Center Of Colony Research Articles

Décimas urbanas e censos: a dimensão material e visual de vilas e cidades em fontes textuais

A história das cidades brasileiras no período colonial, em grande medida, foi escrita a partir dos seus aspectos formais. As imagens de “abandono” e “desleixo”, cunhadas por Sérgio Buarque de Holanda em Raízes do Brasil(1936, 1948), motivaram gerações de pesquisadores a investigar a morfologia desses núcleos, buscando padrões de regularidade e ortogonalidade. Se muita atenção foi dada aos aspectos planimétricos, pouca ou nenhuma foi dada aos aspectos volumétricos e à materialidade enquanto fonte histórica. A dimensão material das relações sociais, com raras exceções, permaneceu em segundo plano, como simples cenário. Pouca atenção foi dada à sua dimensão potencializadora de novas relações sociais e, assim, ao mesmo tempo, produto e vetor em constante relação dialética. Visualizar a materialidade de núcleos históricos não é tarefa fácil, exige metodologia e instrumentos específicos mobilizados em perspectiva regressiva, envolvendo o entrecruzamento de documentação variada. Nos últimos anos, uma nova safra de estudos vem lançando luz em evidências empíricas que merecem debate por seu ineditismo e por conspirarem para uma necessária releitura da materialidade das cidades brasileiras coloniais, inclusive nas suas interfaces com o mundo rural envoltório. Valendo-se de fontes textuais com acentuada dimensão visual, espacializadas em cartografias regressivas por meio de novos aportes tecnológicos, inclusive o SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica), esses estudos dão a ver o que de outra forma não se vê, com foco em índices materiais que informam sobre relações sociais e sobretudo sobre processos de acumulação desiguais de tempos, em perspectiva histórica de longa duração. A cidade discutida enquanto artefato, produto e vetor da ação humana, é assim um campo privilegiado de análise em História Urbana, tema do presente artigo, que visa demonstrar alguns resultados interessantes e ainda inéditos nessa linha de investigação que estamos tendo o privilégio de constituir um grupo de pesquisa (BUENO, 2004, 2005, 2016; ANDRADE, 2012; ARRAES, 2017; BORSOI, 2013; BRAGHITTONI, 2015; KATO, 2011 e 2017; MOURA - tese em andamento). Numa espécie de Arqueologia da Paisagem Urbana, ensaiamos reconstituir a materialidade de cinco núcleos urbanos coloniais – São Paulo, Santos, Cunha, Vila Boa e Oeiras do Piauí– com vistas a detalhar nossa metodologia de pesquisa, apontando caminhos promissores para o campo disciplinar em debate no presente Dossiê.

THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF MUREWA GROWTH POINT, ZIMBABWE

The growth pole theory originates from Francois Perroux, a French economist who visualized growth poles in economic space (Perroux, 1955). As such, his theory had nothing to do with physical or geographical space (Glasson, 1978). In fact, Perroux was mainly concerned with interactions among industrial sectors rather than spatial development processes (Hansen, 1981). However, geographers and planners adopted his theory for planning purposes. In this way, they developed the growth center theory. Some of the proponents of this theory were Boudeville, Friedmann, Myrdal and Hirschman. The growth center theory was first applied in European countries such as Britain, France and Italy in order to address the problems of economically depressed regions. Later on the strategy was adopted in developing nations of Latin America, Asia and Africa. In colonial Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), it was adopted in 1969 with the aim of decongesting major urban centers such as Salisbury (Harare), Bulawayo, Gwelo (Gweru) and Umtali (Mutare). However, the main problem of colonial growth points was the racial context in which they were conceived. At independence in 1980, the new black government adopted growth centers or growth points as a national strategy for rural development (Underwood, 1986). While colonial growth centers were introduced under the Tribal Trust Land Corporation (TILCOR), those of the post-colonial era are under the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA). This study examines the challenges and prospects of Murewa growth point before and after independence in 1980. Article visualizations:

Diasporic Subjectivity and Homing Desire in Fruit of the Lemon

Mass migrations and increasing movements of people, particularly after the World Wars from the former colonies to the colonial centres, have formed multicultural societies and complex diasporas. Since diaspora experience includes physical, emotional, and psychological border crossings, all essentializing distinctions between the colonizer and the colonized, centre and periphery, the self and the other, belonging and unbelonging based on the assumption about spaces being a fixed source for a coherent identity are deconstructed in liminal diasporic spaces. Thus, diasporic subjectivity is to be found in a web of relations and signifiers. Diasporic self combines diverse cultures, histories, and languages within itself, but it belongs to none of them totally. Hence, subjectivity, belonging and home turn into challenging terms, meanings of which change constantly according to the context they are used in. This diasporic liminality leads to homing desire, a kind of struggle to claim a homeland, a desire to belong. The aim of this paper is to discuss the idea of diasporic subjectivity and homing desire in relation to the novel Fruit of the Lemon by British Caribbean writer Andrea Levy. This paper is an attempt to trace the process of subjectification in a diasporic context, paying particular attention to the mapping of new subject positions in multicultural spaces. The drawbacks faced by the Caribbean diasporians living in their Mother Country, Britain, their complex sense of belonging and the homing desire shaping their lives are discussed through the protagonist of the novel, Faith Jackson.

