Color Card Research Articles

Development and evaluation of a novel method “bilirubin color card” for screening of treatable jaundice in neonates: prospective comparative diagnostic study

Background Various methods of screening or diagnosis of severe hyperbilirubinemia like transcutaneous bilirubinometer and laboratory testing havemethodological or practical limitations. In this perspective, we designed and evaluated an invasive but simple screening Color Card method in rapid assessment of various levels of bilirubin categories. Objective This prospective comparative diagnostic study objectives were to create “Color Card” initially by yellow color shades that fall into 4 bilirubin categories, i.e. TSB up to 7 mg/dl, 7.1 to 12 mg/dl, 12.1 to 18 mg/dl and >18 mg/dl from the samples analyzed by diazo method, and to study its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of moderate or severe hyperbilirubinemia in comparison to total serum bilirubin (TSB) by diazo method. Results Out of total 188 samples obtained, 134 were unique patients. The specificity, negative predictive value and accuracy of the color card for the observations made by observer 1 comparing with lab TSB were >95% for clinically important categories of <7 mg/dl and >18 mg/dl. The overall accuracy of color card in measuring various TSB ranges varied from 75% to 96.8%. The agreement between two observers was 85.6% (Cohen’s kappa co-efficient: 0.61, p-value: .0001) overall and was 92.3%, 86%, 84%, 81.2% for each of the four bilirubin categories in ascending order. Conclusion Bilirubin color card has good accuracy and may be very useful in the low resource settings, especially in the first referral units and community settings, where laboratory TSB estimation is not available easily. However, it requires centrifugation and easier methods of centrifugation will make this method simpler.

The digital printing of chromatic pattern with a single cellulose nanocrystal ink

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a type of natural photonic crystal, have been used to develop various optical materials owing to their chiral nematic organization, renewability, sustainability, and abundance. However, scaling up the production of CNC-based photonic materials remains challenging because of their long self-assembly time, inevitable assembly defects, static optical properties, and brittle nature. To address these drawbacks, the current study introduces flexible photonic hydrogels with chromatic patterns that are 3D printed using CNC-based inks. These viscoelastic inks were composed of photopolymerizable monomers and CNCs that harbored high aspect ratios. The luminance and color difference of the patterns in the photonic hydrogels were digitally controlled by varying the printing angles and the number of layers. Furthermore, our technique was validated by printing recognizable QR codes, Tai-chi, and hydrogel color cards. The current study provides a facile, fast, reproducible, accurate, and scalable strategy for fabricating photonic hydrogels from sustainable materials with chromatic patterns visible only in polarized light, thereby demonstrating their potential use in optical devices, anti-counterfeiting applications, and information concealment and dissemination.

Effect of Home-based Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Fatigue, Dyspnea, and Activities of Daily Living of COVID-19 Patients

Background: The acute nature and complications of COVID-19, including fatigue and dyspnea, reduce the ability of the affected individuals to play individual and social roles and perform activities of daily living, and have adverse effects on the life quality and economic status of patients. Conducting pre-discharge rehabilitation programs following a home-based approach can be effective in reducing fatigue and dyspnea and improving the activities of daily living of COVID-19 patients. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation on fatigue, dyspnea, and activities of daily living of COVID-19 patients in the teaching hospitals of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Methods: The quasi-experimental study enrolled 60 patients with COVID-19 respiratory symptoms admitted to the COVID-19 intensive care units of teaching hospitals affiliated with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected using convenience sampling and randomly divided into intervention and control groups with color cards. The instruments used to collect the data were the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Borg Dyspnea Scale, and the Barthel Index completed by the participants before, two weeks, and two months after the intervention. The rehabilitation training was provided to the patient and the primary caregiver in the intervention group in three 45-min sessions individually and using training videos during the hospital stay. After discharge, the patients were followed up in person or by phone for eight weeks to ensure the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software through repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent samples t-test, and chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05 (P &lt; 0.05). Results: The repeated measures ANOVA showed that changes in the fatigue and dyspnea scores were significant over time (P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the intervention effect was significant (P = 0.04), and more remarkable changes were observed in the intervention group than in the control group. Given the significance of the group-time interactive effect on the two given variables, the comparisons were made point by point and with Bonferroni correction again by time and group. There were significant differences in the mean fatigue scores in the second (P = 0.03) and third (P &lt; 0.001) stages and the mean dyspnea scores (P &lt; 0.001) between the two groups. The mean scores of activities of daily living two weeks and two months after the intervention were significantly different between the two groups, with higher scores in the intervention group than in the control group (P = 0.01). The repeated measures ANOVA confirmed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the effect of time (P &lt; 0.001) and group (P = 0.03) on the patients’ activities of daily living. Conclusions: The study showed that home-based pulmonary rehabilitation measures were effective on fatigue, dyspnea, and activities of daily living of COVID-19 patients. Thus, this intervention approach by nurses for family participation can be practical for treating acute and chronic respiratory diseases.

