Colloquial Speech Research Articles

Unlocking whistleblower protection: legal basis to be aware of

Hardly any negative social phenomenon is as specific as corruption, which creates an intriguing paradox in law. In particular, there is no phenomenon that is mentioned more often on a daily basis, even in colloquial speech, than corruption; there is no group of criminal offences (corruption) that the whole society knows more about; there is no legal topic on which legal scholars and practitioners are more in agreement on the criminal law consequences that corruption creates and are not willing to prevent it by creating various models of its prevention; and, again, many countries are constantly failing in the fight against it. Many people improve their perception of corruption only as the situation worsens. This paradox gives rise to a vision of corruption as an intractable, powerful giant, present since ancient times, with obvious obstacles that cannot be removed even in the most developed countries. Against this backdrop, it is important to ask, and this article attempts to answer, what role whistleblowers can play in the fight against corruption and whether their more effective protection can play an important role in protecting society from corruption. This study explores the recognition of whistleblowers' importance in these efforts, including the basis and nature of their legislative protection, through a legal analysis of selected regional and international legal sources that directly or indirectly refer to whistleblowers and their protection. The analysis shows that most of these sources indicate the importance of achieving the three whistleblower protection mechanisms. To achieve the above goals, regulatory and descriptive legal methods will be used.

Onomatopoeia-occasionalisms as a feature of Japanese colloquial speech

Onomatopoeia-occasionalisms as a feature of Japanese colloquial speech

A. N. Radishchev as an "archaist and innovator": linguopoetic and linguostylistic features of the great book (to the 275th anniversary of the birth)

The article considers the most important linguopoetic and linguostylistic characteristics of A. N. Radishchev’s "A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". The research also focuses on the precedent phenomena in the text of the book, its connections with the European artistic tradition, and influence on the Russian literary language evolution, as well as on particular genres of Russian literature. The text is examined against the background of the dominant literary canons of sentimentalism at the time of its writing; the author creatively mastered some of these canons. Radishchev developed his individual style which synthesised three main linguistic elements: emotional-sensual, civic rhetorical, and common colloquial. Each of them is characterised by a certain set of linguistic means that are compositionally anchored in the text. The figurative devices of classicistic poetics, tropeic expressiveness, refined linguistic expressions borrowed from Western literature, and vocabulary new for the late 18th century form the compositional parts characteristic of the journey as a distinct literary genre. A. N. Radishchev uses Slavicisms, archaic morphological forms and obsolete syntactic constructions, neologisms based on Church Slavonic patterns to create high civic pathos and embody freedom-loving ideas. Low colloquial speech, folk phraseology, folklore inserts, aphorisms, and mixtures of styles shape the author’s narrative fragments and reflections related to specific life situations.

The Mechanisms of Language Game in the Vietnamese Language

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics and mechanisms of language play in the Vietnamese language. The language game is found in traditional Kazao folk couplets, in paired inscriptions, riddles, poetry, as well as in the texts and headlines of modern media, advertising, colloquial speech, and Internet communications. The following basic means and techniques of language play in the Vietnamese language are highlighted: the use of various types of homonymy; creating inversion puns (inversion of constituent components, rearrangement of tones, rearrangement of rhyme, rearrangement of initials, rearrangement of initials and tone, rearrangement of rhyme and tone, rearrangement of initials and rhyme); decomposition of a word into its component components-morphemes and separate use of them or their homonyms; decomposing a word into its component components and replacing one of the components; use of synonymy and antonymy; the use of polysemy; paronymy; phraseological game. During the research process, extensive illustrative material was used. The research topic is relevant due to the extremely wide distribution of this phenomenon in the Vietnamese language and its importance for constructing a cultural and linguistic picture of the world of Vietnamese speakers.

