Color Block Research Articles

Effects of L*a*b* color parameters on perceived smile attractiveness.

Despite the importance of tooth color in smile esthetics, an understanding of how specific changes in L*, a*, and b* color parameters affect perceived smile attractiveness across different tooth positions is lacking. Additionally, the influence of evaluator characteristics on color perception remains unclear, making it challenging for clinicians to optimize color selection for anterior dental restorations. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between color parameter changes, tooth positions, and attractiveness scores while considering the moderating effects of evaluator background, sex, and age. The methodology involved using an imaging software program (Adobe Photoshop) to match the L*, a*, and b* values of central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines with the Vita 3D master color guide. By adjusting the colors based on the 26 color blocks of the guide, 26 images were created for evaluation. Dental students and nondental adults provided demographic information and rated the smile attractiveness of each picture on a scale of 0 to 10. Changes in the 3 color parameters (L*a*b*) of anterior teeth significantly affected smile attractiveness (all P<.001), with the L* value having the greatest impact (coefficient=-0.78, P<.001). The rater's professional background (P<.001), sex (P=.003), and age (P=.001) played significant roles in moderating color perception and attractiveness evaluation. The study included 80 senior dental students (dental student group). Changes in the L*, a*, and b* color parameters of anterior teeth significantly affected smile attractiveness (P<.001), with the L* value having the greatest impact. Color changes in central incisors showed the strongest effect on attractiveness scores, followed by those in canines and lateral incisors (P<.001). The professional background, sex, and age of evaluators significantly moderated color perception and attractiveness evaluation (P<.01), with dental students and female evaluators showing greater sensitivity to color changes.

A spatial interpolation based on neighbor cluster adaptive model with spatial color block clustering algorithm

A spatial interpolation based on neighbor cluster adaptive model with spatial color block clustering algorithm

A Coloring-Based Packet Loss Rate Measurement Scheme on Network Nodes

Network measurement is an efficient way to understand network behavior. Traditional measurement techniques focus on internet protocol (IP) networks, where the processing capacity of network nodes is limited and primarily dedicated to packet forwarding. As a result, these techniques typically rely on end hosts or external systems to analyze traffic and evaluate network performance. This reliance introduces several challenges, such as increased measurement latency and scalability limitations, particularly in large-scale networks. With the emergence of next-generation internet architectures, especially information-centric networking (ICN), network nodes have gained enhanced capabilities, enabling measurement tasks to be performed directly at these nodes. This paper proposes a distributed measurement scheme where network nodes collaborate to monitor the packet loss rate on the intermediate link. By setting an unused bit in the packet header, the upstream node “colors” the packets into different color blocks. The minimum duration of each block is determined by the degree of reordering on the link, and the number of packets in each block must be a power of two. The downstream node recognizes blocks, assigns packets to the right block, and deduces the original number of packets for each block to calculate packet loss. Moreover, the upstream node adjusts the number of packets in each block based on the packet transmission rate on the link, aiming to balance measurement accuracy and frequency. A P4-based implementation on a BMv2 software switch is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Simulations show that this scheme improves measurement accuracy and is more robust against packet reordering. Additionally, the proposed scheme maintains relatively low network overhead and, at higher measurement frequencies, exhibits the lowest overhead compared to existing methods.

Eye-Tracking Evidence for the SNARC Effect: Unveiling Attentional Stages

The Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect, which involves the conjunction of spatial and numerical response coding, was initially identified through reaction time experiments involving numerical stimuli. Research has revealed a common tendency among individuals to associate smaller numbers with the left side and larger numbers with the right side. Furthermore, scholars have identified additional dimensions, such as the “up-down” and “near-far” associations, that contribute to the complexity of the SNARC effect. However, the universality of the SNARC effect and the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms continue to be a topic of debate within the academic community. Various studies have proposed a range of interpretations and understandings of this effect. The present study delves into the cognitive mechanisms of the SNARC effect, employing eye-tracking technology to objectively quantify participants’ responses. Utilizing the parity judgment task, a method frequently employed in SNARC effect research, in conjunction with eye-tracking, participants were instructed to judge the parity of numerical stimuli while directing their gaze to the left or right, and above or below the numbers as per the experimental requirements. Colored blocks were positioned around the numbers to serve as visual anchors, indicating the spatial directions of left/right and top/down. Data analysis revealed that when smaller numbers (1-4) were presented, participants exhibited a tendency to focus on the left color block adjacent to the number, characterized by a higher Total Fixation Duration (TFD) and a shorter Time to First Fixation (TFF). In contrast, when larger numbers (6-9) appeared, participants were more likely to focus on the right color block, indicating the presence of a SNARC effect in the horizontal dimension. However, no significant effect was observed in the vertical dimension. Additionally, this study innovatively employed a blank page in conjunction with a test page to differentiate between the early and late stages of participants’ attentional processing. The examination of TFF and TFD data uncovered a two-stage processing mechanism associated with the SNARC effect. This experimental approach and methodological framework offer novel perspectives that contribute to the advancement of research in this domain.

