Colloidal Material Research Articles

Development of STEM-Based E-Modules on Colloid Material to Train Scientific Literacy Skills

The causes of low literacy in Indonesia are influenced by several factors including teaching materials that are not under the development of students, teacher-centered learning, and low levels of reading ability. This research was conducted to determine the differences in teaching materials used in schools and STEM-based e-modules that were developed and to see the level of feasibility and practicality of STEM-based e-modules. This research used to research and development (R&D) methods by adopting the borg and gall model consisting of over seven stages namely, research and data collection, planning, development, product validation, product revision, field trial, and final product. based on the results of STEM-based e-module validation on colloidal material, the percentage of media and material experts was 89.6% and 90.6%. The practicality of the teacher obtained a percentage of 89%. Based on the validation results of media experts, material experts, and teacher practicality, it was found that STEM-based e-modules were declared feasible and practical to use in the learning process. Based on the results of an analysis of differences in teaching materials in schools and the developed e-modules, it was stated that they were different both in terms of the format and the learning model used.

Double‐Interlinked Colloidal Gels for Programable Fabrication of Supraparticle Architectures

AbstractEngineering colloidal gel inks with suitable features for fabricating robust supraparticle architectures through 3D printing may overcome the challenges of precisely controlling nanoparticles spatial distribution across multiple scales. Herein, oppositely charged proteinaceous‐polymeric nanoparticles are combined to generate multi‐component colloidal gel (COGEL) inks for fabricating supraparticle volumetric architectures. Leveraging on different nano‐functional units, double‐interlinked supraparticle assemblies are established via electrostatic interactions and on‐demand covalent photocrosslinking. The COGEL inks are readily processable through in‐air extrusion 3D printing, forming stable colloidal filaments. 3D printing yielded architecturally defined and robust supraparticle constructs that supported human stem cells attachment and cytoskeletal spreading. Owing to double interparticle interlinks the fabricated supraparticle constructs remained stable under physiological conditions and high/low shear stress, improving over the lower mechanical stability of single‐interlinked platforms. Double‐interlinked COGELs are processable via suspension 3D printing, unlocking the freeform volumetric writing of nanoparticle inks in protein‐based hydrogels volume. The dual‐interlinked COGEL technology opens new possibilities for generating user‐defined supraparticle architectures with precise volumetric distribution of nanoparticles, both in‐air and in‐hydrogel platforms. The freedom to select modular multi‐particle combinations, as well as the rapid 3D programming of COGEL inks, broadens the range of modular colloidal materials that can be fabricated for a variety of biomedical applications.

Modeling the rheological properties of plant‐based foods: Soft matter physics principles

AbstractThere is growing interest in the design and fabrication of next‐generation plant‐based (NG‐PB) foods that have physicochemical and functional properties that simulate those of traditional animal‐based foods, like meat, seafood, egg, and dairy products. Many of these products are colloidal materials containing particles or polymers, which means that their properties can be understood using soft matter physics concepts. The rheological properties of NG‐PB foods may vary widely, including low‐viscosity fluids (like milk), high‐viscosity fluids (creams), soft solids (like yogurt), and hard solids (like some cheeses). For manufacturers of NG‐PB foods to mimic this broad range of products it is important to have theoretical models to identify, predict, and control the key parameters impacting their textural attributes. In this article, the theoretical models developed to describe the properties of fluid, semi‐solid, and solid colloidal dispersions are summarized, and their potential for improving the design and fabrication of NG‐PB foods is highlighted. In the future, it will be important to establish the most appropriate models for different categories of NG‐PB foods and to determine their range of applications.

Protein-Stabilized Emulsion Gels with Improved Emulsifying and Gelling Properties for the Delivery of Bioactive Ingredients: A Review.

