Color Adjustment Research Articles

Effect of Brushing with Whitening Toothpaste on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Color-Adjustment Resin-Based Composites

Objectives: Aim of this study is to compare the color stability and surface roughness of four different color-adjustment composites produced using smart chromatic technology and a highly esthetic nano-hybrid composite after brushing with whitening toothpaste. Materials and Methods: 4 different color adjustment composites and 1 nano hybrid composite are divided into 5 main groups according to their contents. A total of 120 disc-shaped specimens (8 x 2 mm) were prepared, 24 in each group. The prepared samples were sequentially kept in solutions (tea, coffee and cherry juice) for 12 days and randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n=8). Subgroup 1, brushing with distilled water; Subgroup 2, brushing with whitening toothpaste; Subgroup 3, home bleaching agent were applied (14 days). Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer, ΔE values were calculated using the CIELAB formula. Surface roughness values were made using a profilometer device. Samples from each group were selected for SEM surface analysis. Results: Among the composite groups, the highest coloration was observed in the Omnichroma, while the lowest ΔE values were observed in the Vittra composite group. Although the ΔE values on the 14th day were higher than the 7th day in all groups, the differences between them were statistically insignificant(p>0.05) In all composite groups (except Omnichroma), the ΔE values of brushing with whitening toothpaste at the end of the 14th day were higher than brushing with distilled water(p<0.05). Conclusions: Although the application of home bleaching agent was found to be more effective in a short time in whitening color-adjustment composites; brushing with whitening toothpaste at the end of the 14th day was found to be as effective as the application of home bleaching agent. Coloring and bleaching procedures applied to color-adjustment restorative materials did not have a significant negative effect on surface roughness values.

Fabry-Perot cavity tunable multicolor flexible electrochromic device based on porous filter membrane

In recent years, Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity-type electrochromic devices composed of more stable inorganic materials have been extensively investigated for achieving colorful reflective displays and military camouflage functions. However, the majority of reported substrates for colorful F-P cavity electrochromic devices are rigid conductive glasses, which hinders their practical application in flexible reflective displays and camouflage. Herein, we construct a WO3/W/Au bilayer F-P cavity multicolor tunable electrochromic device based on a flexible porous filter membrane, in which WO3, an inorganic electrochromic material, is used as the electrochromic layer, metallic W as the partial reflective layer, and metallic Au as the total reflective and conductive layer. Highly flexible bilayer F-P cavity multicolor electrochromic devices have been prepared by combining UV-curable electrolytes and thermoplastic sealing procedures. By adjusting the thickness of the WO3 layer, a wide spectrum of colors including yellow, purplish red, violet, blue, green, olivine, peach, etc. can be obtained. In addition, by adjusting the driving voltage of the electrochromic device, more precise color adjustment can be achieved. The electrochromic device has a fast coloring (2.06 s) and bleaching (2.70 s) response time, providing a new solution for future flexible colorful reflective display devices.

Influence of surface roughness of universal shade resin composites on color adjustment potential.

This study aimed to determine the influence of surface roughness of the color adjustment potential restoration of universal resin composites. A structural colored resin composite (Omnichroma, OC) and a pigment-employed universal shade resin composite (Beautifil Unishade, BU) were used. Each resin composite was placed in a cavity to determine its ability to match the color of artificial teeth. The surface of the resin composites was polished with #800- or #2000-grit SiC paper before performing color measurements. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were performed (α=0.05). The color difference (ΔE*ab) ranged from 2.5-3.9 for OC and 1.8-8.7 for BU. OC has a more stable color adjustment than BU. The color adjustment potential of universal resin composites was affected by the surface roughness of the restorations.