Appearance generation for colored spun yarn fabric based on conditional image‐to‐image translation

AbstractThe repeated trial‐weaving and proofing process are traditionally conducted to exhibit the ever‐changing appearance of the colored spun yarn fabric knitted by different colored spun yarns. In this paper, a novel method of appearance generation for colored spun yarn fabric was proposed based on conditional image‐to‐image translation. The generated image is required to have the same color and the fabric style simultaneously as the color card and the assigned style. The common pix2pix model was modified by adding the category label to the image channel to involve the style constraint. To improve the generation performance, the U‐Net architecture was replaced by the residual block architecture. Four commonly used style fabrics and different color cards were adopted to build the image pairs for experiments. The visual inspection and category similarity were used as the evaluation metrics. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can transfer different color cards to the designated style fabrics based on the constraints, being effective and superior for image generation of colored spun yarns. The proposed scheme can provide references for the designer by presenting the image perception, saving labor, and material resources in the proofing process.

A precise method of color space conversion in the digital printing process based on PSO-DBN

Neural networks have been widely used in color space conversion in the digital printing process. The shallow neural network easily obtains the local optimal solution when establishing multi-dimensional nonlinear mapping. In this paper, an improved high-precision deep belief network (DBN) algorithm is proposed to achieve the color space conversion from CMYK to L*a*b*. First, the PANTONE TCX color card is used as sample data, in which the CMYK value of the color block is used as input and the L*a*b* value is used as output; then, the conversion model from CMYK to L*a*b* color space is established by using DBN. To obtain better weight and threshold, DBN is optimized by a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method has the highest conversion accuracy compared with Back Propagation Neural Network, Generalized Regression Neural Network, and traditional DBN color space conversion methods. It can also adapt to the actual production demand of color management in digital printing.

Reliability of home-based screening for biliary atresia using infant stool colour cards: north india feasibility study (NIFS)

Background and Aim: Feasibility studies in developed countries for screening Biliary Atresia(BA) by stool colour card(SCC) shown high utilization rate(UR) and cost-effectiveness. However, India has a different socio-economic profile. The aim of the present study was to assess the generalizability of the stool screening strategy in north India.

Color in Architecture: Before and After Industry Revolution

Color as a visual element cannot be separated from architectural design. The development of knowledge about color involved artists and scientists. In the past, color was always associated with the activities of artists as creators of decorative works using pigments produced by nature. Artists and scientists assume that color occurs due to the influence of light and dark which is homogeneous. This was later refuted by Newton's findings that color is produced by heterogeneous light. Different colors are a result of different refractive indexes. The discovery of artificial colors by Perkin encouraged the industry to create colors not only to produce colors that exist in nature, but also according to the wishes of the user as an individual. The opportunity to use colors according to the needs of individual users then encourages businesses to control colors so that the industry does not suffer losses if the colors of the products they produce do not sell well in the market. They work closely with color forecasters and color designers to determine color trends according to the interests of producers through color cards. This condition is followed by architects who create color schemes based on their own favorite color palette. This article finds out how the development of science positions color in architectural works? The research was conducted with a historical approach and data interpretation methods through a literature review.

