Colonial Buildings Research Articles

Indoor Comfort, Thermal Indices, and Energy Assessment of Multi-Family Colonial Revival Style Buildings

Colonial Revival style residences have unique architectural features amongst others. They are common multi-family residences in the United States with no or limited information about their performance. The research purpose is to assess indoor comfort, energy performance, and thermal indices in multi-family Colonial Revival style residences. The research questions include (i) Do Colonial Revival style buildings perform better than other old buildings? (ii) Do the buildings consume additional electricity than typical and other old buildings? The research examined four case studies in Hartford County, Connecticut. The investigation explored comfort surveys, monitoring, collection of actual electricity usage, and assessed thermal indices using mathematical models. The average indoor temperature of 25.4 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 61.3% are reported. About 67% of the residents are thermally comfortable. The research noted significance between thermal sensation and other variables, excluding how occupants feel about the air movement. The average number of hours of temperature exceeds 28.0 °C and 30.0 °C marks for over 11.4% and 2.5% of the time, respectively, except in one of the buildings. The mean indoor temperatures are within the applicable bands of the adaptive comfort models. The averages of actual thermal sensation vote (TSV) ranged from 3.32 to 4.37 on a 7-point sensation scale. The mean neutral temperatures varied from 24.2–25.6 °C. The average monthly electricity bill is within the national average for residences in summer, excluding in August. The mean wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 21.1–22.3 °C and summer simmer index (SSI) of 30.1–32.4 °C are calculated as feasible bands for thermal indices in the buildings. The basements are more comfortable than other spaces within the case studies. The research outcomes can be used for future developments of Colonial Revival style and other similar buildings. The study recommends interventions such as retrofit to improve the performance of some existing Colonial Revival style buildings, especially the older ones that are less insulated with outdated equipment and appliances.

Building facade components in a historical corridor. Case study: Karet Street, Surabaya

Today’s cities are developing at a breakneck pace, resulting in physical modifications to buildings. This growth can also be witnessed in the presence of new structures designed to house city-related operations. This research was conducted in the corridor area of Surabaya’s Karet Street, a historical district. Numerous historical structures may be seen along Karet Street, including surviving colonial and Chinese-style structures. Historically, this Karet Street corridor region served as a commerce hub due to its proximity to the Kali Mas (Mas River) trade route. However, as the era progressed, the buildings in the corridor of Karet Street became abandoned, many were neglected, and other structures were added, resulting in inconsistency between buildings. Thus, this research aimed to characterize the building facade components along the Karet Street corridor. The research technique used was descriptive qualitative research. Sixty-two structures along the Karet Street corridor comprise the sampled area. The factors consisted of the building’s door/entrance, windows, walls, roof, and the stylef the building—a qualitative descriptive analysis based on the state of the building’s facade in the field. Direct observation, existing literature, and documentation were employed to obtain data. The study’s findings revealed inconsistencies in the building’s exterior components, particularly in the structure’s modern style. In an area that contains colonial and Chinese-style buildings, this contradiction might undermine the area’s historical assets. Additionally, modifications and damage to facade components might obliterate the authenticity of existing historical value.

Restorations in Chile in the Mid-Twentieth Century: The National Monuments Council and Some of the First Architectural Heritage Interventions

This paper presents the initial results of an ongoing historical research project that addresses some of the first architectural restoration interventions led by the Chilean State through the National Monuments Council, the institution responsible for management of the country’s cultural heritage. The National Monuments Council was created in 1925 by Decree-Law No. 651, the first long-standing legal provision to cover this aspect of cultural heritage. It remained in place for several decades before being superseded in 1970 by the current National Monuments Law (No. 17,288). The State’s first steps in regard to architectural restoration were made possible by this legislation, and by the mid-twentieth century, the National Monuments Council was working systematically to register, analyse and take action to restore the country’s architectural heritage. In 1949, a Conservation Commission was formed as part of the Council, and this body played a key role in the promotion of restoration projects at the time. The National Monuments Council worked in partnership with the General Directorate of Public Works, and efforts on the part of the two public institutions resulted in the creation of an annual budget for architectural restoration. By the 1950s, numerous buildings and sites considered relevant to the national identity were being restored, and efforts were made to emphasise their cultural significance and value. These early interventions were some of the first of their type to be funded by the State and were fundamental to the local architectural historical context. Work focused primarily on religious and military colonial buildings, including churches, chapels and fortresses located the length of Chile. Archival material from the time, such as National Monuments Council session minutes and institutional bulletins drafted under Decree-Law No. 651, provide a record of these early interventions. Analysis of these sources from a technical and theoretical perspective provides insights into the motivations and selection criteria used to establish an order of priority for the restoration of buildings and sites. This paper presents the main actions taken at a time when architectural restoration was first being promoted by the Chilean State and explores how these provided the foundations upon which future development of the local discipline would occur.