ALLUSIVE HEADLINES IN THE MEDIA: AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT

The article is devoted to the analysis of newspaper headlines based on allusion. Using the material of texts published in 2023 in the newspapers Zavtra and Kommersant, which are diff erent in terms of ideological ori-entation and stylistics, the authors examine the axiological signifi cance of such factors as the choice of the source of allusion, the absence or presence of transformation, and the leading principle of playing with the original text. Both similarities and diff erences in the creation of allusive headlines are revealed. Both publications actively seek source material from phraseology, Russian classical literature and Soviet cinema, which is explained by the priority of marketing considerations: a headline that refers to an easily recognisable text is the most attractive. In the Zavtra newspaper, the sources of allusive headlines can be modern rude and ironic statements typical of colloquial speech and works of Russian classical literature that are well known to the mass addressee. In this case, the original form of the source text is either unchanged or minimally transformed, while retaining the original evaluative connota-tions. Recognition and comprehension of such allusive titles does not require additional cognitive eff orts from the addressee, which allows us to speak about the setting to attract the attention of the widest possible addressee. The specifi cs of Kommersant’s headlines lie in the more active use of precedent statements. The sources of allusions are not only phraseological phrases and works of Russian classical literature, but also precedent texts associated with Soviet realities and texts of fi ction that are not widely known. The precedent texts, regardless of their nature, are subjected to a “reducing” transformation through language play. The attractiveness of such titles is determined by the level of background knowledge of the addressee, who needs not only to identify the source text and understand the allusion in the title text, but also to correlate the axiological characteristics of the precedent and allusive texts. The authors of the article note that titling with the use of evaluative allusion is one of the regularly used methods of adjusting the media text to the target audience.

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NAMES OF NUTS IN THE DIALECTS OF THE MIDDLE BUG AREA

The article deals with the linguistic analysis of the names of nuts preserved in the dialects of the Middle Bug area. The object of the study is the specified layer of botanical vocabulary. The subject of the study is the phonetic, lexical-semantic and grammatical features, etymology and spatial distribution of colloquial names of nuts, their varieties (including Juglans regia L., Corylus avellana L., Arachis hypogaea L.), fruits and cultivars. The sources of the factual material are audio recordings of vernacular speech, made in 74 settlements of the Middle Bug area during the period of 2014–2016. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation. The expeditionary method made it possible to communicate directly with informants and record live vernacular speech using a voice recorder. Such special linguistic research methods as questionnaires and interviews contributed to the documentation of dialect speech. The descriptive method was used in the analysis of colloquial speech, while the method of linguistic geography made it possible to illustrate the areology of the recorded floranomens. We managed to record and introduce into scientific circulation 54 floranomens (taking into account descriptive constructions, phrases, diminutive forms and phonetic variants of some words), including 43 names for Juglans regia L., its fruits and cultivars, 5 names for Corylus avellana L. and 3 names for Arachis hypogaea L. Floranomens for hazel and peanut were documented on occasion. At the same time, we carried out a multilevel linguistic analysis of the corresponding floranomens, taking into account their phonetic, accentual, lexical-semantic, and partially syntactic features; clarified the motivation and etymology of the names, documented their spatial distribution in the Middle Bug area. We have provided samples of colloquial speech that complement and specify the information on nut cultivation in the surveyed area and are also valuable in terms of dialectology, phonetics, lexicology, grammar, ethnography, horticulture, etc. We drew parallels between colloquial vocabulary and the vocabulary represented in the Ukrainian literary language. The prospect of further research lays in the continuation of the description of the names of fruit trees in the dialects of the specified area.

DIDACTIC POTENTIAL OF YOUTUBE CHANNELS FOR ENHANCED ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING IN NON-LINGUISTIC PROGRAMS

