Colonial Period Research Articles

Cultural heritage, the environment and climate change: cultural damage from environmental deterioration in San Basilio de Palenque, Colombia

ABSTRACT The manuscript analyzes the damage to tangible and intangible cultural assets due to climate change and the deterioration of practices and traditions derived from the ancestral knowledge of local communities about their territory. These assets are threatened by several factors, such as an increase in sea level and in the frequency and severity of droughts. This study, conducted using a qualitative and ethno-methodological approach, analyzes the case of San Basilio de Palenque in Colombia, declared as Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. According to the Ministry of Culture, the territory of San Basilio de Palenque is synonymous with freedom, as anyone who became part of it was automatically free. This territory was originally populated by Maroons or African slaves who escaped from the slavery regime during the colonial period. Today, it is the only one that preserves its ancestral traditions and identity. The results show how environmental deterioration resulting from activities carried out by the community itself, together with intense periods of drought and other adverse effects of climate change, compromise the enjoyment of the cultural life of the palenqueros, put at risk the worldview that the inhabitants associate with the Melchor stream, and restricts the exercise of the freedoms of the community and its capabilities to obtain basic economic means that guarantee their well-being.

Timber harvesting was the most important factor driving changes in vegetation composition, as compared to climate and fire regime shifts, in the mixedwood temperate forests of Temiscamingue since AD 1830

ContextThe vegetation composition of northeastern North American forests has significantly changed since pre-settlement times, with a marked reduction in conifer-dominated stands, taxonomic and functional diversity. These changes have been attributed to fire regime shifts, logging, and climate change.MethodsIn this study, we disentangled the individual effects of these drivers on the forest composition in southwestern Quebec from 1830 to 2000 by conducting retrospective modelling using the LANDIS-II forest landscape model. The model was run based on pre-settlement forest composition and fire history reconstructions, historical timber harvest records, and climate reanalysis data. We compared counterfactual scenarios excluding individual factors to a baseline historical scenario.Results and ConclusionsOur results indicated that timber harvesting had the greatest impact on forest dynamics over the past centuries. In the absence of timber harvesting, pre-settlement species abundances were largely maintained, preserving key functional traits like fire and shade tolerance that contribute to ecosystem resilience. Increased fire activity during the settlement period contributed to the increase of early-successional aspen (Populus tremuloides), but timber harvesting played the dominant role. Fire exclusion had no influence on vegetation composition, suggesting mesophication unfolds over longer timescales than those captured in this study. Climate change, characterized by modest increases in temperature and precipitation, had a minor effect on vegetation shifts, as increased precipitation might have mitigated the adverse effects of rising temperatures. However, future climate change is projected to become a more significant driver of forest composition. These findings underscore the importance of forest restoration and continued research on past forest dynamics to better understand current and future changes.

Exploring the context of indirect translation in Kaebyŏk during the Japanese colonial period in Korea

ABSTRACT This study explores the context of indirect translation in Korea during the Japanese colonial regime through a paratextual analysis of Kaebyŏk, a representative periodical of the time that aimed to enlighten the populace through the translation and introduction of modern Western literature. Given that literature enjoyed relatively more freedom from colonial censorship, the editors of Kaebyŏk sought to foster an autonomous Korean literature by distancing themselves from Japan. This study examines the translator's prefaces, which offer insights into the translation process, in three literary works featured in Kaebyŏk to highlight how intellectuals of the era navigated the dual objectives of pursuing modernity while resisting cultural hegemony through translation. Ultimately, this study challenges the prevalent misconception that modernity in Korea was merely transplanted from Japan, revealing the intricate dynamics of how modernity was actively pursued and realized through translation in colonial Korea.

Hill Stations in Vietnam During the French Colonial Period: The Case Study of Tam Dao

In the process of colonial conquest, beside political and economic strategies, Western powers continually sought to establish hill stations as “sanctuaries from the death in the tropics”. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, French colonialism in Vietnam intensified their exploration and search for places in the midlands and mountainous areas to establish hill stations. These stations served as retreats for vacationing, recuperation, and cure during summers, eliminating the need for travel to distant lands. This article aims to answer the question of the reasons and conditions that led the colonial authorities to choose locations for establishing these mountain resorts. It elucidates the process of formation and development of Tam Dao (Vinh Yen province), in comparison with Da Lat (Central Highlands) and Sapa (Northwest region). The article contributes to sparking further research on this intriguing topic in the modern history of Vietnam, particularly in Vĩnh Yên.

