Color Density Research Articles

Liquid treatment of food coloring industry waste using coconut and chitosan in removal dyes

Liquid waste has a component containing water that has been mixed with chemical compounds. One example of liquid waste containing chemical compounds is wastewater from a food coloring industry. The liquid waste of the food coloring industry has a very strong color density so that it has a negative impact on the environment, therefore it is necessary to treat liquid waste in order to meet the quality standards of wastewater in accordance with East Java Governor Regulation number 72 of 2013. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding dose of coagulant and mass of biosorbent on percent color removal in food coloring industrial wastewater. The results showed that the addition of 35% coagulant and 13% biosorbent resulted in 97% optimal removal of color.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Correlation Analysis of Honey of Wild Honeybees

Honey of wild honey bees Apis dorsata and Apis florea was sampled from northern states of India during the year 2018-20 and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and microbial load using standard procedures and correlation analysis. A. dorsata honey had high moisture content (17.20%), pH (6.25) and F: G ratio (1.98), whereas A. florea honey exhibited higher bacterial loads (3.82) than A. dorsata (3.70). No fungal spores were recorded in any of the honeys analyzed. Significant positive correlation was recorded between colour and pollen density; amino acid content and acidity; Vitamin C and acidity in honey of A. dorsata. Whereas Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH; amino acid and acidity content in honey of A. florea had significant positive correlation. Bacterial load had significant positive correlation with pH and moisture. The quality parameters were well within the acceptable limit defined by the Food Safety Standards Authority of India.

End-of-production Ultraviolet A and Blue Light Similarly Increase Lettuce Coloration and Phytochemical Concentrations

Anthocyanins are a group of human-health-promoting phenolic compounds that influence the pigmentation of red-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Ultraviolet A (UVA; 315–399 nm) and blue (B; 400–499 nm) light can increase the concentrations of phenolic compounds but also suppress cellular expansion, which can limit harvestable biomass accumulation. It is not known whether UVA or B light is more effective at increasing phenolic compound concentrations when they are each applied at the same photon flux density. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of UVA and B light when added during the end of production (EOP) at promoting phenolic compound synthesis and red-leaf coloration without limiting biomass accumulation. We grew red-leaf lettuce ‘Rouxai’ in a controlled indoor environment at an air temperature of 22 °C under warm-white and red light-emitting diodes (LEDs). On day 24, 30 or 60 µmol·m−2·s−1 from UVA, B, UVA plus B, or red plus green LEDs was added during the last 6 days of the 30-day production period. UVA and B light, alone or combined, similarly increased leaf redness (by up to 72%), total phenolic concentration (by up to 92%), total anthocyanin concentration (by up to 2.7-fold), and relative chlorophyll concentration (by up to 20%) and did not inhibit growth, compared with lettuce grown without EOP supplemental lighting. Considering B light was as effective as UVA light at increasing leaf color and phytonutrient density and that B LEDs are more electrically effective, economical, and durable, an enriched blue-light spectrum at the EOP is a comparatively sustainable method to increase crop quality without suppressing biomass accumulation.

Preserving mandarin quality during ambient storage using edible coatings of pregelatinized corn starch Pickering emulsions and essential oil

Fruit stored in poor conditions undergo biochemical degradations that impact fruit physical qualities, such color and firmness, and reduce beneficial nutritional content including vitamins, flavonoids, phenols, and antioxidants. This study investigated the impact of a postharvest treatment of mandarins with edible coatings to prevent biochemical degradations and minimize color changes. The edible coating evaluated in this study is a composite of pregelatinized corn starch (PS), with a cellulose nano fiber (CF) Pickering emulsifier, and is enriched with basil essential oil (EO). The results of varying each parameter were then analyzed by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to identify the best-performing edible coating. Using this method, the leading edible coating was identified as PS5EO3 formulized from 5% pregelatinized corn starch, 3% basil essential oil and 0.5% cellulose nanofiber, with a ranking of 0.721 based on quality content, and 0.676 based on percentage change in nutrients after the 12 days of storage at 25 °C. Mandarins coated with PS5EO3 significantly suppressed quality losses, and achieving the lowest losses of citric acid (10.45%), while maintaining color stability in terms of color density (14.97%) and percent polymer color (78.14%).