The article is devoted to the didactic potential of English-language YouTube vlogs for learning English as a foreign language by students of non-philology programs. Modern teachers of foreign languages, working in non-philological specializations, face the challenge of diversifying didactic materials. The emergence of Web 2.0, technological advancements, and the information age present a plethora of opportunities to facilitate engaging, efficient, and high-quality English language learning for both educators and students. The purpose of the article is to provide an in-depth analysis of English-language YouTube vlogs encompassing a diverse range of topics, intended for learners of various demographics, including age, gender, socioeconomic background, and English proficiency level. The study explores the potential of integrating these YouTube channels into classroom and independent learning activities for students enrolled in non-philological programs. Methodology. The research employed a multi-pronged approach. An analysis of existing literature on the research topic provided insights into the current state of mobile learning research, both domestically and internationally. A descriptive method enabled the researchers to synthesize the experiences gained during the exploratory phase. Finally, the synthesis of the gathered data facilitated the formulation and execution of the research concept. The study investigates the didactic potential of eleven YouTube channels for fostering English language learning (as a second foreign language) among students in non-philological programs. A selection of English-language vlogs has been analysed, encompassing categories such as everyday life (The Cottage Fairy), education (Lindie Botes, Ruri Ohama, RealLife English), culinary arts (Delish), popular science, (Geography Now, Smarter Every Day, Vsauce, Thomas Frank, Matt D’Avella), and culture and arts (Chris Stuckmann). These vlogs cater to a broad audience, varying in terms of age, English proficiency level, thematic focus, subscriber count, viewership statistics, and uploaded video content. The analysis revealed that the proposed materials can be seamlessly integrated into the learning process for first-year students categorized as elementary, pre-intermediate, and intermediate learners. A unifying characteristic across the examined YouTube channels is the “edutainment” concept. This approach emphasizes the achievement of educational objectives by combining a gamified learning experience with the instructional content itself. The sheer variety of English language learning vlogs empowers learners to select topics that align with their personal interests, preferred language complexity, and desired level of visual engagement. Additionally, the content offers valuable knowledge for overall development. For educators, the primary advantage of YouTube channels lies in their ability to illustrate key lesson topics with engaging video content delivered by native speakers or individuals who, like the students themselves, have learned English and can offer practical advice. Visual content ranks among the most effective pedagogical tools. Strategically chosen YouTube vlogs can significantly enhance students’ vocabulary development, facilitate the acquisition of idioms and colloquial speech patterns, improve pronunciation, strengthen linguistic competencies, and refine listening and speaking skills. Furthermore, the broad thematic range of the content contributes to an expanded worldview. Students gain exposure to diverse cultural aspects of other countries, acquire new knowledge about the world, develop effective time management skills, and glean a wealth of valuable and engaging information. Conclusion. The integration of English-language YouTube vlogs into the curriculum of non-philological programs presents a promising avenue for enriching the foreign language learning experience. The “edutainment” approach fosters a stimulating and interactive learning environment, catering to diverse learning styles and facilitating the acquisition of essential language skills and knowledge. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term efficacy of this approach and its impact on student learning outcomes.

<i>Santa-Barbara</i>: Semantic Transformations in the Russian Linguistic Culture

The article deals with the semantic transformationsSanta Barbara —the title of an American TV series — in the Russian speech. The study has been conducted on the texts dating back to 1992 (the beginning of the series’ broadcast on the Russian television) and up to the present day. Having carried out the contextual analysis of the use of the proper nameSanta Barbarain mass media, Internet communication, colloquial speech, and mass literature, we have determined certain figurative meanings, which have been consistently formed in the Russian linguistic culture for 30 years. At the same time, the name of the TV series has been expanding its semantic volume and application. The first meaning noted soon after the release of the series was positive:a high-rank neighborhood, comfortable for living. Nowadays, it has practically disappeared from speech, but it is preserved in the names of hotels, cafes, restaurants, and residential complexes in many Russian cities. The other figurative meanings that are still functionally active today are negative: 1) an endless melodramatic TV show; 2) complicated, intricate family/love relations; 3) scandals, conflicts, plots. The last meaning is no longer associated with the TV series and characterizes complex conflicts in a variety of communicative contexts. At present, Santa Barbara is used, in particular, as a political metaphor in popular Russian mass media. We also note the uniqueness of the listed figurative meanings for the Russian speech and their complete absence in the speech of Americans.