267 - Elucidation of human ips cell behaviors in colonies based on kinetic model

Understanding the origin of heterogeneous cell population which makes the quality control of final products difficult is core issue in human iPS cells (hiPSCs) bioprocessing. Focusing on hiPSC colonies cultured on feeder cells, we found that cells at the periphery of colony had higher average movement rate than cells at the center of colony. This difference in cell movement rate might lead to spatial heterogeneity of cell fate decision in colony. Therefore, we developed a kinetic model to understand the origin of this phenomenon which was difficult to clarify by in vitro study. Our kinetic model was developed based on the cellular automaton approach and described several fundamental cell behaviors including cell division, contact inhibition, cell migration, cell—cell and cell—substrate interactions. This kinetic model helped us to realize the heterogeneity of cell population which is impossible when using continuous model. All parameters used in our kinetic model were estimated directly or indirectly from experimental data. With all estimated parameter values, the properness of our kinetic model was indicated by good agreement between simulated and experimental data (P > 0.05). Using the kinetic model to understand the spatial heterogeneity of cell movement rate in colony, we explored that cell division was main reason for this phenomenon. When we stopped cell division in silico, average cell movement rate at the periphery of colony decreased to same level as at the center of colony (Figure 1). Specifically, when a mother cell wants to divide without any vacant space around it, it will push neighbor cells outward to have vacant space for placing of daughter cell. Therefore, hiPSCs at the periphery of colony were pushed drastically by inner cells and thus had higher movement rate. Meanwhile, hiPSCs at the center of colony underwent contact inhibition and thus were not affected by cell division. Our result also showed directly proportional relationship between frequency of cell pushing and cell movement rate in colony that proved the role of cell division. Our kinetic model is expected to be useful tool for study about behaviors of hiPSCs and proposing good strategies to improve hiPSCs bioprocessing.

Exploring the Impact of Captions on the Construction and Presentation of Colonial Latin American Cultural Identities

Spanish Colonialism in Latin America from the late sixteenth to the late eighteenth century constitutes a time period during which the interactions between numerous cultural groups, both indigenous and colonial, resulted in the creation of distinct regional, cultural, and individual identities and artistic practices. The proposed paper explores the role and importance of Spanish captions in paintings created in the colonial viceregal centers of New Spain (today Mexico) and Peru through a discussion of two maps from the Relaciones Geográficas (indigenous made maps), three colonial portraits, and two casta paintings (painted records of racial mixes). These paintings, spanning from the end of the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, all feature written segments directly on their surface to enable the effective communication and portrayal of the chosen colonial subject to the viewer. Being created in such a diverse and unstable cultural climates each paintings’ capacity for success in communication and representation was ensured through the use of captions. Thus, the paper approaches the study of captions through a close consideration of the discussed captions’ messages, their intended perception, and main audience. My paper will discuss the instrumental role of the Spanish captions when visualizing and creating distinct colonial identities. The caption served as a means of literally spelling out the importance of the colonial settings, their distinct social systems and identities reinforcing their validity vis-à-vis the imposed Euro-Spanish ideal.

Mestizos, mulatos y zambos en la ciudad de Cartago (siglo XVIII)

La ciudad de Cartago como centro urbano y político-administrativo más importante a lo largo del período colonial, ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios sobre su origen, población, demografía y otros. En este trabajo incursionamos en la vida cotidiana de mestizos, mulatos, zambos y otros mezclados. En primer lugar, nos referimos a los orígenes y fundación de la ciudad, en segunda instancia nos ocupamos de aclarar cuál fue la evolución demográfica y la distribución espacial de los moradores mixtos en la ciudad, luego revisamos la función de estos grupos en la economía y en la dinámica urbana y, por último, analizamos el significado del mestizaje en la sociedad colonial cartaginesa del período.

Intra-colonial diversity in the scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora: identifying the nutritional gradients underlying physiological integration and compartmentalised functioning.