In today's food industry, the potential of bioactive compounds in preventing many chronic diseases has garnered significant attention. Many delivery systems have been developed to encapsulate these unstable bioactive compounds. Emulsion gels, as colloidal soft-solid materials, with their unique three-dimensional network structure and strong mechanical properties, are believed to provide excellent protection for bioactive substances. In the context of constructing carriers for bioactive materials, proteins are frequently employed as emulsifiers or gelling agents in emulsions or protein gels. However, in emulsion gels, when protein is used as an emulsifier to stabilize the oil/water interface, the gelling properties of proteins can also have a great influence on the functionality of the emulsion gels. Therefore, this paper aims to focus on the role of proteins' emulsifying and gelling properties in emulsion gels, providing a comprehensive review of the formation and modification of protein-based emulsion gels to build high-quality emulsion gel systems, thereby improving the stability and bioavailability of embedded bioactive substances.

A Study of the Gelatin Low-Temperature Deposition Manufacturing Forming Process Based on Fluid Numerical Simulation.

Low-temperature deposition manufacturing has attracted much attention as a novel printing method, bringing new opportunities and directions for the development of biological 3D printing and complex-shaped food printing. In this article, we investigated the rheological and printing properties of gelatin solution and conducted numerical simulation and experimental research on the low-temperature extrusion process of gelatin solution. The velocity, local shear rate, viscosity, and pressure distribution of the material in the extrusion process were calculated using Comsol software. The effects of the initial temperature, inlet velocity, and print head diameter of the material on the flow field distribution and printing quality were explored. The results show that: (1) the fluidity and mechanical properties of gelatin solution vary with its concentration; (2) the initial temperature of material, inlet velocity, and print head diameter all have varying degrees of influence on the distribution of the flow field; (3) the concentration change of the material mainly affects the pressure distribution in the flow channel; (4) the greater the inlet velocity, the greater the velocity and shear rate in the flow field and the higher the temperature of the material in the outlet section; and (5) the higher the initial temperature of the gel, the lower the viscosity in the flow field. This article is of great reference value for the low-temperature 3D printing of colloidal materials that are difficult to form at room temperature.

Role of colloids in the transfer and dispersion of trace elements into river waters through a former mining district

Characterizing the different chemical forms of trace elements in surface inland waters of mining regions is very important to understand the mechanisms underlying metal(loid) transport, their accumulation and toxicity, especially when waste storage areas are closely linked to the hydrographic network. This study focuses on the oldmining district of Salsigne in the Orbiel Valley (France), which was at one time the largest gold mine in Europe and the world’s largest arsenic mine. Our objective was to better understand the factors governing the transport of As and to investigate the role of colloidal matter as vector of major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg) and trace (As, Pb, REE) elements in waters.A field sampling campaign was carried out during high water season to collect samples from the Orbiel River and its tributaries. In situ (ultra)filtrations at different cut-off thresholds (0.22 μm, 0.025 μm, 100 kDa and 3 kDa) were performed and physicochemical parameters (conductivity, pH, alkalinity, Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC, anions, major cations, and metal(loid)s concentrations) of river water were assessed in all fractions.Results showed decreasing concentrations of DOC, Fe, Al and REE in the conventionally dissolved fraction (< 0.22 μm) from upstream to downstream. Arsenic concentration increased from upstream to downstream, especially at the exit of the old mining zone, and was mainly present in the truly dissolved fraction. However, arsenic in the colloid fraction was about 40% upstream and showed a clear decrease when going downstream. Upstream, Fe and Al were mostly present in the colloidal fraction (around 90%, but decreased to 30% downstream for Al). REE patterns suggested that colloidal organic matter played a significant role in metal transport. This was also inferred from the greater enrichment in middle REE as compared to light and heavy REE; this difference in enrichment progressively disappeared with decreasing cut-off filter size. The concentration variations along the length of the river were found to be a combined effect of the changes in lithology and input of contaminants from storage areas or alluvial table.

