. Such types of graphification as monografication, polygrafication, codografication, typografication are analyzed. Monografication is implemented in the following techniques: capitalization, hyphenation, parenthesis, holophrasis. It is emphasized that such word-formation innovations reflect the creative abilities of journalists, attract the attention of readers. In addition, the author describes polygramming. It is quite often implemented in latinografication. The nominations created with the help of this type of pulsation focus the attention of the addressees and affect their consciousness. Such a kind of graphic game as codografication is demonstrated. It is confirmed that it is implemented in numerografication, pictografication and inetografication. It is noted that in media communication, journalists can use such signs from the financial and economic sphere as $ (dollar) and € (euro). However, neoplasms with these symbols are less represented in the media space than other types of graphization. It is proved that the considered word-formation innovations increase the expressiveness of the media text. Neoplasms created with the help of typography are studied in detail. It is implemented in color grading. Word-forming neologisms formed with the help of this technique are used by the addressee to provide visual impact on native speakers. The following main conclusions are made: neoplasms created by monografication prevail in the texts of media communication; nominations attract the attention of readers, reflect the creative abilities of journalists.

Analysis and Recognition Based on Citrus Color Grading Model considering Computer Vision Technology

With the continuous advancement of smart agriculture, the introduction of robots for intelligent harvesting in modern agriculture is one of the crucial methods for the picking of fruits, vegetables, and melons. In this paper, three different illuminations, including front lighting, normal lighting, and back lighting, are first applied to citrus based on the computer vision technology. Secondly, the image data of the fruits, fruit stems, and leaves of the citrus are collected. The color component distributions of citrus based on different color models are analyzed according to the corresponding characteristic values, and an exploratory data analysis process for the image data of citrus is established. In addition, 300 citrus images are selected, and the citrus fruits are segmented from the background through the simulation experiment. The results of the study indicate that the recognition rate for the maturity of citrus has exceeded 98%, which has proved the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

Association between Iris Biological Features and Corneal Biomechanics in Myopic Eyes.

Purpose Iris biological features such as surface features and profile characteristics reflected the development of iris stroma and microvessels. Iris vessels and microcirculation are still lack of effective detection methods, and we can directly observe only the iris surface biological characteristics. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between iris surface biological features and corneal biomechanics in young adults with myopia. Methods We recruited 152 patients with myopia aged ≥18 years, from the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, who had complete Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (Corvis ST) data and graded iris surface features. Iris surface features included crypts, furrows, and color measured from digital slit lamp images. The biomechanical properties of the cornea were assessed using Corvis ST. Only 1 eye of each participant was randomly selected for analysis. Associations between the iris surface features and corneal biomechanics were analyzed using linear regression models. The grade of iris crypts, furrows, and color and corneal biomechanical parameters measured with Corvis ST was the main outcome measures. Results The iris crypts were significantly associated with deflection amplitude at the first applanation (A1 DLA, β = 0.001, P = 0.013), A1 delta arc length (A1 dArcL) (β = −0.001, P = 0.01), maximum delta arc length (dArcLM) (β = −0.004, P = 0.03), and stiffness at the first applanation (SP-A1) (β = −2.092, P = 0.016). The iris furrows were only associated with integrated radius (β = −0.212, P = 0.025). Iris color was found not related with corneal biomechanical parameters measured via Corvis ST. Conclusions Iris surface features were associated with corneal biomechanical properties in myopic eyes; more iris crypts were associated with lower corneal stiffness while more extensive furrows were related with higher corneal stiffness. Iris crypts and furrows may provide useful information on corneal biomechanical properties in myopic eyes.

Study on the correlation between trace elements and colorimetric parameters of natural blue sapphire

AbstractNatural blue sapphire is a gem species of corundum, which has high economic value due to its beauty and rarity. Color is the most important factor affecting the price of sapphire and mainly caused by trace elements. However, there is little quantitative data currently available to demonstrate the correlation between trace elements and colorimetric parameters of natural blue sapphire. In this study, the UV‐Vis‐NIR spectra and colorimetric parameters were collected by UV‐Vis‐NIR spectrophotometer while the chemical composition was analyzed by laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the content ratio of (FeOT + TiO2)/MgO has negative correlation with b* but positive correlation with Cab*, illustrating its obvious effect on the blue color saturation of natural blue sapphire. In addition, the existence of Cr can produce purple hue and the content of Cr shows positive correlation with hue‐angle hab only in the low range (5‐15 ppm), which implies the content of Cr has a limited influence on the hue of natural blue sapphire and the effect may be more complicated as the content of Cr increases above 15 ppm. This investigation can provide quantitative data for scientific color grading and additional applications of natural blue sapphire.