Establishing an Assessment Criteria System for Architectural Heritage of Colonial Educational Buildings in Hanoi

A number of educational buildings were built up by the Frenchin Hanoi during their dominance. Most of these buildings still exist in the downtown area and have become an integral part of the valuable heritage, and their preservation is increasingly imperative. To preserve and promote more efficiently the values of the colonial buildingheritage assets, there is a need of a set of criteria for an assessment and classification. This paper presents the development ofan assessment criteria system for the architectural heritage of colonial educational buildings in Hanoi. According to the proposals, colonial educational buildings can be classified into three groupsof Special Value, Notable Value, Average Value. A set of criteria including factors related to both the internal and external values of these buildings have been proposed and validated with expert judgements. Each criterion then is incorporated witha set of scores showing the value it can bring to a colonial educational building to be assessed.The set of criteria and their scores can be used by the city authority to establish regulations to preserve and promote heritage valuesof the colonial educational buildings in Hanoi.

KIẾN TRÚC PHÁP THUỘC TẠI THÀNH PHỐ HUẾ

Cho đến nay, các công trình kiến trúc thời kỳ Pháp thuộc vẫn đang ít được quan tâm nghiên cứu đúng mức dù chúng đóng một vai trò không thể thiếu của quỹ kiến trúc Huế. Dựa vào khảo sát thực địa bằng chụp ảnh, quan sát và đo vẽ, 55 công trình được phân thành 5 loại hình: công cộng, công sở, biệt thự/ nhà tư, tôn giáo, và công trình khác. Dựa vào hình khối kiến trúc, trang trí mặt đứng, kết cấu, vật liệu, những công trình này được chia thành 6 phong cách kiến trúc, đó là tân cổ điển, địa phương Pháp, Art Deco, kiến trúc kết hợp Âu - Á, tiền thuộc địa, và kiến trúc mới.. Nghiên cứu này đã phân tích và nêu đặc trưng các phong cách kiến trúc của các công trình thời Pháp thuộc tại Huế. Đây sẽ là cơ sở cho các bước nghiên cứu tiếp theo trong việc xác định giá trị quỹ kiến trúc Pháp thuộc tại Huế và định hướng giải pháp bảo tồn, phát huy giá trị trong tương lai.

Building Preservation Case Study of Pancasila Building in Pasuruan City

Some cities in Indonesia have a long history of city development, in East Java, for example the cities of Surabaya, Malang, Blitar, Kediri and Pasuruan are cities that have a history of urban development that still maintains the identity of the city. old buildings or colonial buildings, these buildings can still be suspected through the characteristics of building shapes and the use of ornaments that are characterized by European buildings. For this European building to be preserved, it is necessary to conduct a feasibility study of the aesthetic value contained in the building. The case study taken in writing this article is the Pancasila Building in the city of Pasuruan. The method used is descriptive analysis topically. To support the discussion in this article, field observations and literature studies were conducted. The findings in this study were to determine the physical identity of the building and the meaning of building ornaments.

The spatial and environmental characteristics of Vietnamese vernacular houses in Vietnam's French colonial public buildings

PurposeThis paper focuses on the evolution of and changes in French colonial architectural designs over time in terms of the use of vernacular architectural features of Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachIt first examines the underlying principles of spatial compositions behind traditional vernacular architecture, thus revealing vernacular architectural values that have survived from the past. Styles of vernacular houses differ by region; thus, their unique spatial characteristics are analyzed by selecting the typical houses in each region. The study also illuminates ecological features and technical norms tailored to the local climate and Vietnamese traditional architecture. It examines how local and regional characters of vernacular houses affect the developments and changes in the French colonial public buildings in Vietnam, forming an identity that represents an eclectic Indochina style with the adaptation of local discourses on climate.FindingsThe Vietnamese have developed unique architectural styles that are inextricably linked to their identities, cultures, climates and livelihoods – for example, vernacular houses. Although at the beginning of the colonial period, the French imported their styles, decorations and details, which were foreign to the Vietnamese, later, they perhaps realized that such direct import was no longer suitable for the natural and socio-cultural situation of the colony. Toward the end of the colonial period, it is noticeable that French colonial architects gradually started using local design principles.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough many existing buildings can be further added for the discussion, we limit a few cases, due to the length of the paper.Social implicationsThis paper proves that toward the end of the colonial period, colonial architecture in Vietnam became increasingly localized, adapting to the local environment and climate. The buildings during the period were gradually associated with Vietnamese culture and sentiment.Originality/valueAlthough few papers deal with the vernacular architecture in Vietnam with regard to local climate and regional characteristics, there are no paper that related the vernacular Vietnamese houses to influence the French colonial designs in Vietnam. Therefore the paper has value and significance.