Color representations of normals and congenital red–green color deficiencies: Estimation of individual results based on color vision model

AbstractDifference scaling experiment was conducted to investigate the mental color representation of congenital color‐deficient observers and observers with normal color vision. Two decks of cards, high and medium chroma, each containing 10 Munsell chips, were prepared. A total of 45 pairs of hues were prepared for each of the decks. Ten protans, 10 deutans, and 10 people with normal color vision participated as observers, with each asked to rate the perceptual distance between two colors on a given color card. The results were analyzed using the multidimensional scaling method. All observers with normal color vision showed a circular shape close to the Munsell hue circle, while the majority of color‐deficient observers showed a concave shape bending at Y and PB. To indicate the degree of distortion from a circle, the distortion index was proposed to quantitatively evaluate intergroup and individual differences. To investigate the underlying mechanism of intergroup differences as well as individual differences in color representations of observers with normal color vision and color‐deficient observers, we proposed a model that considers various levels of human color vision mechanism from the cone pigment absorption, the luminance and opponent‐color coding level, and nonlinear transformation to difference‐scaling judgment. The circular shape for observers with normal color vision and some color‐deficient observers, as well as concave shapes for most color‐deficient observers were estimated. The correlation coefficient between the estimation and experiment‐based difference ranged from r = 0.64 to r = 0.94 with the grand average of r = 0.82, with p‐values less than 0.001 for all observers, suggesting that the concept of proposed model is appropriate.

A finger-actuated microfluidic biosensor for colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens

A microfluidic biosensor was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella using a finger-actuated micropump, a finger-actuated micromixer, gold@platinum nanocatalysts (Au@PtNCs) and a smartphone App. First, immune magnetic nanobeads (MNBs), bacterial sample and immune Au@PtNCs were successively finger-actuated pumped into microfluidic chip. Then, they were fully mixed using finger-actuated micromixer to form MNB-Salmonella-Au@PtNC complexes. After hydrogen peroxide-tetramethylbenzidine was pumped into chip and catalyzed by nanocatalysts on complexes, resulting in color change from colorless to blue, the image of catalysate was collected and finally analyzed by self-developed smartphone App or directly compared with Pantone color card in chip to determinebacterial concentration. Experimental results showed this biosensor could quantitatively detect Salmonella from 3.5 × 102 to 3.5 × 105 CFU/mL in 1 h with lower detection limit of 350 CFU/mL. This biosensor has successfully integrated loading, mixing, incubation, washing, separation and detection onto a chip and might pave a promising way for bacterial detection.

Newborn Screening for Biliary Atresia: a Review of Current Methods

Biliary atresia is a serious neonatal liver disease due to obstructed bile ducts that has better outcomes when detected and treated in the first 30-45days of life. This review examines different methods to screen newborns for biliary atresia as well as discusses observations from ongoing screening programs implemented in parts of the United States. Screening strategies for biliary atresia include detecting persistent jaundice, examining stool color, testing fractionated bilirubin levels, or measuring bile acid levels from dried blood spot cards. The stool color card program is the most widely used screening strategy worldwide. An alternative approach under investigation in the United States measures fractionated bilirubin levels, which are abnormal in newborns with biliary atresia. Fractionated bilirubin screening programs require laboratories to derive reference ranges, nurseries to implement universal testing, and healthcare systems to develop infrastructure that identifies and acts upon abnormal results. Biliary atresia meets the disease-specific criteria for newborn screening. Current studies focus on developing a strategy which also meets all test-specific criteria. Such a strategy, if implemented uniformly, has the potential to accelerate treatment and reduce biliary atresia's large liver transplant burden.