Early- and Middle-Phase Angioscopic Assessment of Arterial Healing Following Current Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Background: Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have been widely used for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, there are few reports on early- and middle-phase arterial repair after DES implantation in ACS patients.Methods and Results: Coronary angioscopy (CAS) findings covering the early and middle phases (mean [±SD] 4±1 and 10±2 months, respectively) of arterial healing after second- and later-generation DES placement between May 2009 and January 2020 were extracted from the Kansai Rosai Hospital Cardiovascular Center database. Neointimal coverage (NIC), yellow color intensity, and the incidence of thrombus adhesion were compared between ACS and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) in the early (54 stents of 47 lesions, 38 ACS patients; 86 stents of 70 lesions, 52 CCS patients) and middle (179 stents of 154 lesions from 136 ACS patients; 459 stents of 374 lesions from 287 CCS patients) phases. In the early phase, NIC, the incidence of thrombus adhesion (ACS, 39.1%; CCS, 38.0%), and maximum yellow color grade were similar between the 2 groups. In the middle phase, although the maximum yellow color grade was significantly higher in the ACS group (P=0.013), NIC and the incidence of thrombus adhesion (ACS, 24.6%; CCS, 23.4%) were similar in the 2 groups.Conclusions: Arterial healing assessment with CAS showed that NIC and the incidence of thrombus adhesion after DES implantation were similar between ACS and CCS patients.

Preliminary Study on Sapphire Color Grading Method Based on Automatic Clustering Algorithm of Color Space Features

Traditionally, the color grading of sapphire is mainly based on the naked eye judgment of the appraiser. This judgment standard is not clear enough, and the judgment result has a greater subjective influence, which affects the accuracy of the classification. In this study, the GEM-3000 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer was selected, and the color features of 180 sapphire samples were extracted and classified using the CIE1976 color space of the device. The Kmeans algorithm was used to cluster analysis of 140 samples, and the separability of the color space features of different color levels was verified, and the center sample of each color level was obtained. The Euclidean distance between the centers of the remaining 40 samples is calculated, and each color grade prediction label is determined, and the sapphire color is automatically classified based on this. The experimental results show that the accuracy of sapphire color classification using the above method is 97.5%, which confirms the effect and accuracy of the artificial intelligence method in sapphire color classification.

대학 영상 교육을 위한 룩업 테이블 활용 및 아날로그 필름 룩 구현 워크플로우

Color grading in the analog film era and the early days of digital video production meant only a very narrow range of image reprocessing due to technical limitations. However, the development of technology and the advent of high-performance digital cameras to capture images in Log or RAW formats have made the color grading stage in modern film post-production no longer an artistic choice but an essential step. This study suggests an alternative solution given the fact that the completeness of video production practice work by student on their first or second-year in the field of university video education is often insufficient due to their lack of technical understanding. Currently, filmmaking practice is conducted gradually for students in all grades in the video-related department curriculums of most universities, while in-depth education and color correction education practice on the post-production stage are conducted only for students on their third or fourth-year. However, these environmental constraints are not the result of a lack of understanding by film industry workers or film educators regarding the importance of post-production technology. They arise due to a lack of understanding of earlier concepts in film production, such as principal photography, lighting, and sound design, which should be prioritized on top of theoretical knowledge of media in order to ensure a sound understanding of post-production technology. Therefore, this paper aims to present the use of a lookup table workflow as a realistic alternative that can be applied to the film production practice of students early in their college years who will later learn in the full-scale post-production stage. In addition, by utilizing the LUT workflow for the creation of an analog film look in digital images as a visual example necessary during the research process, we intend to contribute through this study to the expansion of the selection of student film works, such as by reviving the look of specific time periods.