Introduction of a New Classification for Resin Composites with Enhanced Color Adjustment Potential

Introduction of a New Classification for Resin Composites with Enhanced Color Adjustment Potential

Convenience and Sensory Experience: Analysis of Using Website as a Medium to Read

With the development of technology, the advent of e-books, computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices expanded the range of choices of media for reading, it also changed the way people consume information. Website, as a reading platform, has its advantages and disadvantages in reading experiences. For example, with a device connected to the internet, people can easily gain information and access what they want to read. Unlike traditional reading media such as books and newspapers, the website enables a variety of multimedia content, such as videos, animation, and images, which can make reading more engaging and informative, which further allows readers to enhance their understanding of a topic. However, as with any digital media, website reading may cause eye fatigue. And the movable images and inconsistent set type may be a disturbance. The diversity and potentiality of web reading call for advanced studies to further optimize the readers experience and eliminate the inferior strength of web reading. Compared with traditional printed media, this paper explores how website increases readers experiences in the field of sensory elements, interaction, and accessibility. The research methodology employed for this thesis involved reviewing academic literature and case studies. The results of the research indicate that websites indeed increase reading experiences for both people with and without disabilities. The findings suggest that websites provide readers with an attractive, delightful, and interactive experience. And the personalized settings, such as font size change, color adjustment, and alternative text, further increase the experience for people with different kinds of disabilities.

Rewritable Structurally Colored Paper Based on Hollow SiO2-Polyurethane Composite Photonic Crystal Film.

Rewritable paper, which can be used multiple times as an effective solution for sustainable development and lessen the heavy environment pollution, has received widespread attention. A photonic crystal with dye-free character and tunable structure color has attracted significant interest in this area. Generally, handwriting on the photonic crystal structure containing a responsive polymer or hydrogel ingredient was based on the change of lattice spacing. It is necessary to enrich the diversities of color adjustment mechanism for further application. Herein, a flexible rewritable photonic crystal structurally colored paper with excellent mechanical strength based on the hollow SiO2 (h-SiO2) particle and polyurethane was developed. Owning to the varied optical response of h-SiO2 photonic crystal film in different solvents, handwriting on this paper was realized by applying polarity solvents such as EG as colorless ink directly, which could also be erased by resoaking the film in water. Writing and erasing on this paper were totally reversible. The color adjustment mechanism and the realization of handwriting on this paper are totally different from those of the previous reported photonic crystal-based rewritable paper. The combination of quick handwriting and flexibility is significant for potential application as rewritable paper.

Language-based Photo Color Adjustment for Graphic Designs

Adjusting the photo color to associate with some design elements is an essential way for a graphic design to effectively deliver its message and make it aesthetically pleasing. However, existing tools and previous works face a dilemma between the ease of use and level of expressiveness. To this end, we introduce an interactive language-based approach for photo recoloring, which provides an intuitive system that can assist both experts and novices on graphic design. Given a graphic design containing a photo that needs to be recolored, our model can predict the source colors and the target regions, and then recolor the target regions with the source colors based on the given language-based instruction. The multi-granularity of the instruction allows diverse user intentions. The proposed novel task faces several unique challenges, including: 1) color accuracy for recoloring with exactly the same color from the target design element as specified by the user; 2) multi-granularity instructions for parsing instructions correctly to generate a specific result or multiple plausible ones; and 3) locality for recoloring in semantically meaningful local regions to preserve original image semantics. To address these challenges, we propose a model called LangRecol with two main components: the language-based source color prediction module and the semantic-palette-based photo recoloring module. We also introduce an approach for generating a synthetic graphic design dataset with instructions to enable model training. We evaluate our model via extensive experiments and user studies. We also discuss several practical applications, showing the effectiveness and practicality of our approach. Please find the code and data at https://zhenwwang.github.io/langrecol.

The role of interface distance and underlying substrate on the color adjustment potential of single-shade composites.