IDENTIFIKASI ELEMEN ARSITEKTUR PADA FASAD BANGUNAN HERITAGE DI KAWASAN PECINAN SINGKAWANG, KALIMANTAN BARAT Studi Kasus: Bangunan Kolonial

Indonesian is a country that is rich in cultural diversity. Culture arises from a tradition and values that a society has over the years and as an important part of their character so that it becomes a legacy to create the next. This inheritance/heirloom is known as heritage.. A historic city/ area usually has a heritage building that becomes the image of an area. Among them is the chinatown area of Singkawang. Heritage buildings in the Singkawang city include colonial heritage buildings. The building has an important value for history, science, culture which deserves to be preserved and controlled so that in addition to learning material for architectural development in the future. The focus is focused on the formulation of architectural elemens on the facades of heritage buildings in Chinatown of Singkawang wich are related to the shape of the buildings and their ornaments. This study used a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach in order to describe the heritage buildings in the old city area Singkawang. The data was collected by means of observation, documentation (photographing research objects) and interview. The result of the research states that there are two classifications of heritage buildings in the Chinatown area of Singkawang, namely Chinese buildings and colonial buildings with façade composition of the facades of each heritage building.

What influenced British East Indiamen ship design?

This paper presents the author’s PhD research and explores the archaeological case study, Edwin Fox, to demonstrate changes in British East Indiaman ship design and construction during the mid-19th century. A range of methods have been employed during this investigation, including: 3D laser scanning, dendrochronology, fibre analysis and archival research to understand what influenced design and construction technologies over time. This paper contri­butes to our understanding of British colonial merchant ship design and building practices.

Sarinah Braga, a Revitalization of the Landmark

The Braga area in the city of Bandung, which is two centuries old, is still a legendary area that continues to preen. Its two-centuries-old certainly leaves many traces and silent witnesses to the beautiful past on these Dutch colonial buildings. Conservation in an area has a significant role in maintaining the dignity of a region and a sustainable city. One way to conserve cultural heritage areas is revitalization. Sarinah building, one of the Braga landmarks, has been established since 1910 has changed its function after the revitalization process of this historic building was carried out in 2018. The purpose of this research is to review the significant change inSarinah Braga over 110 years and how the latest revitalization carries the image of Sarinah Braga to the new lifestyle as a method of adaptive reuse. This research uses the descriptive method of Qualitative methodology using survey and documenter analysis to describe the phenomenon of the Sarinah Braga revitalization as an area landmark, thus its image as a city landmark. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods by making direct visits to the location, documentation, and literature.

Settler colonial conscripts: Mennonite reserves and the enfolding of implicated subjects

ABSTRACT Indigenous resurgence movements in states like Canada and the U.S. have challenged immigrant and settler groups to confront their presence on colonized lands, and transform their relations with land and with Indigenous peoples. Part of this process of re-evaluation entails immigrant groups within the national order considering the ways in which they become implicated in the reproduction of what Patrick Wolfe (2006) calls ‘the logic of elimination’. Taking inspiration from Jodi Byrd’s challenge to rethink dichotomies in settler colonialism, and utilizing Michael Rothberg’s (2019) framing of ‘the implicated subject’, this paper explores the conditions under which Russian Mennonites immigrated to Canada in the 1870s. It traces the ways that Mennonite reserve communities were subtly and overtly incorporated into settler colonial formations and its binaries, helping to illuminate the power and pull of everyday economic aspects of settling entangled with racial and political settler colonial formations. This examination of a racially privileged but self-identifying dissenting community explores the ways in which settler colonial nation building works to subtly and overtly incorporate populations into settler-native binaries despite their professed innocence and even dissent.