Artwork style transfer model using deep learning approach

Art in general and fine arts, in particular, play a significant role in human life, entertaining and dispelling stress and motivating their creativeness in specific ways. Many well-known artists have left a rich treasure of paintings for humanity, preserving their exquisite talent and creativity through unique artistic styles. In recent years, a technique called ’style transfer’ allows computers to apply famous artistic styles into the style of a picture or photograph while retaining the shape of the image, creating superior visual experiences. The basic model of that process, named ’Neural Style Transfer,’ has been introduced promisingly by Leon A. Gatys; however, it contains several limitations on output quality and implementation time, making it challenging to apply in practice. Based on that basic model, an image transform network was proposed in this paper to generate higher-quality artwork and higher abilities to perform on a larger image amount. The proposed model significantly shortened the execution time and can be implemented in a real-time application, providing promising results and performance. The outcomes are auspicious and can be used as a referenced model in color grading or semantic image segmentation, and future research focuses on improving its applications.

The Effects of Munsell Neutral Grey Backgrounds on the Colour of Chrysoprase and the Application of AP Clustering to Chrysoprase Colour Grading

Chrysoprase is a popular gemstone with consumers because of its charming apple green colour but a scientific classification of its colour has not yet been achieved. In this research, we determined the most effective background of the Munsell Chart for chrysoprase colour grading under a 6504K fluorescent lamp and applied an affinity propagation (AP) clustering algorithm to the colour grading of coloured gems for the first time. Forty gem-quality chrysoprase samples from Australia were studied using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and Munsell neutral grey backgrounds. The results determined the effects of a Munsell neutral grey background on the observed colour. It was found that the Munsell N9.5 background was the most effective for colour grading in this case. The observed chrysoprase colours were classified into five groups: Fancy Light, Fancy, Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep and Fancy Dark. The feasibility of the colour grading scheme was verified using the colour difference formula DE2000.

Cloud Production Pipeline Using IMF, C4ID, and Open TimeLine IO

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Cloud-centric use of Interoperable Master Format (IMF), Open TimeLine input/output (IO) (OTLIO), and C4ID combines to transform production, post, mastering, and localization of content in today’s multiplatform and international distribution environment. By leveraging IMF, OTLIO, and other open source and standardized tools such as C4ID Cloud Identifier, a centralized cloud-based continuous master can be created. This continuous master can be constantly synchronized with work-in-progress in editing, visual effects, color grading, and sound mixing systems to provide a single centrally available point of collaboration for all parties in production, post, localization, and distribution. This method avoids the requirement for proprietary asset management or file types and allows creatives and engineers to use the tools they prefer and avoids repeatedly moving assets in and out of the cloud. Furthermore, it allows a paradigm shift in the localization and distribution master process, which can in turn allow delivery of a project almost instantly to any number of platforms, territories, and versions once it is complete. This workflow also permits sharing of conformed work-in-progress versions at any moment during the production/post/versioning life cycle without interrupting progress in any of these processes. This method also has side benefits such as total deduplication of assets, no vendor or tool lock-in for access to assets and the ability to link business systems to the content creation process, thus allowing order-to-delivery automation. Overall, this method offers benefits in terms of time, cost, operational effectiveness, and, most importantly, creativity. This benefits all types of delivery from movies to episodic, advertising, trailers, or any produced content targeting multiplatform, domestic, and international audiences. It also allows for the latest content trends such as branching storylines and audience interactive content to be stored and accessed in a nonproprietary way. The methodology described in this paper provides a step change in managing today’s content pipelines and future proofing for next-generation workflows</i> .

Performance Comparison of Colour Correction and Colour Grading Algorithm for Medical Imaging Applications

Different types of image acquisition devices render different measure of colour depending on the specification of devices; even a same device will give different values of colours rendered, taking at certain duration of times. Most of the researches nowadays have attempted to solve these limitations and the researches of colour correction algorithm has been evolved recently. Colour correction algorithm has been widely used in various fields such as food industry, medical imaging, forensic cyber applications, film industries etc. In medical imaging, researchers have considered colour correction as an essential part in their pre-processing step prior to diagnosis. There are various statistical methods in colour correction and colour grading algorithm being implemented nowadays and finding the best algorithm with high accuracy is non-trivial. This paper presents comparative analyses of colour correction techniques that combine colour correction and colour grading algorithm using conventional gamma correction, polynomial regression, and proposed polynomial regression with modified gamma Look-up Table (pgLUT). It has been observed that our proposed pgLUT colour correction algorithm outperformed the conventional methods by 16.5%.