A Comparative Study of Malay/Chinese and Malay/Indian Ethnic Conflicts and Relations in Malaysia's Multi-Ethnic Society

Since Malaysia's independence, the relationship between the Malay and Chinese ethnic groups (Malay/Chinese) and the relationship between the Malay and Indian ethnic groups (Malay/Indian) have been two of the most significant political issues in the country. While both belong to the category of indigenous groups and immigrant relations in Malaysia, there are fundamental differences between these two relationships. This paper argues that the Malay/Chinese relationship is a long-standing ethnic conflict caused by social class disputes, characterized by economic disparities, cultural clashes, and structural factors such as colonial history. In contrast, the Malay/Indian relationship is primarily a short-term regional conflict triggered by unexpected events. The ethnic stratification in the Malay/Chinese relationship, formed on the basis of economic differences, has become a structural condition, and the historical friction since the British and Japanese colonial periods has further exacerbated the situation. For Malaysia to build a truly equal and mutually respectful multicultural society, many areas still require significant efforts.

Lahar floods in West Sumatra during the Dutch colonial era: Historical records and societal impact

This research explores documents and archives regarding lahar floods in West Sumatra during the Dutch colonial period. These records are crucial amid difficulties in obtaining historical statistical data to study similar past disasters. The research method used is historical, integrating information from Dutch colonial documents and archives such as newspapers, magazines, diaries (dagh register), government reports, and contemporary books, particularly those discussing societal conditions and Dutch government policies in handling various lahar flood events in West Sumatra during that period. This study is expected to provide new insights for the development of disaster studies and facilitate historical disaster studies in other Indonesian regions that are also prone to natural disasters.

Former passions and current concerns about African art, identity, and cultural heritage

This paper examines the current state of African art history and material culture and its changing directions since the 1970s when ethnographic fieldwork on historical art and ritual in the rural context was the norm. It points to the significant shift in interest during the last three decades from research and field study on historical arts to contemporary African creativity by artists at home and abroad. In addition, the paper discusses the more recent impact of social and political factors in the Euro-American world challenging the West’s hold on material treasures from Africa acquired during the colonial period and their long-standing Western interpretation and exposure. This focus on the past has set into motion restitution projects and provenance research of illegally acquired museum objects. Given the current divide between scholars of different origins, training, and perspectives, as well as the diverse viewpoints of Afrodescendants across the Western world, issues concerning research methods, provenance, and the return of African collections to their homelands pose many challenges that call for new transparent and collaborative approaches.

일제강점기 소설 검열과 방인희의 대응 방식

This paper aims to identify the literary figure of Bang In-hee, a writer whose works have disappeared from literary history, and examine how his writing style was influenced by Japanese censorship during the colonial period. By doing so, the study seeks to clarify the direction of Japan’s censorship policies toward colonial Korean writers and reveal how these writers responded to such policies. To achieve this, the study focuses on Bang In-hee’s life and literary activities, and analyzes his works before and after the censorship of his novel 「saeng-myung」 to understand the realities of censorship and the writer’s self censorship strategies. Bang In-hee began his literary career by publishing poems aimed at the general public while also being involved in journalism and youth organizations in his hometown of Jincheon. However, his career took a turning point on September 1, 1931, when he was imprisoned for exchanging subversive notes with a Chinese individual. Following this event, Bang expanded his creative range from poetry to fiction, beginning to focus on the issues facing the youth of colonial Korea. Though his early novels showed limitations in thematic depth and narrative complexity, they were noted for addressing contemporary issues such as youth unemployment and the pursuit of illusory wealth, which earned him recognition as a promising writer. However, in 1934, Bang In-hee’s novel 「saeng-myung」 , serialized in 『Chosun Ilbo』, was abruptly halted due to censorship. A review of censorship records in the 『Chosun Publishing Police Bulletin』 reveals that the portion of the novel deemed problematic was not related to issues of public safety or administrative action. This suggests that the censorship was not due to the content itself but rather the intent of the publishing police. In other words, Japan’s imperial government implemented indiscriminate censorship whenever it perceived even the slightest critical elements in relation to its policies regarding colonial Korea. After the censorship, Bang In-hee’s focus shifted from addressing societal issues to depicting the lives of individuals enduring hardship. This change in his writing reflects how censorship compelled the writer to adapt his works. While Bang was originally a novelist with a deep understanding of the social issues facing colonial Koreans and the despair of rural poverty, the censorship led him to abandon the deeper issues in favor of portraying more superficial aspects of life. This shift illustrates the degree to which censorship in colonial Korea led writers to self-censor, and how censorship served as a tool for Japan to actively control the Korean publishing market.