윌리엄스버그 컬러니얼 정착마을의 건축양식과 파사드 형태의 보존특징에 관한 연구

The aim of this study is to find what architectural restoration and street-scaping conservation of early settlement in Virginia, which have processed on the style of 18th centuries. One of the settlements in Virginia was Williamsburg that located in the high land between Jamestown and Yorktown. In 1698, the capital of Virginia was moved from Jamestown for the safer environment. At that time they constructed the town like a small urban that had a straight-lined Duke Glocester Street, Georgian style buildings, and landscapes of 18th centuries. Before 1928 the village was flown into ruins, but Rector of the church, Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, understood the value of reservation to restore the village as colonial architectural style that has an original figure. John Rockefeller Jr. has taken part in his restoration of colonial style of architecture and culture. This paper surveyed nine cases of buildings and srtreet-scape on Duke Glocester Street. Most of the buildings on the street have a proposition, balance, and equipment of Georgian architectural facade in 18th centuries. The conclusion has three points. First, the Williamsburg has been reserved as an early colonial settlement through the restoration of architecture and street-scape design. Second, main architectural style is a Georgian form that has a balance, proportion, and simplicity of facade. Also new buildings and additions of architecture have to keep ‘Design Review Guideline of Colonial Williamsburg’ in order to contribute the existing colonial buildings. Third, the main street-scape, Duke Glocester Street shows Georgian architecture and cultural life pattern with tradition.

360° Virtual Tour of the Traditional Malay House as an Effort for Cultural Heritage Preservation

The rapid growth in technology has created new innovation in the field of information technology. One of the innovations created from technological advancement is virtual reality that can be extended through virtual tour that provides real-time experience in exploring a space or an area. Nevertheless, preliminary research on the development of digital sector in heritage architecture only focused on historical site instead of building. Although there is an exploration paid to the heritage building, the effort is limited to colonial buildings and little attention has been given to the local heritage architecture. Hence, this paper aims to explore the development of 360 ° virtual tour of the traditional Malay house that is over 100 years old as one of an important measure to preserve, protect and interpret the built heritage and cultural history. The primary data was analysed from the building inventory through high-resolution photography using a fisheye lens digital camera. Photos collected were combined to create panoramic effect using a stitching technique. The 360 ° virtual tour application was developed based on the Multimedia Development Life Cycle theory. The findings show the application is produced as a digital database consisting of physical qualitative attributes data for university’s management and recording for posterity. The outcome from this study has proved how technology converts the traditional learning and museum visit can become an enjoyable platform of learning, motivating and understanding of building structures and unique architectural details.

The Development of Historic Tourism Strategies Based on Millennial Preferences: A Case Study of Semarang Old City, Semarang, Indonesia

Historical areas are one of the alternative tourism destinations in Semarang City. The most attractive and popular spot is the Semarang Old City, which is presently being prepared to become a World Heritage based on the beauty, authenticity and environmental attraction of the colonial buildings as well as the fascinating history of the area. However, most millennials prefer more recreational activities such as taking pictures, riding bicycles, sightseeing and enjoying the culinary surroundings without showing any interest in the history of the Old City. The potential importance of these millennials to the tourism market of this area requires the accommodation of their ever-changing needs. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to study young people’s perspectives and preferences towards historical tourist destinations such as the Old City. This involved the application of the qualitative method to examine the characteristics, preferences and motivations of millennials travelling in historic tourism areas through observation and interview millennials. The findings of this study were expected to be used in setting up some strategies to overcome the inherent problems of historic site tourism and also to satisfy the needs of the tourists, especially the millennials.

Colonial Architecture on Local History Through Glass Sculpture

The aim of this paper is to study the aspect of colonial building that relates to local history. The history of tin mining is to be acknowledged and understand as important to the local. Local history has been part of important aspect in a developing community. It signifies engagement of the link between the present and the past. It helps the community to learn about the events that has happened and in the Malaysian context, the history of the British colonial is the most relevant for it is visibility due to the architectural ruin that is on location. The method applied is Critical Self reflections and studio experimentation. Samples and images of location on site retrieved to study the visual aspect of the buildings and applied as part f the artwork. Artwork explorations are conducted to relate the material and techniques to the context of the study. The British occupation existed in Malaysia for more than two hundred years from 1795 until 1957. In Malaysia generally there are four typical colonial styles of architecture which are Moorish, Tudor, Neo Classic and Neo Gothic (A Ghafar Ahmad, 1997). The tin mining industry has brought merchant and workers to Central Perak such as Gopeng and Batu Gajah. According to (Syed Zainol Abidin Ibid,1995), during 1900 till 1940s, there are three architectural style that influenced the construction of commercial building and shop houses which are adaptation style, eclectic and Art Deco. However, after time the Colonial buildings have decayed and turn into ruins. The beauty and style of the Colonial architecture has inspired the researcher to study the building since it is visible in the surrounding central Perak and keeps an interesting story of the past. Working with glass, the researcher will fabricate the idea of colonial building and glass as a work of art.

Vortex-induced vibrations: a soft coral feeding strategy?