A stain color normalization with robust dictionary learning for breast cancer histological images processing

Microscopic analyses of tissue samples are crucial for confirming the diagnosis of breast cancer. The digitization of these samples has led to the development of computational systems that can assist pathologists. However, these systems may face limitations owing to color variations in the images. Normalization studies have been widely conducted to address these issues, but there is still a need for new proposals that take into account the biological properties of dyes and tissues. This study presents a novel method for normalizing hematoxylin and eosin-stained histological images by estimating the color appearance matrices and density maps of the stain. The proposed method offers contributions in terms of pixel selection and weight definition to improve the color estimation of histological images. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated normalized images considering both handcrafted and learning features. Breast cancer images with significant color variations were used to evaluate this approach and the results demonstrated its effectiveness and efficiency. The average values of FSIM, NIQE, and QSSIM were up to 0.9866, 3.4298, and 0.9655, respectively. Compared with other normalization techniques, the proposed method showed an increase of up to 5.9261, with the largest difference observed in the amount of noise added, as indicated by the NIQE metric. To determine the impact of normalization on feature extraction, the evaluations included an analysis of both color and deep-learned features. These experiments showed that all evaluated methods harmed the separation of breast cancer samples by color features. In contrast, the deep-learned features resulted in less complex classification problems, especially with the proposed normalization. This technique also reached one of the lowest processing times, nearly 6 s with the largest image from the databases.

Correlation between acrylamide content and colour in some baked products

The objective of this study was to quantify the concentration of acrylamide in biscuits, bread, and cake obtained from industrial and local bakeries, classified based on their colour intensity as light, medium, or dark. The analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sugar, moisture, and asparagine analyses were also carried out simultaneously. The results demonstrated that the acrylamide content in biscuits, bread, and cakes varied according to the colour (light 109.9 ±Â 7.95, 214.7 ±Â 27.40, and 128.6 ±Â 7.05; medium 176.3 ±Â 15.16, 387.0 ±Â 87.71, and 804.3 ±Â 17.16; and dark 407.6 ±Â 105.13, 555.8 ±Â 16.20, and 1 015.0 ±Â 83.68 µg·kg^–1, respectively). Statistically, significant differences were observed between acrylamide content and product colour density (<i>P</i> < 0.05). It can be concluded that the acrylamide content increases as the product colour intensity rises due to the increased baking temperature at which the reaction between reducing sugars and asparagine takes place, resulting in the formation of acrylamide. The results suggest that selecting commercial bakery products based on colour may be beneficial for reducing the daily intake of acrylamide by consumers. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid dark-coloured bakery products.

Changes in anthocyanin pigments, trans-resveratrol, and colorimetric characteristics of Fondillón wine and other “Monastrell” wines during the aging period

The studied red wines, which are Fondillón, reserva, crianza, and young, are prepared from exclusive “Monastrell” grapes, and protected under the Alicante Denomination of Origin (Alicante, Spain). The objectives of the present study were (i) to show the effect of aging period on the amount of anthocyanin pigments, trans-resveratrol, and the colorimetric characteristics (color intensity, color density, and tonality) of Fondillón and other Monastrell wines (young, crianza, and reserva) which have different aging periods, and (ii) to propose a new traceability method for the determination of the Fondillón originality. Identification of anthocyanin compounds and determination of trans-resveratrol content were performed using LC–MS/MS. Correlation analysis was performed among anthocyanin compounds and color parameters. A sharp decrease in the anthocyanins content was observed in Fondillón wine. Besides, statistically significant changes were found in all colorimetric parameters between young and Fondillón samples. A significant change from red hue to brick red/yellow hue was observed between the colors of young and Fondillón wines, respectively. A significant decrease in the content of trans-resveratrol was also observed as a result of the aging period of these “Monastrell” wines. In this study, anthocyanin compounds of Fondillón wine were identified for the first time and their effects on the colorimetric parameters of the wine were revealed. Consequently, the authenticity of Fondillón wines can be determined by monitoring of anthocyanin compounds and trans-resveratrol.