‘Bosyakiʼ, ‘Bosotaʼ and ‘Nishchebrodyʼ: the New Life of Old Word

The article examines semantic properties and usage peculiarities of words that denote individuals with low material wealth in contemporary colloquial speech. Words reflecting the division of people into the poor and the wealthy form rich synonymic sets. To denote the poor (as well as the wealthy) words with a long history, described in detail in explanatory dictionaries, are used. However, in new contexts these words lose some semantic features and acquire new ones. The article addresses such lexemes as ‘golodranecʼ, ‘oborvanecʼ, ‘bosyakʼ, ‘bosotaʼ, ‘nishchebrodʼ. Some of them (e. g., ‘bosyakʼ, ‘bosotaʼ, ‘nishchebrodʼ) are labeled as archaic in explanatory dictionaries. However, as contemporary contexts show, the stylistic status of such words has significantly changed: they develop new meanings, and then their “re-actualization” occurs. So, ‘bosyakʼ as a designation for a poor person belonging to the social lower classes of society, in modern speech, is increasingly being replaced by the noun ‘bomzhʼ, which is more relevant for today, while the word ‘bosyakʼ itself is often used to designate any negative characteristics of a person. The word ‘bosotaʼ also has undergone semantic changes. It is used not only to denote extreme poverty, but also to express the speaker’s negative attitude towards someone. As observations show, this word is quite familiar to modern speakers of colloquial Russian and is found in two accented versions: bosotá and bosóta. The use of the previously low frequency word ‘nishchebrodʼ in the meaning of “a person with low material wealth” has also being updated.

Диалектные частицы башкирского языка: семантика и функции

This article is devoted to the functional-semantic description of particles of the Karaidel subdialect of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language. As examples, field materials and transcribed audio recordings of the author, collected during an expedition to the Karaidel region of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2022, 2023, were used in order to study the current state of dialect and analyze the morphological indicators of speakers’oral speech of this area. During the processing of field materials, the frequent use of various particles in the speech of informants was revealed, which convey an emotional attitude towards the events, incidents, state and actions of a particular subject or object under discussion. A comparative study of dialect forms with particles of the literary (written) Bashkir language made it possible to classify them in a semantic aspect. Since in colloquial speech specific dialect particles complement the meaning of a particular lexeme and thus their main function is to express an additional semantic connotation of the word. Based on their origin, particles of the Karaidel subdialect can be divided into original ones, dating back to the ancient Turkic state, and borrowed ones, which entered the Bashkir spoken language from the Russian language during centuries-old language contacts. It is noteworthy that some dialect particles of vernacular are observed in other Turkic languages (Kypchak, Oguz, Karluk, Siberian, etc. groups) and are not the literary norm of the Bashkir language. In addition, the article briefly examines the centuries-old history of the study of particles of the Bashkir language. The academic grammatical tradition, dating back to antiquity, considers particles according to the following meanings, which we have supplemented with new dialect materials: 1. Interrogative particles -мы, -ме, -мо, -мө. These particles of the Bashkir language are always written together. 2. The restrictive particles ғына, генә, ҡына, кенә distinguish this or that object or subject from others and are written separately. 3. Particles of doubt ҙар, -ҙыр, -ҙер, conveying uncertain assumptions, inaccuracy regarding an ongoing event, action, phenomenon, object. It should be noted that in the dialects of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language, particles of uncertainty and assumptions have only three variants -ҙар, -ҙыр, -ҙер, in contrast to the literary 4-variant affixation: -ҙар, -ҙер, -лар, -лер, -дар, -дәр, -тар, -тәр. 4. The particles of request -сана, -сәнә, -сы, -се, -со, -сө, әле, expressing exhortation, appear with verbs in the form of the imperative mood. The first two forms are used very rarely; mainly in dialects, requests are expressed in forms in , -сы, -се, -со, -сө and әле. 5. Particles of confirmation with a tinge of surprise and annoyance, expressing the emotional state of the speaker: ҙабаса, ҙәбәсә, даса, дәсә, даса(уы), дәсә(үы), дабаса, дәбәсә, табаса, тәбәсә, лабаса. 6. Intensifying particles уҡ, үк, иң, ныҡ, ҙа, ҙә, да, дә, та, тә, ла, лә enhance the meaning of the information expressed. The constant use of particles with the interdental voiced consonant ҙа, ҙә, conveying additional semantic shades to certain parts of speech, is a specific feature of the Karaidel dialect of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language and is observed only in the Bashkir language among other Turkic languages. 7. The next specific function word of this dialect is the affirmative dialect particle ҡый, кей in the meaning ‘after all; So; Yes’. So, dialectal data of the Bashkir language can serve as valuable material for comparative historical studies of Turkic languages, since the dialects of the Bashkir language have morphological facts for comparison with the languages of both the Kipchak and Bulgar, Oguz, Karluk and Siberian groups. Moreover, the dialects of the Bashkir language have many features that distinguish this language from other Turkic languages, so dialect materials can be a source of some important data for clarifying a number of questions on the history of the Turkic languages.