Abstract

Aesthetic Measures of Algiers’ Colonial Facades

This research presents an analytical tool to quantitatively assess and compare the aesthetic value of facades, by focusing on their formal order (O) and complexity (C). A total of fifteen facades of the colonial building heritage (19th–20th centuries) of Algiers old city center were aesthetically assessed and compared. The method uses Birkhoff’s aesthetic measure and calculates the aesthetic value for each facade. These values were ranked and compared using statistical analysis. The results lead to classify the evaluated facades into four sets according to the importance of their aesthetic values: very high, high, average and low. The results can serve to elaborate a guideline of design principles to help operating on this site. However, this research shows some limitations and suggests the need for further research into aesthetic preference. A valuation survey is necessary to improve this method and to test Birkhoff’s formula empirically.

Pelatihan Pengisian Konten Website bagi Karang Taruna di Lingkungan Kelurahan Kauman

Kota Malang merupakan kota terbesar kedua setelah Surabaya di Jawa Timur, dan merupakan salah satu hasil perencanaan kota kolonial terbaik Hindia Belanda. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari banyaknya peninggalan arsitektur kolonial yang hingga saat ini masih berdiri megah dan tata lingkungan yang memiliki nilai historis. Pusat Kota Malang pada masa tahun 1914 terletak dikawasan Kayutangan hingga alun alun kota Malang. Area Kayutangan kota Malang terletak di Jalan Basuki rahmat gang VI, Kelurahan Kauman Kecamatan Klojen. Sejak tanggal 22 April 2018 kampung Kayutangan ditetapkan sebagai kawasan warisan budaya (heritage) oleh pemerintah kota Malang. Kampung Kayutangan menawarkan wisata budaya bermuatan edukasi sejarah, dengan memperlihatkan arsitektur rumah peninggalan kolonial Belanda yang masih terjaga hingga saat ini. Ada sekitar 60 rumah yang teridentifikasi sebagai bangunan kolonial. Tidak hanya arsitektur bangunan, peralatan atau barang–barang kuno yang ada disana tapi juga kampung Kayutangan masih menyimpan banyak sisa peradaban masa lalu semisal makam mbah Honggo Kusumo, kuburan tandak, pasar krempyeng, irigasi Belanda, saluran air, tangga seribu dan titik lain yang memiliki nilai sejarah tinggi di Kota Malang. Dengan segala kelebihannya sebagai kampung heritage menimbulkan dampak sosial terhadap perkembangan perekonomian di kampung tersebut. Sekarang kampung tersebut banyak dikunjungi oleh wisatawan lokal dan juga ada wisatawan mancanegara. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka dibuat sebuah website untuk dapat mempublikasikan kampung Kayutangan. Kegiatan abdimas bertujuan melatih dan mendampingi pemuda Kampung Heritage dalam pengisian konten website ini agar mereka dapat mengupdate website dengan keadaan yang terkini dari perkembangan kampung heritage. Manfaat yang diharapkan dari pelatihan ini adalah: Kampung Heritage dapat lebih terkenal dan diharapkan ekonomi masyarakat meningkat dengan banyaknya wisatawan yang berkunjung.

Adaptive thermal comfort in colonial building classrooms

The thermal sensation experienced by humans is a function of climatic factors such as air temperature, humidity, and wind velocity as well as individual factors such as the level of activity related to the body metabolic rate and the type of clothing worn. Moreover, adaptive thermal comfort assumes the occupants of a building are the main factors determining thermal comfort. The physical parameters measured showed the colonial classrooms buildings in State Senior High School 3 Bandung fulfill the thermal comfort standards. This was further established with the comfortability reported by most of the students to have experienced while conducting learning activity in the classroom.

Crystal–chemical and diffraction analyses of Maya blue suggesting a different provenance of the palygorskite found in Aztec pigments*

Maya blue is a pigment found in different archaeological sites of different cultures from Mesoamerica, and also in colonial buildings in Mexico and Cuba. The pigment is made from a thermally treated mixture of indigo and palygorskite. Pigment samples from Aztec and non‐Aztec archaeological sites as well as reference Yucatecan palygorskites were studied in this paper to assess their differences. The characterization of the samples was carried out by a combination of a crystal–chemical‐point analyses using electron microscopy to obtain the structural formulae of the palygorskite crystals, and studied using high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction. The data show evidence that the palygorskite used by non‐Aztec cultures, such as the Maya, is compatible with palygorskite from known sources in the Yucatan Peninsula, while the palygorskite used by the Aztec culture is different in its structure and has an origin that is still unknown.