This study assessed how the distance from the composite interface and the underlying chromatic substrate affect the color adjustment potential (CAP) of two single-shade composites. Cylinder-shaped specimens were created using Vittra APS Unique (VU), Charisma Diamond One (DO), and a shaded (A3) composite. Some single-shade specimens were surrounded by the A3 composite, forming dual specimens. Color measurements of simple specimens were taken against a gray background using a spectrophotometer. All specimens were positioned at a 45° angle in a viewing booth under illuminant D65, and images were captured with a DSLR camera against gray or A3 backgrounds. Image colors were measured using image processing software and converted to CIELAB coordinates. Color differences (ΔE00 ) between the single-shade composites and the A3 composite were calculated. CAP was determined by comparing data from simple and dual specimens. No clinically significant differences were observed between color measurements obtained from images and the spectrophotometer. CAP was higher for DO compared to VU and increased as the distance from the composite interface decreased and when specimens were positioned against an A3 background. The color adjustment potential increased with decreased distance from the composite interface and against a chromatic background. Achieving satisfactory color match in restorations using single-shade composites is crucial, and selecting an appropriate underlying substrate is essential. The color adjustment gradually decreases from the restoration margins towards its center.

Wide-range tunable phosphorescence emission in cellulose-based materials enabled by complementary-color phosphors

Developing color-tunable pure organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials based on biopolymers is of great significance for efficient utilization of natural resources, yet still challenging. Herein, tunable multicolor phosphorescence emission, including white-light, is achieved in cellulose-based RTP materials by co-organizing complementary cyan and red organic phosphors into the strong hydrogen-bonding networks of cellulose. The non-radiative transition of phosphors can be effectively suppressed by the high density of hydrogen bonding among the cellulose chains as well as the covalent interaction. The difference in optical properties between the two phosphors enables the adjustment of the phosphorescence emission color of the material from green to cyan, white and then red. It is demonstrated that the designed material can be used as versatile inks for pattern drawing and information encryption, with favorable multicolor emission and excellent aqueous processability. Therefore, considering the biodegradability and sustainability of cellulose materials, cellulose-based RTP has enormous potential in advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption as eco-friendly phosphorescent inks and coatings.

Wide gamut dynamic color manipulation based on dielectric metasurface on a stretchable substrate

Dynamic color adjustment technology has broad prospects in invisibility, anti-counterfeiting, and display, and is an important research direction in structural color. This study investigates the excitation of magnetic dipole resonances in the visible region by titanium dioxide (TiO2) metasurfaces using elastic dielectric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and applied to dynamic color modulation. The near-field interaction between the resonant dielectric elements can be modulated using the mechanical strain of the PDMS substrate, enabling the advection of the resonance peak of the structure throughout the visible range, thereby achieving a wide color gamut. The color structure of TiO2 metasurface is sensitive to the refractive index of the surrounding medium. Moreover, active switching between the “ON” state (highly reflective at a selected wavelength) and the “OFF” state (transparent) can be achieved through the deformation of the flexible PDMS substrate. The proposed method can be applied to fields such as sensor displays and spectroscopy and for studying stretchable and wearable photonics.

Toward improved surveillance of Aedes aegypti breeding grounds through artificially augmented data

The Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits several diseases, including dengue, zika, and chikungunya. To prevent these diseases, identifying and removing mosquito breeding sites is essential, but it is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. To improve efficiency, computer vision and machine learning can be used to detect potential breeding grounds automatically. In this context, we explore the use of data augmentation strategies including random scaling, rotation, as well as color and brightness adjustments for improving the automatic detection of potential Aedes aegypti breeding grounds using videos acquired by a drone. The faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) and the you only look once (YOLO) v5 object detectors are used on a database of aerial videos containing breeding-related objects. When employing the data augmentation, tire-detection results show F1 scores of 0.79 and 0.81 for the Faster R-CNN and YOLOv5 networks, respectively, surpassing current state-of-the-art values. The detection performance of the algorithms increased by up to 14.1%, which is a significant improvement. These results indicate that artificial data augmentation reduces overfitting, improving the models’ robustness. The developed system can be employed to help health agencies in locating potential Aedes aegypti outbreaks more efficiently.

Effect of filler load on structural coloration and color adjustment potential of resin composites.