Отношение носителей русского языка к его нормам: динамический аспект

Different historical periods are characterized by different attitudes of native speakers of the Russian language to its norms. Russian history during the Soviet period was marked by the struggle for the purity and correctness of the Russian speech. The process of protecting the Russian language was filled with deep ideological meaning, since the Russian language acts as a single means of communication for the multinational population of the USSR. The period of perestroika is characterized by the struggle against Soviet officialese, which took the form of the democratization and vulgarization of speech, the abolition of censorship in the media. This resulted in a stream of substandard and non-literary vocabulary penetrating into public speech, a special literary-jargonizing type of speech culture being formed in the journalistic environment. The second and third decades of the 21st century demonstrate an easy attitude of native speakers of the Russian language to its norms, the decreasing concern about the form of thought expression, the active penetration of colloquial speech into other spheres of communication. Digitalization of communication leads to a decrease in the level of speech culture, the development of clip thinking and the predominance of “point” attention (this is especially noticeable among adolescents and young people). Globalization of the most important spheres of society, on the one hand, contributes to the expansion of the morphemic and lexical repertoire of the Russian language, the development of the meanings of its lexemes, on the other hand, it brings about a fashion for anglicisms and a focus on foreign speech culture. Nowadays, protecting Russian literary language standards is becoming one of the most important national tasks; finding an effective solution will help preserve the Russian culture.

PERLOCATIVE PRAGMATICS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article analyzes the concepts of categories of direct and indirect communication in linguistics, types and features of indirect interrogative speech acts, reveals the prelocutive pragmatics of direct and indirect interrogative speech acts in the Kazakh language. Namely: if the direct meaning of interrogative sentences is getting an answer, then indirect questions are used in such functions as showing politeness, indirect posing a question, emphasizing a request, posing a question in a suspicious expression, transmitting a request with gestures, evaluation, resentment, chagrin. In a direct interrogative speech act, the illocutionary effect is expressed through the linguistic meaning of the linguistic means that make up speech, while the perlocutionary pragmatics of indirect interrogative speech acts depends on the use of language units in a figurative sense, on the background knowledge of the speaker and listener and the conditions of communication. At the same time, an indirect interrogative speech act enhances the artistic potential of the language and allows expressing various semantic shades.The study used methods of structural grammar «from form to meaning», functional grammar «from meaning to form», structural-semantic description, functional-semantic and contextual analysis, differentiation and hypothetical interpretation.The scientific and theoretical basis of the scientific conclusions obtained in the course of the study were the works on structural, communicative, functional grammar and pragmatic linguistics in linguistics. In addition, the given language examples from various sources (colloquial speech, works of poets and writers) contributed to the argumentation of scientific and practical conclusions presented in the article

The alternation of stem-internal <i>a</i> and <i>o</i> and pragmatic mechanisms of alternant distribution

The article considers the alternation of letters a and o in the stem, missing in school and academic grammars, for example, shpargalka — ​shpora, boshka — ​boshki, simpatichnyj — ​simpotnyj, platit’ — ​plotit, nalit’ — ​nolito. We attempt to combine a number of heterogeneous (including unique) phenomena within the framework of a special alternation, and more specifically, the transition from a to o in an uncodified area of the language: in professional and youth jargons, popular language, emphatically colloquial speech. Thus, one can speak of relatively regular alternations of a and o at the junction of literary and non-literary language. The letter o conveys the phoneme [o], which appears under stress in not quite normative or informal word forms and words (colloquial, slang, etc.), that is, it emphasizes this informality of a word and often also its expressiveness.