Morphological Characterization of Gac Fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG) Based on Qualitative and Quantitative Traits

Momordica cochinchinensis is a fruit which originated from South-East Asia and it is a newly introduced crop in Malaysia. It is a superfruit with high nutritional and medicinal properties. However, being an introduced crop, gac fruit is a less-known fruit in Malaysia. A study was conducted in IIUM, Kuantan Pahang involving a total of four gac fruit accessions. The objective of this study was to characterize gac fruit morphology involving qualitative and quantitative morphological traits. Completely randomized design with five replications was used. Based on qualitative traits, variations were observed in parameters such as leaf color, leaf venation, leaf apices, leaf bases, fruit shape and spike density. Generally, the gac fruits were reddish-orange in color, the leaf was dark green on the adaxial part and light green on the abaxial part, and the female and male flower was light yellow and white in color. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) among accessions in all quantitative traits evaluated. The fruit weight ranged from 193.72 g (GD) to 334.70 g (GH), fruit length ranged from 9.42 cm (GD) to 12.13 cm (GH), leaf size ranged from 218.43 cm2 (GD) to 337.96 cm2 (GM) and seed weight ranged from 1.43g (GM) to 3.94g (GX). Overall, the study revealed significant morphological differences among the accessions evaluated, indicating genotypic diversity that can be incorporated into breeding programs.

Research on Ink Absorption Performance of Foam Plastic Surface Coating

Due to the limitation of model coloring process, 3D solid sand table cannot satisfactorily restore the color information of electronic sand table, which has become a technical bottleneck for the development of solid sand table model to higher accuracy and color restoration. This paper mainly studies the coating treatment of three-dimensional spray painting surface; independently prepares the coating solution, coating the three-dimensional surface, analyzes the physical properties and printing properties of the coating; solves the problems of ink absorption, ink color rendering and dot expansion of three-dimensional spray painting coating; and improves the color reduction of three-dimensional spray painting. The specific research conclusions are as follows: with the decrease of pigment particle size, the whiteness of the coating first increases and then decreases, the contact angle of the coating gradually decreases, and the color density of the coating gradually increases. When VAE-707 and SBR are used as adhesives, the whiteness of the coating is improved; with the decrease of the ratio of VAE-705 to PVA-1788, the whiteness decreased first and then increased. When the ratio of VAE-705 to PVA-1788 was 2:8, the whiteness was higher. VAE-707 as adhesive has the highest color density, followed by PVA-1799; When the ratio of VAE-705 to PVA-1788 is 6:4, the color density of the printing coating is higher and the ability of tone reproduction is better.

Fat grafts enriched with ex-vivo expanded adipose stem cells improve hyperpigmentation of face.

Facial contour deformities associated with pigmentary changes are of major concern for plastic surgeons being difficult to treat. No definite ideal treatment option is available to address simultaneously both the contour defects as well as related hyperpigmentation. The aim of the current study is to compare long-term effects of conventional adipose tissue grafting and ex-vivo expanded ASC-enrichedadipose tissue grafting for the treatment of contour deformities related pigmentary changes on the face. In this study, 80patients of contour deformities of face with hyperpigmentation were recruited after informed consent. Two techniques, that is, conventional fat grafting (C-FG)and fat grafts enriched with expanded adipose stem cells (FG-ASCs)were used to address the pigmentation. Both techniques were explained to patients and enrolled patients were divided into two groups, that is, C-FGand FG-ASCsas per patients' choice and satisfaction. Patients of the FG-ASCsgroup were treated with FG-ASCs while patients of C-FGsgroup were treated with C-FG (without expanded ASCs). Patients were followed for 12 months and improvement in face pigmentation was assessed clinically as well as measured objectively. Patients' satisfaction was also documented as highly satisfied, satisfied, and unsatisfied. This clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov with ID: NTC03564808. Mean age of patients was 24.42 (±4.49), 66 patients were females. Forehead was involved in 61.20% cases, cheek in 21.20% cases, chin in 11.20% cases, and nose in 6.20% cases. In GF-ASCsgroup, the integrated color density was decreased (1.08 × 106 ± 4.64 × 105 ) as compared withC-FGgroup (2.80 × 105 ± 1.69 × 105 ). Patients treated with fat grafts enriched with expanded ASCs were significantly more satisfied as compared with patients treated with C-FG only. In conclusion, ASC-enrichedautologous fat grafting is preferred option for improving the contour deformities related increased pigmentation of face skin.