Scleractinian corals are colonial organisms comprising multiple physiologically integrated polyps and branches. Colonialism in corals is highly beneficial, and allows a single colony to undergo several life processes at once through physiological integration and compartmentalised functioning. Elucidating differences in the biochemical composition of intra-colonial branch positions will provide valuable insight into the nutritional reserves underlying different regions in individual coral colonies. This will also ascertain prudent harvesting strategies of wild donor-colonies to generate coral stock with high survival and vigour prospects for reef-rehabilitation efforts and captive husbandry. This study examined the effects of colony branch position on the nutritional profile of two different colony sizes of the common scleractinian, Acropora millepora. For smaller colonies, branches were sampled at three locations: the colony centre (S-centre), 50% of the longitudinal radius length (LRL) (S-50), and the colony edge (S-edge). For larger colonies, four locations were sampled: the colony centre (L-centre), 33.3% of the LRL (L-33), 66.6% of the LRL (L-66), and the edge (L-edge). Results demonstrate significant branch position effects, with the edge regions containing higher protein, likely due to increased tissue synthesis and calcification. Meanwhile, storage lipid and total fatty acid concentrations were lower at the edges, possibly reflecting catabolism of high-energy nutrients to support proliferating cells. Results also showed a significant effect of colony size in the two classes examined. While the major protein and structural lipid sink was exhibited at the edge for both sizes, the major sink for high-energy lipids and fatty acids appeared to be the L-66 position of the larger colonies and the S-centre and S-50 positions for the smaller colonies. These results confirm that the scleractinian coral colony is not nutritionally homogeneous, and while different regions of the coral colony are functionally specialised, so too are their nutritional profiles geared toward meeting specific energetic demands.

The Concepts of Home and Exile in The Mimic Men, a Novel by V.S. Naipaul

The aim of this research is to analyze the presence of the concepts of “Exile and Home” in raising the identity crisis in V. S. Naipaul’s novel The Mimic Men (1967). It examines Edward Said’s theoretic contention of exile’s influence in creating identity crisis and in the view of Naipaul’s writing as an attempt to resolve the dilemma of the protagonist Ralph Singh’s identity. The chapter shows Ralph’s responses in endeavoring to form an individual identity while struggling from the burdens of colonial heritage. It is an irony or quiet paradox to apply, as this dissertation does, postcolonial theory to the postcolonial novels, or those novels depicting ex-colonial subject resistance to colonial traditions while living in the very heart of the colonial center, i.e., London; nevertheless, such an application reveals the conflicting sides of the characters’ identity, which has grown in part from attempting to fit in: "The mimic is a contradictory figure who simultaneously reinforces colonial authority and disturbs it".

Introduction: Early Modern Islamic Cities

Introduction:Early Modern Islamic Cities Babak Rahimi (bio) and Kaya Şahin (bio) Conceptions of the city, and of the complex socio-cultural practices embodied in cities, have been at the forefront of historical inquiry. The debate has been marked by diverse claims about the nature of cities, including the notion that "the city" is an incoherent concept that has been universalized based on urban patterns in the global North.1 The concept of the "Western city" can be traced back to Max Weber's nineteenth-century notion of the medieval European city as a self-governing ideal type, with an independent collective identity. Early modern studies have traditionally emphasized the significance of cities during the heyday of European dynastic states and empires. Cities played significant roles in the midst of the new commercial and political networks that spanned the globe, and within the socio-spatial complexes that emerged across the Atlantic and beyond.2 The city thus occupies a central place in studies of how western European societies produced new and unique urban experiences in connection with complex regional and global processes. Pioneering works such as Jan de Vries's European Urbanization, 1500–1800 and Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees's The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1950, place early modern cities within broader economic networks and demographic transformations. Others, such as Calabi and Turk Christiansen or Christopher R. Friedrichs, focus on the cultural and religious aspects of city life against the backdrop of the increasing power of centralized states. These scholars argue that European cities produced cultural practices that reflected growing changes in the social experience of urban life. As Nina Levine maintains in her study of late sixteenth-century London, cultural practices such as theater performance opened up new social spaces of self-understanding and belonging, spaces wherein denizens engaged in new [End Page 1] forms of sociability on a plural level within the growing metropolis.3 Likewise, the changing media landscape in major European cities, such as Cologne and Hamburg, led to the incorporation of print technology in everyday life, and to what Daniel Bellingradt calls the "multifaceted modes of communication."4 Perhaps the most significant result of these intertwined processes was the emergence of distinct publics and public spaces in the midst of early modern European urban life. These publics and public spaces were the result of complex interactions between political authorities and communities in the context of the emergent market economies and empire- and state-building projects. They were enhanced through expanding networks of knowledge, as well as the increasingly global movement of ideas, people, and goods. They fostered new emotive practices, and helped create civic and cultural identities.5 Cities played a critical role as prominent loci for the new forms of political and social interaction. However, these findings about European cities have been utilized typically to promote the uniqueness of the European experience, and the specific characteristics of European cities have been deployed as normative criteria while evaluating urban cultures in other parts of the world. This approach continues to dominate views of non-European cities, as in, for example, publications as recent as The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History (2013). European cities are described, pace Weber, with reference to self-governance and civic and communal institutions, while Islamic and Asian cities are presented as having very little, if any, autonomy vis-à-vis the central administration of state or empire. Indeed, early modern urban expansion in the Middle East and Asia is connected to the rise of major empires, which is in turn contrasted with the self-driven expansion of many European cities. Similarly, commercial activity is said to have been fostered in Europe through the initiative of urban communities, while it was controlled by the central states in Asia and the Middle East, in the absence of separate fiscal administrative structures at the city level. This approach extends into the characterization of cities established by the Spanish in the New World, whereby these colonial centers are described as instruments of political and economic coercion serving the interests of the Spanish crown. Moreover, non-European cities are singled out with reference to a limited number of public spaces; the...