PERKEMBANGAN PENGAWASAN HIGIENITAS MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN DI KOTA CIREBON (1906-1940)

This research aims to explain the development of food and drink hygiene supervision in Cirebon City during the colonial period. The motivation for writing this article stems from the lack of research on food and drink hygiene supervision in the Dutch East Indies, par ticularly in Cirebon City. The study applied a historical method consisting of four stages: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The findings indicate that imple menting food and drink hygiene monitoring policies in Cirebon City was prompted by Euro peans' concerns about poor food quality, the influence of ethical politics, efforts to dispel fatalistic attitudes among the local population, and the typhus outbreak in 1913. During that period, the city government made several efforts to improve public health, including enhancing the conditions of slaughterhouses, monitoring food factories (such as hotels, restaurants, and cafes), conducting inspections in traditional markets, and promoting hy giene within the community

한국악단편성에 나타난 예술적 가치 연구

This study aims to analyze the historical role and evolution of traditional Korean ensembles, highlighting their cultural significance and value. During the Joseon Dynasty, wars had profound economic, social, and cultural impacts on the agrarian society, and in this context, ensembles played a crucial role in uniting the people and rebuilding the nation. During the reigns of the kings of that period, systematic organization and development of court ensembles were implemented, reflecting efforts to stabilize the state through music. During the Japanese colonial period, traditional Korean ensembles faced suppression due to Japan’s colonial policies, yet some musicians secretly preserved traditional music and initiated new musical movements by blending it with Western music. Subsequently, traditional Korean ensembles pursued modernization and globalization, opening new musical horizons through the fusion of traditional and contemporary elements. This study examines how Korean traditional ensembles, even amidst war and turmoil, have contributed to uniting the people, preserving cultural identity, and continuously evolving through modernization and globalization. It emphasizes the significance of traditional Korean music as a valuable cultural asset.

여성독립운동가 박안라, 이애라에 대한 연구

This study deeply analyzes the lives, independence movement aaivities, and the impaa on their families and descendants of female independence aaivists Park An-ra and Lee Ae-ra during the Japanese colonial period. Park An-ra, the wife of Yi Do-hee, a descendant of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, praaiced patriotic education within her family and raised her two sons to become independence aaivists. In particular, she strictly guided her sons, Yi Gyu-pung and Yi Gyu-gap, encouraging them to participate in the righteous army movement and the independence movement. Park An-ra's educational philosophy and patriotism influenced not only her sons but also her grandchildren and daughters-in-law, creating a foundation for the entire family to devote themselves to the independence movement. Lee Ae-ra, the daughter-in-law of Park An-ra, devoted herself to women's enlightenment and independence movements after marrying Yi Gyu-gap. After graduating from Ewha School, she worked as a teacher for women's education and later organized the Patriotic Women's Association to raise funds for the independence movement, actively resisting Japanese oppression. She suffered multiple arrests and torture during the independence movement, losing her youngest daughter, and eventually died in exile in Primorsky Krai at the young age of 28 due to the aftereffeas of torture.Her aaivities shed new light on the role of female independence aaivists and deeply explored the impaa she had on her family and community. This study aims to reevaluate the role and contributions of women in Korean independence history through the cases of Park An-ra and Lee Ae-ra, systematically analyzing the impaa of their roles within the family on the independence movement. Through this, it reveals that female independence activists played an important role not only through direct activities but also as spiritual leaders within the family, supporting the independence movement. This study aims to complement the existing male-centered independence movement history and contribute to highlighting the various activities of female independence activists in a more in-depth manner.