Abundance of colloidal organic phosphorus in the Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait is a coastal sea with dynamic hydrologic condition and dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling. To better understand its phosphorus (P) transformation, phosphate and bulk dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) concentrations were determined in the surface water of the Taiwan Strait during 2010 and 2011 summers. The bulk DOP was further fractionated into the low molecular weight (LMW) DOP and colloidal organic phosphorus (COP) with the application of the cross-flow ultrafiltration technique at a size cut-off of 10 kDa. The surface water in the Taiwan Strait generally showed higher bulk DOP concentration than phosphate excluding estuarine stations. This is similar to the surface waters in the subtropical gyres, implying a P-deficient condition in the Taiwan Strait. The LMW-DOP followed a constant permeation behavior in the ultrafiltration experiments, allowing the quantification of LMW-DOP and COP concentrations with the ultrafiltration permeation model. The average COP concentration was 0.044 ± 0.022 μmol/L and 0.042 ± 0.027 μmol/L during 2010 and 2011 summers, respectively. Accordingly, COP accounted for 35 ± 13% and 34 ± 16% of bulk DOP during 2010 and 2011 summers, respectively, suggesting a substantial occurrence of organic phosphorus in the colloidal fraction. The C/P ratio decreased from LMW-DOM to bulk DOM and to colloidal organic matter (COM), supporting the degradation pathway of bulk DOM from colloidal to LMW fractions and the lability of COP in the Taiwan Strait. The fractionation of C/P ratio between bulk DOM and COM in the Taiwan Strait, denoted by the fractionation factor (FC/D), was comparable to the open oceans, but significantly stronger than rivers and estuaries. It might indicate an autochthonous input and rapid turnover of bulk DOP pool in the Taiwan Strait in the context of low phosphate concentration. The FC/D also showed a spatial variability in the Taiwan Strait, high in the South China Sea Warm Current and upwelling occupied stations and low in inshore areas influenced by terrestrial input. This further supports the FC/D as an indicator of bulk DOM sources besides its application to decipher the diagenetic status of bulk DOM and biogeochemical cycles of bulk DOP in the coastal oceans.

Pedogenic bayerite in andic material of Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos archipelago

The lower part of a shallow profile on volcanic ash from Isla Santa Cruz of the Galápagos archipelago was found to contain abundant bayerite, a relatively rare Al(OH)3 polymorph, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The bayerite-bearing interval consists of orange-brown colloidal material with high Al and Fe content, and it contains bayerite in the form of pervasive thin coatings along the sides of pores, including planar voids and narrow channels. Associated gibbsite seems to occur as part of the coatings. Bayerite is interpreted to have formed by rapid crystallisation from solutions derived from the Al-rich groundmass. Gibbsite is regarded as the product of an ongoing process of bayerite transformation.

DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT WORKSHEETS BASED ON PEER LED TEAM LEARNING MODEL ON COLLOIDAL MATERIAL

To further improve achievement of the given learning objectives, chemistry learning requires instructional materials that encourage active engagement of students. The goal of this research was to create student worksheets based on Peer Led Team Learning (PLTL) on colloid material, to establish the validity of student worksheets based on PLTL on colloid material, and assess teacher and student responses to worksheets. PLTL based students on colloid material that has been developed. This research approach is known as research and development (R&amp;D), and it is carried out utilizing the 4D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). Purposive sampling was used for the sample technique. The study was carried out at four schools: MAN 3, SMAN 5, SMAN 12, and SMAN 15 Adidarma Banda Aceh. Validating the practicality of student worksheets and questionnaire responses from teachers and students were used to obtain data. This study obtained the following results: (1) validation of the feasibility of student worksheets by expert validators of 92.3% and based on the chemistry teacher's assessment of 86.5% in the very good or valid category; (2) results of the teacher's responses to the students' worksheets obtained a percentage of 88.1% in the very good category; and (3) results of the students'responses to the students' worksheets obtained a percentage of 79.9% in the good category. Based on the findings, it is possible to infer that the student worksheet based on PLTL on colloid material is appropriate for use as teaching material on colloid material.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT CHAMBER DRYER WITH THICK ALLOY HEATING ELEMENTS