Bibliomigration från periferi till semi-periferi

Bibliomigration from Periphery to Semi-Periphery. About Contemporary Spanish Caribbean Literature in Swedish Translation
 The aim of this article is threefold: firstly to describe the bibliomigration patterns of contemporary Spanish Caribbean literature to Sweden, secondly to test the Double Consecration Hypothesis, and thirdly to discuss the importance of translation in relation to World Literature. The material studied consists of 25 novels written by 15 Spanish Caribbean authors from Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic translated into Swedish during the period 1990–2015. The consecration processes of the involved cosmopolitan intermediaries in the study are reconstructed in order to map out the bibliomigration. It was brought to light that the Spanish literary consecration culture is pluri-centric and the Anglo-American duo-centric, which ultimately affects the bibliomigration patterns to Sweden. Three patterns were discovered: One for Spanish Caribbean authors who write in Spanish, one for Spanish Caribbean authors writing in English and one for literature written in Spanish, published in Spanish in Sweden and then translated into Swedish. In the first case nine out of the novels verified the Double Consecration Hypothesis. Hence it seems that Spanish Caribbean literature written in Spanish has to be consecrated primarily within the Spanish colonial and postcolonial literary centers and then within the American and British consecration centers in order to be selected for translation into Swedish. In the second case ten out of the 25 Spanish Caribbeannovels were written in English, and thus not in need for double consecration to reach Sweden. In the last pattern consecration is local rather than cosmopolitan. The three patterns discovered can be described as three different forms of vernacularizing translation.

First Report of Branch Canker and Dieback Caused by Cryphonectria naterciae on Quercus suber in Algeria

Over the last few decades, severe and widespread tree decline and mortality events have been observed in all the main growing cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forests in Algeria. In winter 2016, during a study on the fungal pathogens involved in the aetiology of cork oak decline, Diplodia corticola was found to be the main causal agent of branch canker and dieback. However, in addition to D. corticola, isolations from five branches showing exudation, sunken canker and dieback symptoms out of 29 trees investigated in the forest of M’sila (35°37’23’’N - 0°53’00’’O) yielded on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C orange to red fungal colonies, with a felty and uniform mycelium. Pycnidia were produced within 4 weeks in the centre of colony maintained on the laboratory bench at room temperature under natural daylight. The hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoid and aseptate conidia were exuded in a yellow to orange gelatinous matrix and measured 2.7-5.6 × 0.9-2.1 μm (n = 50). All morphological characters corresponded to th...

The Other Battle of Algiers

The Other Battle of Algiers

Simulation of Escherichia coli Dynamics in Biofilms and Submerged Colonies with an Individual-Based Model Including Metabolic Network Information.

Clustered microbial communities are omnipresent in the food industry, e.g., as colonies of microbial pathogens in/on food media or as biofilms on food processing surfaces. These clustered communities are often characterized by metabolic differentiation among their constituting cells as a result of heterogeneous environmental conditions in the cellular surroundings. This paper focuses on the role of metabolic differentiation due to oxygen gradients in the development of Escherichia coli cell communities, whereby low local oxygen concentrations lead to cellular secretion of weak acid products. For this reason, a metabolic model has been developed for the facultative anaerobe E. coli covering the range of aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic environmental conditions. This metabolic model is expressed as a multiparametric programming problem, in which the influence of low extracellular pH values and the presence of undissociated acid cell products in the environment has been taken into account. Furthermore, the developed metabolic model is incorporated in MICRODIMS, an in-house developed individual-based modeling framework to simulate microbial colony and biofilm dynamics. Two case studies have been elaborated using the MICRODIMS simulator: (i) biofilm growth on a substratum surface and (ii) submerged colony growth in a semi-solid mixed food product. In the first case study, the acidification of the biofilm environment and the emergence of typical biofilm morphologies have been observed, such as the mushroom-shaped structure of mature biofilms and the formation of cellular chains at the exterior surface of the biofilm. The simulations show that these morphological phenomena are respectively dependent on the initial affinity of pioneer cells for the substratum surface and the cell detachment process at the outer surface of the biofilm. In the second case study, a no-growth zone emerges in the colony center due to a local decline of the environmental pH. As a result, cellular growth in the submerged colony is limited to the colony periphery, implying a linear increase of the colony radius over time. MICRODIMS has been successfully used to reproduce complex dynamics of clustered microbial communities.