Bearing fault diagnosis based on novel hierarchical multiscale dispersion entropy in corresponding color block images

Abstract The rolling bearing is a critical component of mechanical equipment, and its failure can lead to serious consequences. In order to effectively extract fault features of rolling bearings and improve fault diagnosis performance, a fault diagnosis framework based on hierarchical multiscale dispersion entropy (HMDE) and improved histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) is proposed by combining entropy method with image recognition method. Firstly, the original vibration signal is subjected to moving average filtering to eliminate sudden noise and outliers. Then, HMDE is used for the extraction of fault features. HMDE can evaluate the complexity of the signal at different levels and scales, thereby extracting more comprehensive information. Based on HMDE, entropy color block (ECB) images are generated and the improved HOG of the images are extracted. Finally, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) is used to classify the improved HOG features, completing the recognition of different working states of rolling bearings. The validity and robustness of the proposed fault diagnosis framework are proved by the verification experiments on the public bearing datasets of Case Western Reserve University and Southeast University.

Electrophysiological evidence of nonspatial inhibition of return affecting audiovisual integration.

The present study endeavored to investigate the potential neural underpinnings of disparities in audiovisual integration (AVI) between valid and invalid targets, modulated by nonspatial inhibition of return (IOR). Concurrently, we sought to delineate the distinct roles subserved by Chinese character primes and color block primes throughout this process. We employed a prime-neutral cue-target paradigm, wherein 25 college students participated in the experiment. Behavioral measures encompassed the reaction time, IOR effect, multisensory response enhancement, and race model analysis. Besides, we examined the N200, N400, and P300 components elicited by the target stimulus presentation in a time-locked fashion to investigate the neural underpinnings of AVI disparities in the context of valid and invalid targets. Behavioral analyses unveiled a significant attenuation of AVI for valid targets, with this effect being particularly pronounced in trials involving Chinese character primes. Intriguingly, event-related potential (ERP) data evinced AVI within the N400 and P300 components. Moreover, the novelty of this study resides in identifying the P300 component as the principal neural correlate underpinning the attenuation of AVI arising from nonspatial IOR-a finding that was not replicated when employing color block primes. This research furnishes novel ERP evidence that elucidates the mechanisms through which nonspatial IOR modulates AVI. This contributes significantly to a broader understanding of the cognitive processes underpinning multisensory perception and attentional dynamics. These insights not only corroborate the late attention theory and the coactivation model but also lend credence to the context-updating hypothesis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Dance drama "Never Gone Radio Wave": the challenge and significance of genre dimension, emotional expression and artistic expression

With its rigorous creative attitude and exquisite dance skills, the dance drama "Never Gone Radio Wave" shows the perfection and romance of red theme dance creation and injects new vitality into spy war theme dance. Through subtle type deduction, technical support and detailed description, the revolutionary process and characters are portrayed more prominently. In shaping the characters in a specific background, the director not only highlights the main color, but also skillfully blends in other color blocks, which makes the dance drama have strong artistic expression. At the same time, the drama pays attention to the expressionist pursuit of subjective truth and transforms the fragmented historical materials into a ballet work, which fully embodies the challenge and far-reaching significance of this ballet.

Adversity and error-monitoring: Effects of emotional context.