Ageing as a method to increase bloom depth and improve retail colour in beef graded AUS-MEAT colour 4

Meat colour is an important attribute for consumer acceptance but there is an interval between colour grading and retail display. This experiment investigates the effect of time post-slaughter (5, 14 and 40 days) on colour and bloom depth (after 1 and 24 h) for beef carcasses graded AUS-MEAT colour 4 (MC 4). Sixteen carcasses were selected at grading, 8 carcasses were graded MC 4 and 8 as compliant colour (AUS-MEAT score 2 or 3). At 5 days post-slaughter, compliant loins had greater overall bloom depth and were more red than MC 4 loins. Bloom depth (24 h) increased with ageing time but reached maximum bloom at 14 days for both treatments. After ageing for 14 and 40 days, the bloom depth of MC 4 loin was no different to the 5 day aged compliant loins after 24 h on display. Colour at grading may not be a reliable measure of retail colour considering the changes post slaughter.

Video recoloring via spatial-temporal geometric palettes

Color correction and color grading are important steps in film production. Recent palette-based approaches to image recoloring have shown that a small set of representative colors provide an intuitive set of handles for color adjustment. However, a single, static palette cannot represent the time-varying colors in a video. We introduce a spatial-temporal geometry-based approach to video recoloring. Specifically, its core is a 4D skew polytope with a few vertices that approximately encloses the video pixels in color and time, which implicitly defines time-varying palettes through slicing of the 4D skew polytope at specific time values. Our geometric palette is compact, descriptive, and provides a correspondence between colors throughout the video, including topological changes when colors merge or split. Experiments show that our method produces natural, artifact-free recoloring.

Neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) O-NU001. Feasibility of shear wave elastography and high definition color in evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome

Introduction . Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is based on clinical findings and electrodiagnostic tests (EDT). However, EDT has high false negative rates, and the results often do not reflect the severity of symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of shear wave elastography (SWE) and high definition (HD) color in diagnosis and evaluation of symptom severity in CTS. Methods . The study prospectively enrolled 39 wrists from 23 patients with EDT-confirmed CTS, 15 wrists from 12 patients who have CTS symptoms without EDT abnormality and 28 wrists from 14 healthy volunteers. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and longitudinal diameter of median nerve were measured. SWE of median nerve at the wrist and midforearm were performed, and the ratio between them was calculated. SWE of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) were also measured and the ratio was obtained. HD color was conducted in the longitudinal plane at carpal tunnel. Results . The CSA of the median nerve at the carpal inlet and longitudinal diameter were significantly larger for the EDT-confirmed CTS group compared to control group (13.21[11.28,17.23] vs 7.98[6.53,8.94]; p < 0.001, 2.77[2.41,3.08] vs 2.07[1.79,2.24]; p < 0.001). It also had significantly higher median nerve elasticity ratio (2.59[1.77,4.09] vs 1.61[1.32,1.94]; p = 0.007). HD color showed significantly higher grades in the former group (p = 0.004). In ROC analysis, a 1.97 cut-off value on SWE ratio revealed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of 74.4%, 78.6%, 82.9%, 68.8%, respectively (AUC: 0.796[0.687,0.905]). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for SWE measurements (ICC: 0.908(0.761,0.967)). There was no significant correlation of CSA, elasticity and HD color grade with clinical symptom scores. In comparison between the group of CTS patients without EDT abnormality and control group, the former had significantly larger CSA in carpal inlet and elasticity ratio (9.61[7.21,11.55] vs 7.98[6.53,8.94]; p = 0.011, 2.59[0.94,4.65] vs 1.61[1.32,1.94]; p = 0.009). Conclusion . SWE and HD color are helpful supportive tools in diagnosing CTS, especially in patients who have typical CTS symptoms but normal results in EDT.

Influencing Factor Analysis of the Hammer Price of Yellow Diamond Online Auction: A Case Study of Ali Auction Hammer Price

In this paper, the factors affecting the hammer price of yellow diamonds were explored and analyzed through the auction data of yellow diamonds from July to September 2019 of Ali Auction. After constructing a five-factor model including auction setting, item description, commodity attribution, buyer competition and bidding strategy, the relevant hypothesis was put forward, and the empirical test was carried out by using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the mark-up range in auction setting, the weight and colour grade of the diamonds in commodity attribute, the bidding times in buyer competition and the jumping bid in bidding strategy all have significant effects on the hammer price. Other factors such as margin, the number of pictures, the status of the end of the auction, and the number of applicants etc. have no significant impact on the hammer price.