Regilaul tuulte pöörises. Eesti folkloristika poliitiliste muutuste ajajärgul 20. sajandi keskel / Regilaul in the whirlpool. Estonian folkloristics during the political changes in the middle of the 20th century

Artikli eesmärk on jälgida regilaulu kui Eesti folkloristika paraadžanri käekäiku Eesti sovetiseerimise ajajärgul 1940.–1950. aastatel ja selle kaudu eesti folkloristide kohandumisi muutuva teaduspoliitikaga. Kuna sõjajärgset Eestit võib lugeda koloniseerituks Nõukogude Liidu poolt, tuvastatakse sotskolonialismi tunnuseid Eesti sõjajärgses folkloristikas. Vaatluse alla võetakse regilaulu muutuv positsioon ametlikus retseptsioonis ning folkloristlikel välitöödel. Kuna nõukogude ajajärku esitatakse sageli eesti rahvakultuuri õitseajana, vaadeldakse lähemalt rahvaloomingu viljelemist harrastajate ja professionaalsete kunstnike tasemel, rahvusliku vormi sotsialistliku sisuga täitmist. The purpose of the paper is to follow how Estonian folklorists adapted changing science policy in the 1940s and 1950s, and how an elite genre of the Estonian folklore – regilaul – was treated in the course of the Sovietization of Estonian humanities and cultural life.There are several distinctive features of the Soviet colonization in the post-war Estonian folkloristics. First, an extensive reform of the organization of the academic institutions took place in annexed Estonia, following the example of organizational structures in Soviet Russia’s Academy of Sciences.The most specific feature of the Soviet colonialism was the extremely strong dependence of the peripheries on the colonial centre. Academic life in Estonia was guided by the resolutions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which were observed and monitored closely by local authorities at the plenary meetings of the Estonian Communist Party and further discussed at the meetings of local academic institutions. These discussions were followed by waves of reassessments, (self) criticism and repressions. Folklorists from the Baltic republics were supervised and “assisted” by Russian folklorists in terms of the methods of the Soviet folkloristics at the union-wide conferences held in Moscow, the Soviet colonial centre. Direct models were taken over to reorganize folkloristic fieldwork and research in the spirit of the new ideology.The third specific feature of the Soviet colonialism was the adaption of Soviet pidgin, colonial discourse, which proliferated especially during the last years of the Stalinist era, from 1948 to 1953. Research in any discipline was limited by the Marxist method; any deflection in it was considered renegade and therefore punishable. In Estonian folkloristics, however, the mastering of the Marxist method comprised largely of clever usage of the colonists’ slogans and formulae, such as “bourgeois-nationalist”, “formalism”, “cosmopolitanism” versus “internationalism”, “objectivism”, and “anti-patriotic” etc. Oft-repeated labels carried no actual meaning; far from any rationale, they were rather formulaic weapons of fighting with enemies, tools of revaluing and (self) criticism. In the end of the 1950s, the use of most grievous lexis declined, but in general, the Soviet discourse was adapted.The altering position of regilaul in the folkloristic writings and fieldwork is discussed in the paper. The last years of the Stalinism, the hierarchy of the folklore genres was turned upside down and classical folklore genres were marginalized because mainstream Soviet folkloristics were focused on contemporary “Soviet folklore” and amateur cultural activities. Estonian folklorists adapted the new reality expeditiously, implementing a sort of mimicry. Fieldwork was carried on in areas with vivid traditional culture, such as Setumaa and Kihnu Island, using the collection of Soviet folklore as pretext. Folklorists did not change their collecting methods and continued to collect traditional folklore genres. Examples of contemporary “folk creations” were documented randomly and unsystematically; all the more were these findings proudly brought before the public at the union-wide forums and in the local press. In these years, curiosa like eulogies to the Lenin and Stalin, collective farms and the Soviet Army in the form of regilaul were documented.After the death of Stalin, Estonian folklorists returned to the classical folklore genres, though overemphasizing the motifs of “class struggle” and “heroism of the working crowds” in the old oral poetry.Due to the existing stereotypes regarding favouring ethnic minorities and folk culture under the Soviet regime, the paper takes a closer look to the use of folklore or/and folk creations at both the amateur and professional level of cultural activities. Although Soviet propaganda hailed the blossoming of the folk cultural activities, not all branches of the folk culture were allowed to blossom. Certainly, “folk” and “national” cannot be seen as synonyms. The concept of folklore was blurred because of the parallel concept of folk creations, which included non-traditional cultural activities. Folklorists were forced to deal with amateur cultural activities. In the professional level, the slogan of “socialist content in national form” marked deterioration, simplification and impoverishment regarding means of artistic expression. Instead of folklore pieces, the national epic “Kalevipoeg” was used as an exemplary to the professional artistic creations. Because of sophisticated stylistic features and lyricist mood of regilaul, conflicting to the Soviet aesthetics, becoming inspired by the regilaul tradition was out of the question for artists of the Stalinist era. Enforced simplicity and conservatism caused innovation in literary and musical creations in 1960s, broadening the use of regilaul in professional culture.

A Novel MFS Transporter Gene ChMfs1 Is Important for Hyphal Morphology, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity in Colletotrichum higginsianum.