Effects of leptin and thyroglobulin gene polymorphisms on beef colour in Holstein bulls for slaughter in Turkey

n the present work, live weight (LW), hot carcass weight (HCW), and beef colour values of Turkish Holstein bull (THBs) samples, and their relationship with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) variants were determined. E2JW and E2FB variants of leptin (LEP), and C422T variant of thyroglobulin (TG) genes were determined in 100 heads of THBs by polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Genotyping was carried out by capillary electrophoresis. The colour of raw and cooked beefs was spectrophotometrically measured before and after cooking. The cooked beefs were significantly brighter in the LEP E2JW AA and AT variants than in the TT genotype (p &lt; 0.05). Based on b* of raw beefs, the yellowish colour density in the LEP E2JW AA genotype variant was significantly higher than in AT and TT (p &lt; 0.05). The most significant correlation was determined between b* and L* (0.695), and b* and a* (0.694) of raw beefs, while the correlation coefficient between LW and HCW was found to be 0.604 (p &lt; 0.01). The LEP E2JW AA marker genotype for cattle with brighter and more intense beef, and the LEP E2JW TT variant genotype to increase beef yield should be selected as a study by using MAS method at an early age. Also, AT / CT / CC marker genotypes of THBs should be selected in LEP E2JW / E2FB / TG C422T marker loci, respectively to generate more income from the increase in LW and HCW.

Effect of packaging materials and storage time on anthocyanins stability of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different packaging materials on anthocyanins' stability of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink during 6-month storage. The mixed drink was pasteurised and hot-filled into three different packaging materials, i.e., transparent glass bottle, beverage metal can, and polypropylene (PP) bottle, then stored at ambient temperature (29±2°C). During storage, packaging materials and storage time significantly affect the anthocyanin content, colour density, and polymeric colour percentage of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink packed in a glass bottle, can, and PP bottle. Polymeric colour percentage and degradation index of red cabbage-roselle mixed drink were found to increase significantly during storage at the ambient temperature, whereas total anthocyanin content and colour density decreased significantly irrespective of packaging materials used. The correlation analysis reveals that total anthocyanin content has a significant positive correlation with colour density but negatively correlates with polymeric colour percentage and degradation index regardless of packaging materials used. The total anthocyanin content decreases significantly irrespective of the packaging materials used. The mixed drink in glass bottles significantly (p&lt;0.05) has the highest retention of anthocyanins content, followed by mixed drinks stored in cans and PP bottles. Therefore, glass bottles should be chosen as the most suitable packaging material to store the mixed drink, followed by cans and PP bottles as glass bottles provide better stability of anthocyanins for a red cabbage-roselle mixed drink.

Clarification of pomegranate and strawberry juices: Effects of various clarification agents on turbidity, anthocyanins, colour, phenolics and antioxidant activity

Effects of clarification on turbidity, anthocyanins (ACNs), colour, phenolics, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity (AA) of pomegranate (PJ) and strawberry juices (SJ) were investigated. Cold-clarification was applied to PJ using only gelatine. For hot-clarification of both juices, bentonite, gelatine and kieselsol were used. Moreover, pectolytic enzyme was added to SJ that contains pectin. Depectinization caused an increase in colour density of SJ and bentonite treatment resulted in low turbidity (9.5 NTU). However, gelatine and kieselsol significantly reduced ACN content (15%) and increased turbidity (70.1 NTU). In PJ, no step during hot-clarification provided low turbidity (93.2–162.0 NTU), while relatively low turbidity (28.7 NTU) and anthocyanin loss (9.8%) was achieved during cold-clarification. Hot-clarification of SJ showed no effect on AA and phenolics, while cold-clarification of PJ reduced both to a limited extent. Therefore, depectinization and bentonite treatment are recommended for hot-clarification of SJ and gelatine for cold-clarification of PJ.