The color-matching ability of single-shade composites Omnichroma (OMN) and Omnichroma Flow (OCF) is ensured by structural color, which arises from monodisperse 260 nm spherical fillers. This study evaluated how filler load influences the color adjustment potential of composite restorations to human teeth of various shades. The performance of composites containing the 260 nm spherical fillers -OMN (79 wt%), OCF (71 wt%), and experimental composites R1 (65 wt%), and R2 (60 wt%)- was compared to two conventional A2-shade composites and a transparent composite. Additionally, the translucency parameter, spectral reflectance, and light transmission properties were assessed. Composites with a lower load of the 260 nm spherical fillers exhibited lower light diffusion and lower reflectance in the yellow-to-red range (580-650 nm), which is characteristic for the structural color of OMN and OCF. The best color adjustment was achieved with OCF, presumably due to its high translucency and uniform spectral reflectance.

Evidence of dissolved trivalent manganese in acidic forest soils

AbstractBackgroundEvidence of trivalent manganese (Mn3+) in the aqueous phase of soils is unknown so far although this strong oxidant has large environmental implications.AimsWe aimed to modify a spectrophotometric protocol (porphyrin method) and to discriminate between Mn2+ and Mn3+ in the aqueous phase of forest soils based on kinetic modeling.MethodsWe investigated manganese speciation in 12 forest floor solutions and 41 soil solutions from an acidic forest site by adjusting pH and correcting for absorbance.ResultsThe solutions showed broad ranges in pH (3.4−6.3), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 1.78−77.1 mg C L−1), and total Mn (MnT, 23.9−908 µg L−1). For acidic solutions, a pH‐buffer was added to increase the pH of the solutions to 7.5−8.0, and background absorption was corrected for colored solutions, that is, solutions high in DOC. This was done to accelerate the reaction kinetics and avoid overestimation of MnT concentrations. After the pH and color adjustments, the comparison of MnT concentrations between the porphyrin method and optical emission spectrometry showed good agreement. Trivalent Mn, which is stabilized by organic ligands, constitutes significant proportions in both forest floor solutions (10−87%) and soil solutions (0.5−74%).ConclusionsThe dissolved Mn3+ is present in acidic forest soils. Thus, we revise the paradigm that this species is not stable and encourage to apply the revised method to other soils.

Color-adjustable fluorescence and red persistent luminescence of rare earth-free CaAlSiN3:Mn2+ phosphors prepared by combustion synthesis

Increasing interests have been focused on non-rare earth ion of Mn2+-activated nitride phosphors due to their unique luminescent properties. Although rare earth ions (e.g. Eu2+, Ce3+) doped CaAlSiN3 have been extensively studied in phosphor-converted white light emitting diodes (w-LEDs), there have been very few literatures on the fluorescence and persistent luminescence of rare earth-free CaAlSiN3 phosphors. In this work, a series of rare earth-free CaAlSiN3:x Mn2+ (x = 0.05–5%) phosphors have been successfully prepared through the efficient combustion synthesis. With the increase of Mn2+ ions in CaAlSiN3, the adjustment of emission color from yellow to red can be achieved with its transition to be attributed to 4T1 → 6A1 of Mn2+ at the Al/Si sites (yellow) and Ca sites (red) with diverse occupancy ratios in the CaAlSiN3 host. Moreover, a striking red-color persistent phenomenon originated from the emission of Mn2+ at the Ca sites was observed in these phosphors, among which CaAlSiN3:0.2% Mn2+ showed the best afterglow performance due to its appropriate trap depth of ∼0.7 eV. We believe that this work is supposed to be an inspiration for exploring novel luminescent materials in rare earth-free nitride material systems.