Colletotrichum higginsianum is a widely distributed fungus attacking many cruciferous species. To investigate pathogenic mechanisms of the pathogen on the host Arabidopsis thaliana, we screened and obtained a virulence-deficient mutant Ch-1-T513 in a T-DNA insertion mutant library of C. higginsianum. The mutant Ch-1-T513 produced yellow colony centers with distorted multi-branching hyphal tips as well as producing few conidia. Heavily swollen hyphae in the mutant could be observed, and intra-hyphal hyphae were found to be formed in the balloon-shaped hyphae. The mutant failed to produce lesions on 12-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings, and invasive hyphae did not differentiate into large primary and thin secondary hyphae after appressorial formation on Arabidopsis leaves, but formed abundant bulbous hyphae in epidermal cells. Southern blot analysis showed Ch-1-T513 had double-site T-DNA integrations. The mutant had insertions upstream of genes for a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter, ChMfs1 and an aldo/keto reductase, ChAkr. Complementation experiments by transforming genomic sequences from a wild-type strain into the insertion mutant demonstrated that ChMfs1 is involved in the Ch-1-T513 phenotype. The complementation strain C-ChMfs1-1 exhibited normal hyphal morphology, conidiation, and pathogenicity identical to the wild-type. The results demonstrate that ChMfs1 is involved in intra-hyphal hyphae production, conidiation, and pathogenicity in C. higginsianum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MFS transporter gene in a phytopathogenic fungus associated with intra-hyphal hyphae formation, playing a key role in infection of its plant host.

Youth and Empire: Trans-Colonial Childhoods in British and French Asia by David M. Pomfret

Reviews 253 divisée en plusieurs groupes linguistiques (bhojpuri, tamil, etc.), ainsi qu’entre hindous et musulmans. La principale langue véhiculaire, le créole mauricien—qui est “très différent de celui de la Réunion” (47)—coexiste donc avec le chinois, l’anglais, le français et plusieurs langues indiennes. Source de richesses culturelles, cette diversité est également source de tensions sociopolitiques, dans un pays où le ‘communalisme’ est institutionnalisé, laissant peu de place, un demi-siècle après l’indépendance, à l’émergence d’une véritable identité nationale mauricienne. Si multiculturalisme il y a dans ce petit pays densément peuplé et relativement prospère, il a essentiellement pour but d’assurer la coexistence pacifique plutôt que la communication et l’intégration entre les groupes ethniques et religieux: “À Maurice, il n’existe guère de distinction entre le politique et les institutions religieuses”(95). Plus qu’une introduction, le livre de Peghini étudie en détail les réussites et les difficultés actuelles du modèle social mauricien.À noter également le chapitre 7,consacré à l’abondante production littéraire de l’île Maurice, un domaine où le français occupe une place exceptionnelle. Western Washington University Edward Ousselin Pomfret, David M. Youth and Empire: Trans-Colonial Childhoods in British and French Asia. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8047-9517-3. Pp. 416. The metaphor of childhood was integral to the French mission civilisatrice. Colonized peoples were figured as children in need of paternal guidance. Pomfret’s goal is to deconstruct the colonial imagination of childhood. The uniqueness of Pomfret’s research lies largely in his comparative approach, as he moves deftly from French to British colonies, bringing out significant differences in the role that childhood played in the colonial centers of Hong Kong, Singapore, Saigon, and Hanoi. By confining his subject to childhood in the French and British colonies of the Asian ‘Tropics,’ he is able to draw out contrasts in the way that childhood was experienced in these centers, how miscegenation changed views of childhood, and how fears of imperial decline shaped this symbolism. Pomfret’s starting point is that “childhood was crucial to definitions of race and thus European authority”(2). European and Eurasian children, however, often experienced their lives as marginal—either in relation to the European centers of Empire or within the colonies themselves—even though the children of settlers and expatriates often “constituted a larger proportion of their ethnic-racial grouping than did those defined as indigenous to Asia” (2). Pomfret is particularly good in his discussion in chapter 9 of the so-called “Eurasian problem” and the “enfants de la colonie,”the métis children, generally of a European father and an Asian mother, who, he argues, were alternately included in and excluded from the life of the colony (276). While the role of bi-racial individuals and miscegenation in the French colonies has been explored in other recent books—notably Owen White’s Children of the French Empire (2000) and Emmanuelle Saada’s Empire’s Children (2012)—,Pomfret’s comparison of French and British colonial centers in Asia brings out the extent to which French racial ideas and ideas of childhood were shaped by the sense of a declining and decadent France. Pomfret argues convincingly that children are made to symbolically stand in for the possible unity and the future of the colonies, while themselves remaining marginal to imperial power. The minor inhabitants of colonized countries were imagined as ways“of tying together societies composed of ‘settlers’and ‘expatriates’” (3). The figuring of colonized peoples as children or childish was not merely a way of disqualifying and disrespecting them. Behind this symbolism were also fears “of imperial eclipse and evidence that Europe was ‘ageing’—especially when read against the‘youthful’vigor of Asian populations”(11). Fear for Europe and hope for the colonies were particularly strong in France, where officials were“alarmed by French demographic weakness and eyeing a renascent Germany” (274). Other topics include hygiene, the colonial home, cultures of childhood, colonial urban planning, child slavery, and education in the colonies. This book is a useful resource for researchers and advanced...