This study tested whether self-reports of childhood adversity would predict altered error processing under emotional versus non-emotional task conditions. N = 99 undergraduates completed two selective attention tasks, a traditional color-word Stroop task and a modified task using emotional words, while EEG was recorded. Participants also completed self-report measures of adverse and positive childhood experiences, executive functioning, depression, current stress, and emotion regulation. Reports of adversity were robustly correlated with self-reported challenges in executive functioning, even when controlling for self-reported depression and stress, but adversity was not correlated with task performance. With regard to neural markers of error processing, adversity predicted an enhanced error-related negativity and blunted error-positivity, but only during the emotion-word blocks of the task. Moreover, error-related changes in alpha oscillations were predicted by adversity, in a pattern that suggested less error responsiveness in alpha patterns during the emotion block, compared to the color block, among participants with higher adversity. Overall, results indicate alterations in error monitoring associated with adversity, such that in an emotional context, initial error detection is enhanced and sustained error processing is blunted, even in the absence of overt performance changes.

N, N-Dimethylformamide assisted matrix to realize carbon nanomaterials from fluorescence to afterglow

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) with afterglow property have received extensive attention and are of great help to luminescent functional materials. However, it is still challenging to realize the afterglow properties of CNMs, such as the effective realization of afterglow and stable afterglow properties. In this work, we processed boric acid (BA) with N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to form a matrix by microwave, modified the CNMs produced by benzene-1,3.5-tricarboxylic acid (BTA) and tetraethylenepentamlne (TEPA) in two steps, and successfully prepared CNMs with yellow or green afterglow characteristic. The rotational freedom of the first-step material is limited by the formation of a BA-MDF matrix, which effectively suppresses the nonradiative transition and triple exciton deactivation, and the presence of a rigid structure limits the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and promotes the energy levels to jump to the triple state to realize the afterglow properties. In addition, we used CNMs with afterglow as two-dimensional color block arrangement materials to realize anti-counterfeiting and information encryption, which has certain application value for related fields.

Efficient and Secure Color Image Encryption System with Enhanced Speed and Robustness Based on Binary Tree

Recently, there has been a growing demand for image encryption techniques that offer robust protection and minimize processing time. The proposed paper proposes an efficient color image encryption system that excels in speed and security. The encryption system comprises three fundamental phases. The initial phase generates a unique encryption key by combining user-defined input with the original image and applying various operations and hash functions. In the confusion phase, the image is divided into blocks, forming a Binary Tree (BT) using primary color blocks, ensuring that the root and leaves belong to different colors. The confused matrix is derived through an inorder traversal that ensures non-adjacency of pixels of the same color, introducing an added layer of security. Finally, each pixel is scrambled by applying BT to its binary form to add more security and complexity. A DNA sequence is generated, and operations are executed based on two different chaotic maps, enhancing unpredictability and attack resistance. Extensive testing has validated the effectiveness of the proposed system, revealing a remarkable 28–45% reduction in processing time compared to recent techniques. Moreover, the system successfully withstands various attacks, as demonstrated through rigorous evaluations, including high-performance, visual perception, and cryptosystem strength evaluations. These results underscore the practical applicability and robust security offered by our efficient color image encryption solution, which provides a practical solution for applications prioritizing efficiency.

Molecular Symmetry and Art: Visualizing the Near-Symmetry of Molecules in Piet Mondrian's De Stijl.

Symmetry and shape are essential aspects of molecular structure and how we interpret molecules and their properties. We, as chemists, are comfortable with pictorial representations of structure, in which some nuance is lost-investigating molecular shape numerically by looking at how closely it fits a reference, such as a plane, or a set of vectors or coordinates, is informative, though far from engaging. Often relationships between chemical structure and derived values are obscured. Taking our inspiration from Piet Mondrian's Compositions, we have depicted the symmetry information encoded within 3D data as blocks of color, to show clearly how chemical arguments and resultant molecular distortion may contribute to symmetry. Great art gives us a new perspective on the world; as a pastiche, this art may allow us to look at familiar molecules, such as porphyrins, in a new light, understanding how their shape and properties are intertwined.