Image sharpening algorithms improve clarity of surgical field during 3D heads-up surgery

BackgroundImage-sharpening algorithms with color adjustments enable real-time processing of the surgical field with a delay of 4 msec for heads-up surgery using digital three-dimensional displays. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the algorithms with the Artevo 800® digital microscope.MethodsSeven vitreoretinal surgeons evaluated the effects of image-sharpening processing on the clarity of the surgical field with the Artevo 800® system that is used for cataract and vitreous surgeries. The scorings were made on a 10-point scale for anterior capsulotomy, phacoemulsification, cortex aspiration, core vitrectomy, and peeling of an epiretinal membrane or an internal limiting membrane. In addition, the images during the internal limiting membrane peeling were processed with or without color adjustments. We also evaluated the skewness (asymmetry in the distribution of the pixels) and kurtosis (sharpness in the distribution of the pixel) of the images to evaluate the contrast with each intensity of image-sharpening.ResultsOur results showed that the mean visibility score increased significantly from 4.9 ± 0.5 at 0% (original image) to 6.6 ± 0.5 at 25% intensity of the image-sharpening algorithm (P < 0.01). The visibility scores of the internal limiting membrane increased significantly from 0% (6.8 ± 0.3, no color adjustments) to 50% after the color adjustments (7.4 ± 0.4, P = 0.012). The mean skewness decreased significantly from 0.83 ± 2.02 at 0% (original source) to 0.55 ± 1.36 at 25% intensity of the image-sharpening algorithm (P = 0.01). The mean kurtosis decreased significantly from 0.93 ± 2.14 at 0% (original image) to 0.60 ± 1.44 at 25% intensity of the image-sharpening algorithm (P = 0.02).ConclusionsWe conclude that the image-sharpening algorithms can improve the clarity of the surgical field during 3D heads-up surgery by decreasing the skewness and kurtosis.Trial registrationThis was a prospective clinical study performed at a single academic institution, and the procedures used were approved by the Institutional Review Committee of the Kyorin University School of Medicine (reference number, 1904). The procedures also conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Does the thickness of universal-shade composites affect the ability to reflect the color of background dentin?

The recently introduced resin composites with a universal shade are claimed to match any tooth color. In this study, it was examined how composite thickness affects the color adjustment of conventional and universal-shade composites to background dentin. Thirty sound human central incisors of various shade were used, and color differences between their intact labial surfaces, exposed dentin surfaces and composite restorations (thickness 1-3 mm) were evaluated. In addition, the translucency, light transmission characteristics, and spectral reflectance of the composites were measured. The results showed that universal-shade composites outperformed conventional composites of A2 shade in the adjustment of hue and chroma (p<0.05) but not in lightness (p>0.05). The color adjustment potential of all composites significantly decreased as their thickness increased (p<0.05). The effect of thickness on Omnichroma and Omnichroma Flow was less marked, presumably because of their higher translucency (p<0.05) and structural coloration which induces light reflectance in the yellow-to-red range.

The Use of TRI-Funori® as a Binding Medium for Chromatic Reintegration in Contemporary Unvarnished Paintings

Each material is suited to the different paint material characteristics and pictorial techniques of various artworks by contributing to the pictorial surface’s stability and visual unity, and the ability to display it without interruption. For this article, the polysaccharide TRI-Funori was tested and used as a binding medium for chromatic reintegration in three oil and acrylic mockups of the artwork by Portuguese artist Jorge Martins. This choice was based on characteristics such as compatibility, low toxicity, water-based properties, and good visual properties for color matching. Advantages such as transparency and less tendency to yellow, capacity to dry matte, and ease of removal were observed. It presents good dispersion of inorganic pigments, good visual properties, and good adhesion to oil and acrylic surfaces with or without preparation. However, it also presents disadvantages such as weak dispersion of organic pigments, for example [PB15] Phthalocyanine Blue or [PR83] Carmine Rose, and the tendency to become powdery. During the drying process, it tends to lighten, making the color adjustment process difficult. The mimetic method, achieved with small dots, was used for retouching. The medium was applied with Ferrario® pigmenti puri and Winsor &amp; Newton® powdered pigments, and chromatic reintegration was carried out with a fine brush Winsor &amp; Newton® Finest Sable no1.