First Report of Nothophoma quercina Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Phellodendron amurense in China

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 10First Report of Nothophoma quercina Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Phellodendron amurense in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Nothophoma quercina Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Phellodendron amurense in ChinaW. L. Jiao, R. J. Zhou, J. F. Fu, H. J. Xu, and N. HaoW. L. JiaoSearch for more papers by this author, R. J. Zhou†Corresponding author. E-mail: E-mail Address: zrj5823@163.comSearch for more papers by this author, J. F. FuSearch for more papers by this author, H. J. XuSearch for more papers by this author, and N. HaoSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations W. L. Jiao R. J. Zhou † J. F. Fu H. J. Xu , Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China N. Hao , Department of Chinese Herbal Medicine Cultivation and Identification, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China. Published Online:20 Jul 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0079-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Phellodendron amurense Rupr (Rutaceae) is a perennial herb distributed in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Inner Mongolia provinces of China, and was used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat jaundice and gastrointestinal diseases (Zhang et al. 2012). At the end of August 2013, typical signs and symptoms of leaf spot disease on P. amurense were observed at the Medicinal Herb Garden in Shenyang Agricultural University (SYAU), Shenyang, Liaoning, China. The disease incidence ranged from 45 to 87% rated by the percentage of infected leaves among a total of 500 leaves (five replicates, each with 100 leaves). Symptoms initially appeared as small, oval-circular, yellow-brown lesions on lower leaves, which subsequently enlarged and were surrounded by a faded-green margin. Later, the leaves withered and dropped off the plant early. Symptomatic leaves were washed with sterile water, surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s, 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 to 5 min, and were then washed three times with sterile water. Leaf fragments (approximately 5 × 5 mm) were aseptically cut from the margins of the lesions placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C. The aerial mycelium was white, and the mycelium was olivaceous near the colony center, 65 mm in diameter after 7 days on oatmeal agar (OA). Malt extract agar (MEA) colonies had regular margins, and white to pale gray aerial mycelium covered the entire colony, 70 mm in diameter after 7 days. Black pycnidia were scattered over the medium at 15 days. The pycnidia were globose, glabrous, ostiolate, and 85.7 to 130.5 × 97.4 to 210.8 μm. Conidia were subglobose to oval, thin-walled, smooth, and aseptate, measuring 5.2 to 8.5 × 3.1 to 5.2 μm, with 2 min guttules. To confirm pathogenicity, 10 healthy leaves were spray-inoculated with spore suspension (106 conidia/ml), while 10 control leaves were treated with sterile water. All leaves were covered with polyethylene bags to maintain humid conditions (>80% RH) and incubated in an incubator (25°C) under a 12-h photoperiod. Typical spots appeared on all the inoculated leaves after 14 days, whereas the control plants remained asymptomatic. The same fungus was reisolated from the inoculated leaves, satisfying Koch’s postulates. For molecular analysis, the large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA were amplified with primers LR0R/LR7 and ITS4/ITS5, respectively, and the amplicons were sequenced and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KY437156 and KY435896. Sequence queries on the BLAST search engine of NCBI GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) confirmed that the species belongs to the genus Nothophoma. Phylogenetic tree based on neighbor-joining (NJ) analyses with the combined datasets of ITS and LSU using MEGA 4.0 showed high similarity with the sequence of Nothophoma quercina (CBS 633.92). Therefore, on the basis of morphological, cultural characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis, the causal agent of leaf spot on P. amurense was identified as N. quercina (Aveskamp et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on P. amurense caused by N. quercina in China.

Considering the indirect effects of colonialism: Example from a Great Plains middle ground

Historically, there have been many archaeological and ethnographic works that examined the impacts of colonialism on indigenous peoples where direct contact took place. More recently, archaeological scholarship has drawn increasing attention towards examining the far-reaching effects that colonialism had on indigenous peoples by considering communities on the periphery of colonial control. Here, I argue that it is the indirect or down-the-line effects of colonialism that can best inform us of the extent and intensity of social, economic, and demographic change seen in regions adjacent to colonial centers. This paper considers methodological frameworks utilized in several regions and applies elements of these models to the Great Plains of North America to examine the ways indigenous social networks and Spanish colonialism forever changed the lives of people living hundreds of miles away from actual colonies. Evidence of blended technological and manufacturing styles at sites in western Kansas point to a creolized Puebloan/Plains Apache community that formed as a direct result of the indirect effects of Spanish colonial activities, highlighting the significant role of the Central Plains middle ground for many Native peoples.