일제강점기 소파 방정환의 아동문화교육 실천에 관한 고찰

This study aims to examine the practical value of children's cultural aaivities promoted by Sofa Bang Jeong-hwan during the Japanese colonial period. To this end, the research explores the historical context of the Japanese colonial era, as well as Bang Jeong-hwan's life and sociocultural background. Furthermore, it delves into the practical aspeas of Bang Jeong-hwan's educational initiatives for children's culture. The significance of Bang Jeong-hwan's children's cultural education movement is as follows: First, it expanded the horizons of children's education beyond the constraints of Japanese colonial educational policies. Second, it was a praaical movement that emphasized respea for children's rights and children's culture. Third, during the Japanese colonial period, children's cultural and artistic activities served as an educational practice aimed at liberating and enlightening children. Bang Jeong-hwan's movement to revitalize children's culture should be recognized as a valuable educational praaice for the promotion of children's cultural education.

Soekarno’s Perception on Discrimination Against Women in His Sarinah (1947) Memoir

This study aims to describe and explain Soekarno's perception of discrimination against women in his memoir Sarinah (1947). In this aspect, the role of women and Soekarno's hopes for the latest developments are blended in the role and discrimination against women. The material object of this study is a memoir entitled Sarinah. The formal object of this study is all of Soekarno's perceptions in Indonesian. Data collection was carried out using reading method developed with note-taking techniques and literature studies to collect data on social identity, knowledge, and beliefs of the author and literature searches to obtain data on situations in which the memoir was born. Data analysis was carried out by data reduction, data display, data verification, and conclusion of the results. The development of feminist movements in Europe, America, and other countries can benefit for the stimulator of Indonesian women that there would not a struggle without scarification. There is an important problem of Indonesian women, between their role in the period of colonialism and after national independence. Keywords: perception, discrimination, women’s roles, Soekarno’s hopes.

Reconceptualizing racism in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace

This study reports how Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace depict racism in different contexts and how racially victimized people understand and interpret racism based on their diverse racial perceptions and experiences. In this study, Sally Haslanger's notion of racism as a social construction and Ali Rattansi's idea of racism as a social prejudice are utilized as theoretical perspectives to analyze the both novels. The findings reveal that racially victimized people in Hosseini's The Kite Runner conceptualize racism as the social exclusion of minority ethnic groups by depriving them of receiving the essential requirements of their lives, and the findings further identify that racism is interconnected with religion and creates an overarching impact in human relations by creating social division. Moreover, the study uncovers the fact that racially victimized people in Coetzee's Disgrace interpret racism as the exploitation of mainly non-whites and a form of revenge for the white treatment of non-whites in the colonial period. In addition, the study reveals that the realization of racism is based on individual perception and power dynamics in local contexts instead of universally homogenizing perceptions and experiences of victimized people. This study has great significance as it reconceptualizes racism from victimized perspectives and provides a clear direction for further exploration of racism in novels and daily social activities.

Using uniparental genetic profiles to unravel the complexity of Argentine admixed populations.

Latin American countries are distinguished by their highly admixed populations, characterized by a significant preservation of Native American matrilineal ancestry. This contrasts with the paternal lineages, which exhibit different patterns due to pronounced sex-biased mating practices during the colonial period. Uniparental genetic markers have been instrumental in population genetics, facilitating the reconstruction of human settlement histories and serving forensic identification purposes. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the diversity and structure of lineage markers in Argentina and compare them with other admixed populations in South America. For this study, we analyzed Y-STR and mtDNA haplotypes from 5202 unrelated individuals, providing a detailed description of the observed variability in both markers. Additionally, we conducted a genetic distance analysis, incorporating data from bibliographic sources across Argentina and South America. In pairwise comparisons among provinces, higher FST values were found in mtDNA haplotypes than in Y-STR haplotypes. This allows for more provinces to be grouped by similarity when using Y-STR data. These differences were also evident in the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis between South American countries. Y-STR haplotypes showed greater similarity to European haplotypes, whereas mtDNA haplotypes exhibited greater dispersion. Thus, the comprehensive compilation of haplotypes in this study, including those integrated from our research and those cited in existing literature, provides an in-depth understanding of the inherent genetic complexities within Argentina.

THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR IN MADURA: From the Kingdom to the Digital Democracy Eras

The political history of Madurese society reflects dynamic changes across different periods. This study examines the political behavior of the Madurese people from the kingdom era in Sumenep, Bangkalan, and Pamekasan, through the Dutch colonial and post-independence periods, to the New Order and the digital democracy era of 2019. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews with historians, cultural experts, and political experts. The findings reveal that Madurese political behavior has evolved significantly over time. During the kingdom era, it was marked by respect and obedience to kings. In the Dutch colonial period, political behavior shifted toward armed resistance against oppression. In the post-independence era, the focus was on resisting colonial influence, while in the New Order era, resistance targeted political manipulation. In the digital democracy era, political behavior became shaped more by psychological factors, emphasizing individual preferences and pragmatism. These transformations are driven by sociological factors, particularly religion, and later by psychological influences. The study highlights that voter behavior is dynamic, shaped by evolving social, economic, and technological contexts, providing insights into the fluid nature of political engagement.

Copyright issues

Berlin has special archives that are of considerable importance not only historically but also politically, especially in present times. The Sound Archive of the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv (hereafter BPhA) contain voice recordings from the beginning of the twentieth century as well as sound recordings from prisoner of war camps of the German army in World War I and World War II. These recordings can be described as rather "sensitive" (Timurgalieva et al. 2015:34). They are, thus, archives with the earliest sound recordings in Europe. This can play an important role particularly in view of the discussions about looted art and the restitution of works of art that came to Germany in connection with the colonial period. The unique shared history of the Sound Archive and BPhA in the context of the recording activities of the Phonographic Commission from 1915 to 1918 will create opportunities for cooperation (Humboldt n.d.b). Legal aspects are becoming increasingly important in the context of the possible use of the recordings with a view to further, future university research and teaching as part of the culture of remembrance (Humboldt n.d.c). For these reasons, it is also worth taking a look at the copyright assessment of these recordings.

THE DEPICTION OF FEMALE SLAVES IN 2023 INDONESIAN NOVELS

This article describes the results of research on the depiction of female slaves in Indonesian novels published in 2023 and the assumptions on the basis of the existence of slavery in Indonesian novels in the 2023 era. Through novels, slavery can be remembered again and provide a lot of information. Books that tell stories about colonial events are not only books published several years after colonial events. The Indonesian novel published in 2023 also tells the story of slavery, and even clearly describes how and what female slaves experienced during the colonial period. The research was completed using library study methods and note-reading techniques. The results of data acquisition are described qualitatively. The results of the research found several depictions of female slaves during the colonial period in Indonesian novels published in 2023. Slavery and women is a record of historical events that depict the journey of an important period in Indonesia that should always be read throughout time, including until 2023.

Правовая система и административно-политический статус Макао: основные аспекты исторического развития

The article is devoted to the analysis of the historical development of the administrative political status and legal system of Macau during the colonial period. The authors consider the main stages of the history of Macau, identify the reasons for the special autonomous status of this territory within the framework of the Portuguese colonial empire and in the context of Portuguese-Chinese relations. The study draws conclusions about the impact of the relevant historical experience on the preservation of Macau's autonomy after decolonization.

THE EDUCATIONAL CONCEPT OF HAJI AGUS SALIM

Haji Agus Salim (1884–1954) was a prominent figure in the Indonesian independence movement. After independence, he became a famous diplomat and served as Indonesia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs. Numerous historians concentrated on his career as a politician. Nevertheless, Haji Agus Salim was also intrigued by educational concepts. Throughout his life, he demonstrated his interest in education in several ways: During the Dutch colonial period he decided to teach his children at home. Later, he was an effective instructor for the Jong Islamieten Bond, and he was also a successful visiting lecturer at Cornell University. In addition to his political expertise, he saw the value of transmitting some educational elements. The underlying structuralist approach of this research revealed that Haji Agus Salim was more concerned with the aspects of language teaching and Islamic knowledge. According to him, it was indispensable that the students develop a motivational and interested consciousness, and the teacher should instigate the eagerness to learn.