Extraction of Colour Information from Digital Images Towards Cultural Heritage Characterisation Applications

Colour is a primary characteristic of visual perception and a very important characteristic to describe cultural heritage works in a variety of shapes, sizes and materials. To quantify colours, portable colorimeters are often carried and used for measuring colour of interest. Spatial resolution of colorimeters is manufacturer and model dependent and typically worse than 3 - 10 mm in diameter. The colour measurement has to be done on site at the time of interest. It poses very significant limitations in colorimetric characterization of cultural heritages. In this paper, the possibility of extraction of colour information from digital photographs, scanned images and video files using customized image processing/analysis software (PicMan) was investigated for cultural heritage characterization applications. As colour information extraction examples, a commercial Gouache paint colour card, a digital photograph, a portrait of a Korean scholar of Joseon Dynasty and a severely deteriorated old medical text book before and after restoration were examined. Colour information from various digital images was successfully extracted from points and regions of interest in RGB, HSV, L*a*b*, Munsell colour and hexadecimal colour code formats. The spatial resolution of colour information extraction is as small as a single pixel in a digital image.

Province-Wide Stool Color Card Screening for Biliary Atresia in Lower-Saxony: Experiences with Passive Distribution Strategies and Results

Background: Stool color card (SCC) screenings for biliary atresia (BA) have shown to improve Kasai timing and outcome significantly. Both obligatory and non-obligatory screenings with passive distribution strategies have proven to be effective. Therefore, we have initiated a voluntary SCC program and aim to describe our experience. Methods: Since 2017 we supply all maternity wards in Lower-Saxony with SCC. Attending pediatricians and parents of BA infants were contacted via questionnaires and asked for their evaluation of the SCC screening. Results: 85.2% of attending pediatricians support the SCC screening, but only 78.1% considered the initiative useful. In their clinical routine, only 67% of visiting parents report to have received an SCC at the maternity hospital. In the group of parents of BA infants, only 54% (7/13) had received an SCC. Out of those seven parents, only one had referred their child to a children’s hospital based on pathological SCC results. The lack of SCC education in the maternity hospitals was made responsible by parents. Within three years, only one infant with BA was identified through the SCC. Conclusions: Our voluntary SCC screening shows serious limitations with inacceptable distribution of SCCs and low acceptance of attending pediatricians. SCC programs in decentralized health care systems without educational campaigns, standardized diagnostic and treatment algorithms and the definition of reference centers are additional burdens for local health care providers without the promised benefit.

Research on double-faced jacquard fabric with compound full-backed structure of three wefts

Weft-backed structures with compound weft colours can express the mixed colour effect. However, this structure is not suitable for jacquard fabrics with a double-faced shading effect in the traditional single layer design mode. Taking twenty-thread sateen with a step number (S) of 7 as an example, this paper investigates a design method for compound full-backed structure with three shaded-weave databases (SWDs) by selecting the primary weaves (PWs), designing the compound full-backed technical points and establishing the compound structure database with three SWDs. With this design method, a double-faced shading effect in combination with non-backed and full-backed effects on different sides of the jacquard fabric at the same position is generated. The fabric colour card was produced with three SWDs and three sets of different coloured wefts, and their colour values were measured, followed by an analysis of the compound structures on the reverse side, lightness, colour purity and colour difference (DE*ab) of the specimens. The results showed that the three covering effects on the reverse side, partly covered, critical position and totally covered, could be adjusted by controlling the step number and the transition direction of PW-C. For the specimens on the edges of the fabric colour card, their lightness and colour purity values showed a uniform transition effect along with the shading process; their colour differences ranged from 1.23 to 3.69, both in the range of 2–5, and showed a trace or slight colour difference between two adjacent fabric specimens, indicating that the colour shading effect with the three SWDs is stable.

Hedonic Preferences to Audio and Visual Stimulation in Seniors with Cognitive Impairments.