Botulinum hemagglutinin-mediated selective removal of cells deviating from the undifferentiated state in hiPSC colonies

The undifferentiated state of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) depends on their cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesions. In this study, we report that exposure to botulinum hemagglutinin (HA), an E-cadherin function-blocking agent, selectively removed cells that deviated from the undifferentiated state in hiPSC colonies. After HA treatment, cell–cell adhesion was disrupted, deviated cells detached from colony centers, and dividing cells filled these spaces. Because E-cadherin-mediated adhesion was disrupted in undifferentiated cells, stress-fiber formation and focal adhesions were diminished; however, these were subsequently restored, and the cells retained expression of undifferentiated stem cell markers and their differentiation potential. In contrast, actin structures and focal adhesions were lost from deviated cells, and they subsequently died. In undifferentiated and deviated cells, the cadherin/integrin-regulator Rap1 was localized at cell–cell adhesions and in the cytoplasm, respectively. Concurrent HA and Rap1-inhibitor treatment accelerated the deviated-cell detachment and delayed the recovery of hiPSC morphology, but this effect was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with Rap1 activator. Thus, Rap1 regulated E-cadherin–integrin interplay in hiPSC colonies exhibiting deviation, while HA-mediated selective removal of these deviated cells helped maintain the undifferentiated state in the remaining hiPSCs.

Youth and Empire: Trans-Colonial Childhoods in British and French Asia by David M. Pomfret

Reviews 261 défauts, cet ouvrage réjouira celles et ceux qui souhaitent approfondir leurs connaissances en matière de politique culturelle française. Southwestern University (TX) Francis Mathieu Pomfret, David M. Youth and Empire: Trans-Colonial Childhoods in British and French Asia. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8047-9517-3. Pp. 416. $65. The metaphor of childhood was integral to the French mission civilisatrice. Colonized peoples were figured as children in need of paternal guidance. In Youth and Empire, Pomfret deconstructs the colonial imagination of childhood. The uniqueness of Pomfret’s research lies largely in his comparative approach, as he moves deftly from French to British colonies, bringing out significant differences in the role that childhood played in the colonial centers of Hong Kong, Singapore, Saigon, and Hanoi. By confining his subject to childhood in the French and British colonies of the Asian ‘Tropics,’ he is able to draw out contrasts in the way childhood was experienced in these centers, how miscegenation changed views of childhood, and how fears of imperial decline shaped this symbolism. Pomfret’s starting point is that “childhood was crucial to definitions of race and thus European authority” (2). European and Eurasian children, however, often experienced their lives as marginal (either in relation to the European centers of Empire or within the colonies themselves) even though the children of settlers and expatriates often “constituted a larger proportion of their ethnic-racial grouping than did those defined as indigenous to Asia”(2). In chapter 9, Pomfret is particularly insightful when discussing the so-called “Eurasian problem” and the “enfants de la colonie”—the métis children, generally of a European father and an Asian mother, who were alternately included in and excluded from the life of the colony (276). While the role of bi-racial individuals and miscegenation in the French colonies has been explored in other books, notably Owen White’s Children of the French Empire (2000) and Emmanuelle Saada’s Empire’s Children (2012), Pomfret’s comparison of French and British colonial centers in Asia brings out the extent to which French racial ideas and ideas of childhood were shaped by a sense of a declining and decadent France. Pomfret argues that children symbolically stand in for the unity and future of the colonies, while themselves remaining marginal to imperial power. The minor inhabitants of colonized countries were imagined as ways“of tying together societies composed of ‘settlers’and‘expatriates’”(3). The figuring of colonized peoples as childish was not merely a way of disqualifying and disrespecting them. Behind this symbolism were also fears “of imperial eclipse and evidence that Europe was ‘ageing,’ especially when read against the ‘youthful’ vigor of Asian populations” (11). Fear for Europe and hope for the colonies were particularly strong in France, where officials were “alarmed by French demographic weakness and eyeing a renascent Germany” (274). Other topics include hygiene, the colonial home, cultures of childhood, colonial urban planning, child slavery, and education in the colonies. This book is a useful resource for researchers and advanced students in French and British studies with an interest in Asia or the colonial imagination. University of Memphis Melanie Conroy Servaes,Anna. Franco-American Identity, Community, and La Guiannée. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2015. ISBN 978-1-62846-210-4. Pp. xvi + 266. $65. This work explores La Guiannée, a New Year’s Eve tradition with roots in medieval France that lives on in villages settled by early French colonists in the American Midwest. The most extensive celebrations take place in the Mississippi River towns of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, and Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, located approximately ten miles apart, about an hour south of St. Louis. In each village, on the night of Dec. 31, a costumed troop of local revelers travels from place to place to entertain residents with French songs, accompanied by guitars and violins. At every stop, the guionneurs are greeted enthusiastically and given food and drink by the townspeople. Servaes analyses the forces behind the continuation of the Guiannée and the details of the event as it exists today. There are several possible explanations for the celebration’s origin and name. Servaes traces it...