Molecular Symmetry and Art: Visualizing the Near‐Symmetry of Molecules in Piet Mondrian's De Stijl

AbstractSymmetry and shape are essential aspects of molecular structure and how we interpret molecules and their properties. We, as chemists, are comfortable with pictorial representations of structure, in which some nuance is lost—investigating molecular shape numerically by looking at how closely it fits a reference, such as a plane, or a set of vectors or coordinates, is informative, though far from engaging. Often relationships between chemical structure and derived values are obscured. Taking our inspiration from Piet Mondrian's Compositions, we have depicted the symmetry information encoded within 3D data as blocks of color, to show clearly how chemical arguments and resultant molecular distortion may contribute to symmetry. Great art gives us a new perspective on the world; as a pastiche, this art may allow us to look at familiar molecules, such as porphyrins, in a new light, understanding how their shape and properties are intertwined.

Linear-space-variant model for Fourier ptychographic microscopy.

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) needs to realize well-accepted reconstruction by image segmentation and discarding problematic data due to artifacts caused by vignetting. However, the imaging results have long suffered from uneven color blocks and the consequent digital stitching artifacts, failing to bring satisfying experiences to researchers and users over the past decade since the invention of FPM. In fact, the fundamental reason for vignetting artifacts lies in that the acquired data does not match the adopted linear-space-invariant (LSI) forward model, i.e., the actual object function is modulated by a quadratic phase factor during data acquisition, which has been neglected in the advancement of FPM. In this Letter, we rederive a linear-space-variant (LSV) model for FPM and design the corresponding loss function for FPM, termed LSV-FPM. Utilizing LSV-FPM for optimization enables the efficient removal of wrinkle artifacts caused by vignetting in the reconstruction results, without the need of segmenting or discarding images. The effectiveness of LSV-FPM is validated through data acquired in both 4f and finite conjugate single-lens systems.

Smartphone-based colorimetric detection platform using color correction algorithms to reduce external interference

Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry is a powerful, fast, low-cost approach to detecting target analytes. However, lighting conditions and camera parameters easily affect the detection results, significantly curtailing its applicability in multiple scenarios. In this study, an Android-based mobile application (SMP-CC) is developed, which offers a comprehensive package that includes image acquisition, color correction, and colorimetric analysis functions. Using a custom color card, a built-in algorithm in SMP-CC can minimize the color difference between the standard color block image captured by different smartphones under different lighting conditions and the standard value by an LS171 colorimeter less than 4.36. The algorithm significantly eliminates the impacts of external lighting conditions and differences in cell phone models. Furthermore, the feasibility of SMP-CC was verified by successful colorimetric detection of urine pH, glucose, and protein, demonstrating its potential in smartphone-based digital image colorimetry.

Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Urinalysis Vivoo App: A Validation Study

Point-of-care (POC) analysis has emerged as a pivotal approach in providing rapid and convenient medical diagnostics. Smartphone-based solutions further augment the accessibility and ease of POC, enabling efficient on-the-go analysis. The integration of smartphone technology with POC has paved the way for innovative applications such as the Vivoo App, which empowers users to monitor various health parameters conveniently. Our study validated the accuracy and reliability of the smartphone-based POC urinalysis Vivoo mobile application. A comparative approach was followed wherein artificial urine samples were analyzed using both the Vivoo and traditional laboratory methods. A diverse range of health parameters were assessed. A total of 2618 strips were used over the course of this study to evalate the accuracy of Vivoo. The test strips results appeared to match exactly the expected measurement results. In addition, when the ±1 color block acceptance criterion was applied, 2608 of 2618 measurements of the tested strips were found to have met the expected measurement results completely. Based on the results, the 95% confidence interval for the exact match agreement proportion of Vivoo is 87.55% ± 1.27% and 99.62% ± 0.24%. As a wellness product, this study thus concludes that the Vivoo is appropriate in terms of both device reliability and performance. The app's ability to provide accurate and timely health results offers promising opportunities to improve individual health management.

FRIH: Fine-Grained Region-Aware Image Harmonization

Image harmonization aims to generate a more realistic appearance of foreground and background for a composite image. All the existing methods perform the same harmonization process for the whole foreground. However, the implanted foreground always contains different appearance patterns. Existing solutions ignore the difference of each color block and lose some specific details. Therefore, we propose a novel global-local two stages framework for Fine-grained Region-aware Image Harmonization (FRIH). In the first stage, the whole input foreground mask is used to make a global coarse-grained harmonization. In the second stage, we adaptively cluster the input foreground mask into several submasks. Each submask and the coarsely adjusted image are concatenated respectively and fed into a lightweight cascaded module, refining the global harmonization result. Moreover, we further design a fusion prediction module to generate the final result, utilizing the different degrees of harmonization results comprehensively. Without bells and whistles, our FRIH achieves a competitive performance on iHarmony4 dataset with a lightweight model.