Background:Hedonic (or aesthetic) preferences to repeated sensory stimulation can remain stable over time (Island of Stability Effect, ISE) or vary with prior exposures (Mere Exposure Effect, MEE).Objective:Here we compared the liking ratings of seniors with cognitive impairments (mostly mild-to-moderate dementia, DPs) and neurotypical senior controls (CNs) to audio and visual stimuli and examined whether those ratings conformed to the ISE or the MEE predictions.Method:Participants (n = 212) rated sets of stimuli repeated three times at weekly intervals: images of Picasso’s paintings, PANTONE color cards, and avant-garde music clips.Results:The aggregated liking ratings of DPs and CNs were stable over time, in line with the ISE model. However, latent growth modeling indicated that those stable responses might have masked differences at the individual level, since seniors in both cohorts exhibited clusters of different responses over the time evaluated, supporting the predictions of the MEE. Notably, there was a dampening of hedonic experiences in DPs comparatively to CNs.Conclusion:The presence of hedonic responses (and individual variations) in DPs is relevant not only to their wellbeing and therapy interventions involving audio and visual stimulation, but also to the design of spaces that offset the downturn in hedonic experiences affecting seniors with cognitive impairments.

Evaluation and consistency calibration of hyperspectral imaging system based on liquid crystal tunable filter for fabric color measurement

AbstractThe Hyperspectral Imaging System can obtain the spectral response value of each pixel in a fabric sample image while being applied to fabric color measurement. Compared with the common grating Hyperspectral Imaging System, the Hyperspectral Imaging System based on Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter (LCTF) has the advantages of small size, high spatial resolution, and easy integration, which has potential application prospects in textile industry. In this article, the performance of the LCTF Hyperspectral Imaging System for fabric color measurement was evaluated, and an improved model for calibrating the consistency between it and Datacolor 650 was proposed. First, the 210 Pantone cotton color cards were used as samples to study the color repeatability and reproducibility of the LCTF Hyperspectral Imaging System. For evaluation its color measurement ability, the measured reflectance values were converted to the CIELAB color space and compared with those of Datacolor 650. Then, a Radial Basis Function neural network model was proposed to calibrate the color consistency between LCTF Hyperspectral Imaging System and Datacolor 650 which can fully use the reflectance information of the whole band instead of only adjacent wavelengths. Experimental results show that the LCTF Hyperspectral Imaging System can accurately measure the fabric color with good repeatability and reproducibility, and the consistency between the two instruments was significantly improved based on the Radial Basis Function neural network model compared with the R model.

True-Color Reconstruction Based on Hyperspectral LiDAR Echo Energy

With the development of remote sensing technology, the simultaneous acquisition of 3D point cloud and color information has become the constant goal for scientific research and commercial applications in this field. However, since radar echo data in practice refer to the value of the spectral channel and its corresponding energy, it is still impossible to obtain accurate tristimulus values of the point through color integral calculation after traditional normalization and multispectral correction. Furthermore, the reflectance of the target, the laser transmission power and other factors lead to the problems of no echo energy or weak echo energy in some bands of the visible spectrum, which further leads to large chromatic difference compared to the color calculated from the spectral reflectance of standard color card. In response to these problems, the hyperbolic tangent spectrum correction model with parameters is proposed for the spectrum correction of the acquired hyperspectral LiDAR in the 470–700 nm band. In addition, the improved gradient boosting decision tree sequence prediction algorithm is proposed for the reconstruction of missing spectrum in the 400–470 nm band where the echo energy is weak and missing. Experimental results show that there is relatively small chromatic difference between the obtained spectral information after correction and reconstruction and the spectrum of standard color card, achieving the purpose of true color reconstruction.

Quantitative study on landscape colors of plant communities in urban parks based on natural color system and M‐S theory in Nanjing, China

AbstractPlant color landscape plays an important role in improving the quality of visual landscapes, regulating the emotion of landscape space, and highlighting the characteristics of urban landscapes. How to reasonably quantify and create rich plant color landscapes to achieve the best visual perception of the plant color landscape at different visual scales, so as to better meet the aesthetic needs of the public, has become a hot and difficult issue in the plant color design and application. Therefore, this article selects four typical urban parks in Nanjing to study the color characteristics of plant communities. The natural color system color card is used to extract plant color data. The color harmony and suitability degree of the plant community and external environment are quantitatively evaluated according to the Moon‐Spencer (M‐S) color harmony theory. The correlation between the chromaticity difference, color harmony, and color suitability of the plant landscape color is strong, whereas that between the chromaticity difference and lightness difference of the plant landscape color is weak. Among the four urban parks, the color harmony is the highest, and the appropriate color is the lowest in Xuanwu Lake Park. In addition, among the 12 selected plant community landscapes, the plant community number A3 in Xuanwu Lake Park has the highest color harmony and D3 in Gulin Park has the lowest color harmony. In short, the quantitative study of the plant community landscape color can provide new ideas for improving the optimal allocation of the plant community landscape color in urban parks.