Using ACES Look Modification Transforms (LMTs) in VFX Environments &amp;#x2013; Part 2: Gamut Mapping

In modern moving image production pipelines, it is unavoidable to move the footage through different color spaces. Unfortunately, these color spaces exhibit color gamuts of various sizes. The most common problem is converting the cameras’ widegamut color spaces to the smaller gamuts of the display devices (cinema projector, broadcast monitor, computer display). So it is necessary to scale down the scene-referred footage to the gamut of the display using tone mapping functions [34].In a cinema production pipeline, ACES is widely used as the predominant color system. The all-color compassing ACES AP0 primaries are defined inside the system in a general way. However, when implementing visual effects and performing a color grade, the more usable ACES AP1 primaries are in use. When recording highly saturated bright colors, color values are often outside the target color space. This results in negative color values, which are hard to address inside a color pipeline. "Users of ACES are experiencing problems with clipping of colors and the resulting artifacts (loss of texture, intensification of color fringes). This clipping occurs at two stages in the pipeline: &lt;list list-type="simple"&gt; &lt;list-item&gt;- Conversion from camera raw RGB or from the manufacturer’s encoding space into ACES AP0&lt;/list-item&gt; &lt;list-item&gt;- Conversion from ACES AP0 into the working color space ACES AP1" [1]&lt;/list-item&gt; &lt;/list&gt;The ACES community established a Gamut Mapping Virtual Working Group (VWG) to address these problems. The group’s scope is to propose a suitable gamut mapping/compression algorithm. This algorithm should perform well with wide-gamut, high dynamic range, scene-referred content. Furthermore, it should also be robust and invertible. This paper tests the behavior of the published GamutCompressor when applied to in- and out-ofgamut imagery and provides suggestions for application implementation. The tests are executed in The Foundry’s Nuke [2].

Microwave Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for Color Grading Diamonds

A diamond’s color grading is a dominant property that determines its market value. Its color quality is dependent on the light transmittance through the diamond and is largely influenced by nitrogen contamination, which induces a yellow/brown tint within the diamond, as well as by structural defects in the crystal (in rare cases boron contamination results in a blue tint). Generally, spectroscopic instrumentation (in the infrared or UV–visible spectral range) is used in industry to measure polished and rough diamonds, but the results are not accurate enough for precise determination of color grade. Thus, new methods should be developed to determine the color grade of diamonds at longer wavelengths, such as microwave (MV). No difference exists between rough and polished diamonds regarding stray light when the MW frequency is used. Thus, several waveguides that cover a frequency range of 3.95–26.5 GHz, as well as suitable resonator mirrors, have been developed using transmission/reflection and resonator methods. A good correlation between the S12 parameter and the nitrogen contamination content was found using the transmission/reflection method. It was concluded that electromagnetic property measurements of diamonds in the MW frequency range can be used to determine their nitrogen content and color grading. The MW technique results were in good agreement with those obtained from the infrared spectra of diamonds.

Integrating Machine-Learning-Based Operators in Visual Effects Toolsets

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Post-production workflows rely heavily on image processing and computer vision algorithms for the implementation of their visual effects (VFX) tools. In these fields, machine learning has been shown to be disruptive. By integrating the domain statistics from a given training data set, machine-learning-based operators may be more efficient at solving existing problems and may enable new problems to be solved, expanding the VFX toolset. In this study, we share our experience developing and integrating several machine-learning-based operators into software for the post-production industry. We will present a sky segmentation operator, a depth map estimation operator, and an operator to compute face geometric maps (UVs,<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">^*</xref> depth, and normals) from sequences of images. More specifically, these operators consist of trained deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) taking as input an RGB color image and outputting the associated maps, that is, a matte, depth, normals, and/or UV maps. Such maps permit the application of many different effects to the input image during color grading, including beautification or even relighting of faces. These studies will serve as a case study to review and discuss the multiple challenges posed by the implementation, integration, and deployment of machine-learning-based operators into a VFX toolset</i> .