Аnglicisms in Youth Slang

This article will be devoted to the research of the English slang influence in a colloquial speech on the purity of language. Spoken language is the most essential part of language functioning. One of the most popular forms of conversation is the application of slang. Slang is an informal language used in colloquial rather than writing. Among the slang, “youth slang” and “computer slang” were taken as the main objects of inquiry. Now slang is an active element of the youth language. Slang is so popular that we come across it in everyday colloquial speech. Slang is penetrating all spheres of society. Since youth is a socially active layer of society, new forms of social relations have a great impact on young people. Their language competence and speech habit determine the direction of language development and other social subsystems. That is why it is important to study youth slang. Young people actively use anglicisms in their spoken language. Many words in English are actively used on the pages of the youth press, as well as in radio and television programs. Due to the rapid growth of computerization, borrowed words from the English language enter the speech of young people quite quickly, because young people are a group that tends to quickly master and perceive everything new that has appeared in their lives. The most active slang users are young people and computer users. That is why the work considers English slang in the spoken language of these two social groups.

За някои трайно очертаващи се тенденции в българската разговорна реч и в речта на медиите през последните десет години

The article describes three continuous trends in Bulgarian colloquial speech. The first one is related to changes in the use of verbs, consisting of: a) swarming of verbs derived from nouns, incl. from foreign words, and b) condensing of the expression by omission of: the verb to drive/cause, the reflexive particle se and some prepositions. A survey was conducted on the use of verbs registered as having undergone a process of dereflexivity and/or transitivisation. The answers of respondents point to an over-whelming disapproval of the described verb use strategies. Thus, a more appropriate and accurate way to define this process is as an effort to condense the expression by omitting certain elements, which is in accordance with the principle of economy in colloquial speech. The second trend presented is the progressive reduction of the use of forms expressing politeness and their increasingly frequent replacement with forms for informal ad-dressing. There is a relatively high degree of tolerance towards this speech practice from both researchers and native speakers. The third trend concerns the use of two types of short fixed expressions/clichés, rep-resenting constructions with one or two fixed components and one or two variables. They condense the maximum content into a short form and “leave” freedom for interpretation by the interlocutor/listener, being additionally marked either by strong expressiveness or originality (usually purposefully sought), which adds another element for “interpreting and decoding” by the interlocutor/listener.

Не те чух: опит за обяснение на една глаголна употреба в разговорния български език през погледа върху етимологията

The text attempts to explain the use of a verb in Bulgarian colloquial speech by examining the etymology of the corresponding common Slavic verb. On the basis of the registered forms in Slavic and the formal semantic parallels in more distant Indo-European languages, as well as what is known in science regarding the possible semantic evolution of the verbs for sense perception, an assumption is made as to what the considered meaning is due to.

За характерните черти на българския разговорен синтаксис

The article briefly presents some of the most specific features of the syntax of the Bulgarian colloquial speech: the special syntactic constructions that occur in informal communication (reduplicative constructions, elliptical constructions, reconstructions, hyperbats, anacoluthons, etc.), the different word order, the specific usage of the coordinating and subordinating connectives (defined in syntactical literature as colloquial), the frequent presence of asyndetism (conjunctionless connection of individual elements in the utterance and of different utterances), the rivalry between parataxis and hypo-taxis emerging in the conversation, etc. All these characteristic features clearly distinguish the colloquial syntax from the syntax of the Bulgarian literary (normative) language.

A unitary account of indicative/subjunctive mood choice

Abstract In some finite clauses only one of the subjunctive and indicative moods might occur, while in others there is option between these two moods. This is the basic distinction between intensional and polarity subjunctive. This paper questions the sustainability of such division in Portuguese, providing a critical analysis of the major arguments sustaining that those two types of subjunctive need to be considered. Instead, it is shown that a semantic analysis of the indicative and subjunctive moods accounts for the distribution of these moods in European Portuguese (EP), no different explanations being needed for the cases of lexical selection and those of mood choice. In both cases Indicative signals that only p-worlds are taken in account, while Subjunctive signals the consideration of non-p worlds. This allows a comprehensive account of the EP data: Subjunctive or Indicative occurs depending on whether the meaning of the sentence leads to the consideration of non-p worlds or not. However, in other varieties of Portuguese, Indicative occurs in some sentences whose meaning involves the consideration of non-p worlds. Such is the case of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), where, in colloquial speech, the use of Indicative is common in complement clauses of querer (‘to want’), a paradigmatic domain of Subjunctive. The conjecture is made that in this variety resorting to one or another mood is used as a pragmatic, discursive, strategy, even if the meaning of the sentence leads to the other mood.