Identification of Bee Forage Plants by Pollen Analysis of &lt;i&gt;Apis cerana&lt;/i&gt; Honey Collected from Tropical Areas of Tumkur District, Karnataka, India

The present work refers to the pollen analysis of 10 honey samples collected from 4 different locations of Tumkur district, Karnataka State, India. The honey samples were collected from the domestic bee hives of Apis cerana, subjected to physico-chemical and pollen analysis to determine color, optical density and botanical origin of honey. The color of the honey sample varies from light yellow to dark red color and optical density of honey samples varies from 0.258 to 0.991. Pollen analysis indicated that the study areas comprised of diverse bee flora. Out of 10 samples analyzed, the predominant pollen types were identified in 6 samples, where Mimosa pudica was represented in 2 samples. Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus globulus and Syzygium cumini pollen types were reported as predominant pollen from one sample each and making these honey unifloral. The remaining 4 samples were multifloral where predominant pollen types were not identified. From the results, it is clear that the factors like vegetation, pollen spectra and chemical analysis revealed a lot of potentiality in establishing bee keeping industries in the study areas. Beekeeping is an added source of income to amplify the economic upliftment without much investment.

The nature and origins of the low surface brightness outskirts of massive, central galaxies in Subaru HSC

ABSTRACT We explore the stellar mass density and colour profiles of 118 low redshift, massive, central galaxies, selected to have assembled 90 per cent of their stellar mass 6 Gyr ago, finding evidence of the minor merger activity expected to be the driver behind the size growth of quiescent galaxies. We use imaging data in the g, r, i, z, y bands from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey and perform SED fitting to construct spatially well-resolved radial profiles in colour and stellar mass surface density. Our visual morphological classification reveals that ∼42 per cent of our sample displays tidal features, similar to previous studies, ∼43 per cent of the remaining sample displays a diffuse stellar halo, and only ∼14 per cent displays no features, down to a limiting μr-band ∼ 28 mag arcsec−2. We find good agreement between the stacked colour profiles of our sample to those derived from previous studies and an expected smooth, declining stellar mass surface density profile in the central regions (&amp;lt; 3 Re). However, we also see a flattening of the profile (Σ* ∼ 107.5 M⊙ kpc−2) in the outskirts (up to 10 Re), which is revealed by our method of specifically targeting tidal/accretion features. We find similar levels of tidal features and behaviour in the stellar mass surface density profiles in a younger comparison sample, however, a lack of diffuse haloes. We also apply stacking techniques similar to those in previous studies, finding such procedures wash out tidal features and thereby produce smooth declining profiles. The stellar material in the outskirts contributes on average ∼1010 M⊙ or a few per cent of the total stellar mass and has similar colours to SDSS satellites of similar stellar mass.

Physicochemical properties of Robusta coffee at various roasting levels using different roaster types

Coffee roasting is the process to bring out flavors of green coffee beans by applying heat through the chemical changes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of roasting process at various levels using different types of roasting machine on the physicochemical properties of robusta coffee beans. Coffee beans were roasted using two types of roasting machine, namely semi-hot air and hot air. The roast levels used in this study include: light, medium, and dark. The results showed that the types of roasting machine only had a significant effect on the color of coffee powder. Coffee powder produced by a semi-hot air roasting machine had a higher L*, a* and b* values (43.29-53.63; 5.54-11.09; 7.99-18.58). The roast level factor had a significant effect on bulk density of coffee beans, water content, ash content, caffeine levels and color of coffee powder. The bulk density, water content, and color (L*, a*, b* values) decreased, however ash content and caffeine levels tended to increase with the increase of roasting level. The coffee produced in this study had a bulk density ranging from 0.41-0.52 g/ml, a water content ranging from 1.24-2.57%, ash content ranging from 4.53- 5.00% and caffeine level ranging from 1.86-2.02%.