The assessment of color adjustment potentials for monoshade universal composites

Abstract Objective To evaluate the color adjustment potentials of monoshade universal composites in different shades of class I cavities. Methodology About 132 restorations were performed using monoshade universal composites (Omnichroma, OMNI; Essentia Universal; EU; Charisma Diamond One, CDO), and one simplyshade composite (NeoSpectra-ST, NEO) as control. A transparent silicone mold was used to provide standardized restorations on prefabricated class I cavities of acrylic dentures in B1, A2, and C4 shades. The assessment of color adjustment was performed immediately after, at 24 h, and at 2 weeks, through the cross-polarized dental photographs. The quantitative assessments were performed using a software (Digital Color Meter, Macintosh AC). The collected L*, a*, and b* coordinates from the restorations and the adjacent denture surfaces were used to provide Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values. Shapiro–Wilk, three-way Anova and Tukey HSD Test were used for the statistical analyses (p &lt; 0.05). Results Among all composites and shades, the Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values were significantly the highest (1.27 ± 0.49a) for the immediately after assessments compared to the assessments at 1 day (1.01 ± 0.41b) and 2 weeks (0.97 ± 0.4c)(p &lt; 0.05). At 24 h and 2 weeks of evaluations, the Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values for the control (0.42 ± 0.16H) were significantly the lowest (p &lt; 0.05). Only the control presented imperceptible color changes for all the cavity shades (PT ≤ 0.8). After 2 weeks, EU (1.06 ± 0.32F) and OMNI (1.12 ± 0.18EF) presented significantly lower Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values compared to the CDO (1.29 ± 0.2CD) (p &lt; 0.05). Restorations in lighter cavities presented significantly lower Δ E 00 ⁎ \text{&amp;#x0394;}{E}_{00}^{\ast } values. Conclusion Monoshade universal composites presented acceptable but perceptible color adjustment potentials in class I cavities without the shade selection procedure. Simplyshade composites following the shade selection might still be the best options regarding the level of color adjustment. Monoshade universal composites might provide better color adjustments in cavities with lighter shades.

Evaluation of the Color Adjustment Potential of Single-Shade Composite Resin in Primary Teeth

Restoring composite resins with the optimal shades for all primary teeth is a great challenge for pediatric dentists. A newly developed single-shade composite resin can exhibit a color similar to that of the surrounding tooth structure based on the structural color phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite resin compared to conventional multi-shade composite resins in primary teeth. A single-shade composite resin and two conventional multi-shade composite resins were included in this study. Two types of specimens, a single specimen and a dual specimen, were evaluated. For single specimens, duplications of the primary second molar denture teeth were made using experimental composite resins. For dual specimens, cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of extracted primary second molars and restored with experimental composite resins. The L*, a*, and b* values were measured using a colorimeter for the extracted teeth and specimens. The mean ΔE&lt;sub&gt;ab&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; values for single and dual specimens and CAP were calculated. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was performed to confirm the statistical significance between the ΔE&lt;sub&gt;ab&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; and CAP values of the experimental resins. Among the single specimens, the single-shade composite resin showed significantly higher ΔE&lt;sub&gt;Single&lt;/sub&gt; compared to other composite resins (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0167). There was no significant difference between ΔE&lt;sub&gt;Dual&lt;/sub&gt; for all experimental resins. The single-shade composite resin showed highest CAP compared to other multi-shade composite resins. A single-shade composite resin exhibited the most prominent color adaptability compared to other conventional multi-shade composite resins for primary second molars. A single-shade composite resin can simplify shade matching and provide esthetic outcomes for the restoration of primary second molars.

Radiative transfer equation-based color prediction and color adjustment strategies.

This paper discusses different strategies for color prediction and matching. Although many groups use the two-flux model (i.e.,the Kubelka-Munk theory or its extensions), we introduce a solution of the P N approximation for the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with modified Mark boundaries for the prediction of the transmittance and reflectance of turbid slabs with or without a glass layer on top. To demonstrate the capabilities of our solution, we have presented a way to prepare samples with different scatterers and absorbers where we can control and predict the optical properties and discussed three color-matching strategies: the approximation of the scattering and absorption coefficient, the adjustment of the reflectance, and the direct matching of the color valueL ∗ a ∗ b ∗.