Color gamut extension algorithm for various images based on laser display.

In pursuit of enhancing the display performance of gamut extension algorithms across diverse image types while minimizing image dependency, this study introduces a dynamic gamut extension algorithm. The algorithm is designed to extend the sRGB source gamut towards the wide gamut of a laser display. To evaluate its effectiveness, psychophysical experiments were conducted using four distinct image categories: complexions, scenery, objects, and color blocks and bars. The performance of the proposed algorithm was benchmarked against four established color gamut mapping algorithms. The comparative analysis revealed that our algorithm excels in handling wide color gamuts, outperforming the alternatives in terms of preference and the preservation of detail richness.

Joint Authentication Public Network Cryptographic Key Distribution Protocol Based on Single Exposure Compressive Ghost Imaging

In the existing ghost-imaging-based cryptographic key distribution (GCKD) protocols, the cryptographic keys need to be encoded by using many modulated patterns, which undoubtedly incurs long measurement time and huge memory consumption. Given this, based on snapshot compressive ghost imaging, a public network cryptographic key distribution protocol is proposed, where the cryptographic keys and joint authentication information are encrypted into several color block diagrams to guarantee security. It transforms the previous single-pixel sequential multiple measurements into multi-pixel single exposure measurements, significantly reducing sampling time and memory storage. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this protocol and its ability to detect illegal attacks. Therefore, it takes GCKD a big step closer to practical applications.

Interactive experience of sculpture design based on virtual reality technology

Abstract The application of computer technology provides new ideas for the design of sculpture works. In this paper, with the support of virtual reality technology, the pixel set of each color block is extracted from the actual image to determine the location of the center point of the color block. Based on the extracted information, a visual color marking method is used to realize the 3D registration of the sculpture scene. In the virtual scene, through the virtual modeling of the sculpture work, a spline surface model was generated by applying sparse image sequences and optimally adjusted to transform the surface piece control point problem into a quadratic function of the network vertices. The mathematical logic properties of the virtual reality sculpture work wind direction improved by 22.5 points, the mathematical logic properties of the light design improved by 25.8 points, and the mathematical logic properties of the shadow design improved by 23.1 points. The virtual reality technology provides an interactive experience for the design of sculpture works.

Effect of incorporation of calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles in low-concentration bleaching gels on physical properties of dental enamel.

To evaluate the bleaching efficacy and effects on enamel properties of experimental gels with carbamide peroxide (CP; 10%) or hydrogen peroxide (HP; 6%) containing calcium polyphosphate sub-microparticles (CaPPs). A total of 216 bovine tooth specimens were divided for microhardness and color analyses (n = 108) and block randomized into nine groups (n = 12): (G1) commercial CP (Whiteness Perfect, FGM; Brazil); (G2) experimental CP; (G3) CP-0.5%CaPPs; (G4) CP-1.5%CaPPs; (G5) commercial HP (Potenza Bianco, PHS; Brazil); (G6) experimental HP; (G7) HP-0.5%CaPPs; (G8) HP-1.5%CaPPs; (G9) artificial saliva. The gels' pH values were determined with a bench pH meter. Color (ΔE, ΔE00, ΔWID) and microhardness variation were evaluated before and after the therapy. Part of the specimens used for microhardness was submitted to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX (n = 3) analyses. Statistical analyses were performed in the R statistical software (α = 0.05). Linear mixed models for repeated measures in time were used to analyze microhardness and L* values. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the a*, b*, ΔE, ΔE00, and ΔWID, considering a group effect. The EDX data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test. The gels' pH remained over 6,0. All gels effectively bleached the specimens and did not differ significantly. When compared to the control group, the hardness was significantly lower in the G1, G2, G6, and G7 groups. The G3, G4, G5, and G8 groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The incorporation of CaPPs in low-concentration whitening gels reduces its negative effects on microhardness without interfering with their bleaching efficacy.