Color of Karag Crackers with The Addition of Annatto Pigments and Variation of Types of Coatings

Annatto pigment has the potential to be used as a natural dye. The addition of coating material is expected to act as a carrier and binder of annatto seed pigment in karak crackers. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of annatto seed pigment and the type of coating on the color of coral crackers. Pigment coating is carried out using starch and maltodextrin. As a comparison, the pigment is directly added to the cracker dough, and as a control karag cracker is made without the addition of pigment. Coated annatto seed pigment was added as a colorant to the karag cracker dough with various concentrations of 2, 3, and 4%. Using the Munsen color dictionary, the potential of coated pigments as coloring agents was observed by measuring the hue, value, and chroma of the karag crackers. The results showed that the hue of karag crackers with the addition of annatto pigment produced a red color and mostly yellow-orange (YR) while the control (without the addition of pigment) produced a yellow color with a Hue (color) value between 2.5 to 5YR except for starch coating with a concentration of pigment 2% produces a red color. The use of maltodextrin coatings resulted in a lower value (brightness) (4.89) than starch (5.44) and without coatings (5.33), but chroma (color density) was not affected by the type of coating with chroma values ​​ranging from 7.56 up to 8.44. Increasing the concentration of coated annatto pigment by 4% decreased the value of coral crackers, but the addition of both coated and uncoated annatto pigment concentrations was not able to increase chroma.

The Leaf Color and Trichome Density Influence the Whitefly Infestation in Different Cassava Cultivars.

The whitefly species Bemisia tuberculata and Aleurotrixus aepim (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are considered important cassava (Manihot esculenta) pests. Leaf color and other morphological characteristics can influence the pest's interactions with the host plants. Thus, this study aimed to identify the relationship between whitefly occurrence and trichome density and leaf color in different cassava cultivars. The study was conducted in the field during the 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 crop seasons. The whitefly occurrence was surveyed in the cultivars, IAPAR 19, IPR Upira, IPR União, IAC 576-70, IAC 14, IAC 90, Catarina Branca, Santa Helena and Baianinha. The whitefly nymph quantification was correlated with non-glandular trichome density, luminosity (L*) and chroma (a* and b*) of the cassava leaves. IAPAR 19 and IAC 14 were less infested by whitefly nymphs when contrasted with IPR União, IPR Upira and Baianinha, which were the most infested. The lowest B. tuberculata infestations were correlated with lesser trichome density, highest light reflection and highest chroma in the sprout and the plant's superior third portion leaves. Low A. aepim infestation in both crop seasons made it impossible to verify its correlation with the studied cassava plant characteristics. The cultivars IAPAR 19 and IAC 14 could contribute towards B. tuberculata management in regions with a history of whitefly infestation.

Small Magellanic Cloud Field Stars Meddling in Star Cluster Age Estimates

I revisited the age of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) cluster HW 42, whose previous estimates differ in more than 6 Gyr, thus challenging the most updated knowledge of the SMC star formation history. I performed an analysis of number stellar density profiles at different brightness levels; carried out a field star decontamination of the cluster color–magnitude diagram; and estimated the cluster fundamental parameters from the minimization of likelihood functions and their uncertainties from standard bootstrap methods. I conclude that HW 42 is a Gyr old ([Fe/H] = −0.89 dex) SMC cluster projected on to a SMC composite star field population which shows variations in magnitude, color, and stellar density of Main Sequence stars. The present outcome solves the conundrum of the previous age discrepancies and moves HW 42 to a region in the SMC age–metallicity relationship populated by star clusters.

Study of Substructures in SDSS Supercluster S[173+014+0082

We present magnitude, color, redshift and number density distributions of 1302 galaxies in the supercluster S[173+014+0082]. Our aim is to identify substructures and study their redshift maps. The visual magnitude distribution suggests that the supercluster is dynamically unstable. We found 3 substructures in the supercluster region having mean redshift 0.083, 0.085 and 0.090. An empirical relation be-tween the number of galaxies in the substructures and their mean redshift is observed.