Penentuan Warna Dasar dan Nondasar Dalam Bahasa Madura: Suatu Kajian Etnolinguistik

Linguistically, colors are categorized into two parts, namely basic colors and non-basic colors. Each language has a different naming form and number of base colors. This research is descriptive qualitative which aims to determine the basic and non-basic colors in the Sumenep dialect of Madura. The data in this study is the color vocabulary of the Madurese language obtained from 18 informants with the help of research instruments in the form of 139 color cards on the standard color names on the web. The data found were analyzed using Berlin and Kay's (1969) universal color theory and combined with an ethnolinguistic approach to find cultural identity through the language used. As a result, the Madurese language has 6 basic color names, namely potѐ 'white', celleng 'black', mѐra 'red', bhiru 'green', konѐng 'yellow, and coklat 'chocolate', as well as 3 color names belonging to non-basic colors. , namely bhiru 'blue', bungo 'purple', and bubu 'grey'. The implicational hierarchy of basic colors in the Madurese language is different from the implicational hierarchy of the universal basic colors of Berlin and Kay which is the result of a study of 98 world languages. This proves that every language in the world has different color boundaries and different rules for classifying basic colors

Similarity Evaluation on the Compound TCM Formulation "Huoling Shengji Granule" and Its Placebo by Intelligent Sensory Evaluation Technologies and the Human Sensory Evaluation Method Based on Critical Quality Attributes.

To evaluate the similarity of Huoling Shengji granule (HLG) and its placebo at both granules and solution status, the innovative methods that consist of intelligent sensory evaluation technologies and human sensory evaluation methods were developed based on critical quality attributes (CQAs) of granule. The CQAs for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) placebo granule were mainly divided into three categories: formulation attributes, visual attributes, and attributes of taste and smell. In this investigation, the novel intelligent sensory evaluation technologies including the physical property testing apparatus, computer vision system, color card, and electronic tongue (E-tongue) were employed for characterization of CQAs of HLG and its placebo. Meanwhile, human sensory evaluation by test panels was used to description the HLG and its placebo in terms of appearance, color, taste, and smell. On that basis, the similarity of placebo to CQAs of HLG was assessed by calculating the angle cosine values. The intelligent and human sensory evaluation results showed that the similarity values of HLG and its placebo about the CQAs at granule and solution status were all close to 1, which means that the two preparations have high similarities. In this study, the established similarity evaluation methods based on the CQAs were convenient and reliable, which can be utilized to evaluate the similarity of TCM granule and their placebo at granule and solution status, and demonstrated to be well applied in placebo-controlled trials.

Color Characteristics of Four-Color Samples in the Foggy Environment under Different Lighting Conditions

Traffic signs should provide clear signals for drivers and passengers under various environmental and geographic conditions. In foggy weather, the signal will be disturbed due to light scattering, which will cause obstacles to recognition. This study simulated a foggy environment in the laboratory, used a standard color card as the target, and introduced a colorimeter to record the color coordinates, then calculated the color difference and analyzed the four-color samples’ color properties in different lighting conditions. We found that as the relative visibility increases, the chromatic aberration of the sample will gradually decrease under different lighting conditions and reach zero when the relative visibility is higher than 70%. We found that the green and blue samples have better color coordinate retention capabilities than the fog’s red and yellow. We compared all tested light sources’ performance, and the results showed that 3000K LED and incandescent lamps are better than other light sources. This study will provide a data basis for the study of traffic safety and accident prevention.