Features of Oxymorons in the Art World of Ashim Dzhakypbekov

An article analyzes the actual problems of language profiling, which is currently one of the most important studies of both the Kyrgyz language and Kyrgyz literature. The role of language, which is the main medium of communication, reviving artistic work, creating imagery, beauty, and expressiveness of speech, has been determined. It has been noted that it is poets and writers who use language in different ways to create a stylistic effect, and the main task of linguistics is to learn the language and style of writers. The most important object of research in linguistics is oxymoron. The article conducts a scientific and theoretical analysis of oxymoron. Oxymoron is regarded as a syntactic technique, formed based on an unusual combination of opposing concepts, as a peculiar figure of speech, created by a combination of words with opposite meanings. It is noted that now the oxymoron is used as a language norm in colloquial speech, journalism, in artistic works, that a person’s worldview, his ability to think, and imagination are expressed through speech activity with the help of language. As the examples show, on the one hand, if the oxymoron as the object of study is not subjected to extensive research, it is impossible to determine the nature and detail of speech. On the other hand, the author’s personal style, originality, and writing character are fully disclosed only when a high level of stylistic analysis of the work is carried out. In the example of the works of Ashim Dzhakypbekov, linguistic data on the internal structure of texts and themes of oxymorons are given. The oxymorons in the artistic world of the greatest master of the word, creatively using the wealth of the Kyrgyz language, have been deeply analyzed. The specificity of oxymorons in the work of Ashim Dzhakypbekov is considered together with the plot of the works. Text materials have been analyzed to determine the vocabulary richness of the Kyrgyz language, the importance and possibilities of linguistic means of expressiveness, the comprehensiveness of perception of reality with the help of expressions consisting of two contradictory words or phrases, and their impact on perception.

Stylistic Labels <i>Bookish</i> and <i>Colloquial</i> in Phraseological Dictionaries

The article deals with discrepancies between stylistic labels of phraseological units in various dictionaries, which is considered to be one of the deep-rooted issues in lexicography. The authors compiled an electronic dataset of four phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language and then analysed the use of the stylistic labels knizhnoje (bookish) and razgovornoje (colloquial) in them. The results demonstrate considerable discrepancies between the dictionaries both in the set of stylistic labels and in the density of stylistic information. In addition, the relevance of stylistic labels, in particular that of razgovornoje (colloquial), varies considerably. The authors then statistically explored the connection between the stylistic labels knizhnoje (bookish) or razgovornoje (colloquial) and other stylistic characteristics using the chi-square test. Only a few pairs of stylistic labels have been found to possess a statistically significant connection, among them knizhnoje (bookish) and vysokoje (elevated), ustarevshee (archaic) and knizhnoje (bookish) as well as the combination of razgovornoje (colloquial) and emotive and expressive labels. The main differences in the stylistic labeling of one phraseological unit in different dictionaries have been found to include the discrepancy between the labels razgovornoje (colloquial) and prostorechnoje (vernacular) as well as assigning the label knizhnoje (bookish) in one dictionary and the label razgovornoje (colloquial) or prostorechnoje (vernacular) in the other. In the final part of the article, the authors apply a corpus-oriented approach to verify the stylistic labels knizhnoje (bookish) or razgovornoje (colloquial) by comparing the frequency of the corresponding phraseological units in corpora of fiction and colloquial speech respectively. According to the results, less than a half of the analysed phraseological units correspond to the stylistic label assigned to them in the dictionary. The debatable cases in terms of being knizhnoje (bookish) or razgovornoje (colloquial) were then analysed and found to predominantly occur in the corpus of fiction. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that the corpus-oriented approach can be used for assigning and verifying stylistic labels as long as the technical limitations and the heterogeneity of the units in phraseological dictionaries are taken into account.