Drying is one of the main technological processes of plant raw materials processing in the production of dry food products and powders from them. Convective drying is the most widespread method of drying vegetable raw materials, which is accompanied by high energy costs for the process. Increasing the energy efficiency of drying colloidal capillary-porous materials in a 2-zone chamber dryer occurs due to the use of coolant recirculation between drying zones and the installation of thick-film heating electric elements. The proposed design of the thick-film heating element and its technical characteristics are presented. Studies of the drying kinetics of colloidal capillary-porous plant materials were carried out on the created energy-efficient 2-zone chamber dryer with installed thick-film heating elements. Reducing energy costs for the drying process is possible through the design and manufacture of a 2-zone chamber dryer with the installation of 2 sections of thick-film heating elements (21 pieces in each). Installing this heater in a chamber dryer allows you to save electricity consumption by up to 30 %. The study of the kinetics and energy efficiency of the drying process in a chamber dryer is carried out on colloidal capillary-porous materials, in particular potatoes and pumpkins. The intensity of drying is limited by the quality characteristics of the material, so drying is carried out at low temperatures. Material quality control is assessed by recoverability and organoleptic indicators after drying. The results of experimental studies in a chamber drying unit showed that energy costs for the drying process increase significantly at the end of the process when the intensity of moisture evaporation decreases. The energy consumption of heat per kilogram of evaporated moisture and the efficiency of the installation were analyzed in order to determine the optimal drying time. Energy consumption per kilogram of evaporated moisture in the created chamber dryer corresponds to the effective indicators of this type of convective dryers. Bibl. 20, Fig. 8.

Design Rules for Obtaining Narrow Luminescence from Semiconductors Made in Solution.

Solution-processed semiconductors are in demand for present and next-generation optoelectronic technologies ranging from displays to quantum light sources because of their scalability and ease of integration into devices with diverse form factors. One of the central requirements for semiconductors used in these applications is a narrow photoluminescence (PL) line width. Narrow emission line widths are needed to ensure both color and single-photon purity, raising the question of what design rules are needed to obtain narrow emission from semiconductors made in solution. In this review, we first examine the requirements for colloidal emitters for a variety of applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers, and quantum information science. Next, we will delve into the sources of spectral broadening, including "homogeneous" broadening from dynamical broadening mechanisms in single-particle spectra, heterogeneous broadening from static structural differences in ensemble spectra, and spectral diffusion. Then, we compare the current state of the art in terms of emission line width for a variety of colloidal materials including II-VI quantum dots (QDs) and nanoplatelets, III-V QDs, alloyed QDs, metal-halide perovskites including nanocrystals and 2D structures, doped nanocrystals, and, finally, as a point of comparison, organic molecules. We end with some conclusions and connections, including an outline of promising paths forward.

INFLUENCE OF COMBINED DRYING OF COLLOID CAPILLARY-POROUS MATERIALS ON ENERGY EXPENDITURES

One of the berry crops that has recently gained popularity among consumers is blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The berry is a powerful antioxidant, and besides, it contains fructose in its composition, which automatically refers it to the products of the diabetic diet. Therefore, blueberries become an interesting colloidal capillary-porous drying object. Wax on the skin of berries performs a protective function in the process of ripening, harvesting and transportation, but is a negative factor for the implementation of technological processing by artificial dehydration. The latter causes significant energy costs for the processing process. Therefore, the aim of the work is to determine the effect of combined drying of blueberry on energy consumption.&#x0D; Experimental studies of the drying kinetics of blueberry were carried out on an experimental convective stand with forced recirculation of the coolant and infrared emitters, which was developed in ІEТ of NAS of Ukraine. The effect of pre-developed hygrothermal and infrared treatment of fresh blueberries on the kinetics and change in the drying speed of berries was investigated. The use of infrared radiation made it possible to reduce the total duration of the dehydration process by 1.2 times.&#x0D; The heat of evaporation of moisture from the samples and their heat capacity were investigated using the method created in ІEТ of NAS of Ukraine installations of synchronous thermal analysis DMKI-01, which is intended for the study of colloidal capillary-porous materials. Determination of specific heat capacity was carried out according to the standardized method of step-by-step scanning DSTU ISO 11357–4:2010 in the temperature range from 30 to 95℃.&#x0D; Experimental determination of heat capacity and heat of evaporation of moisture from pre-processed blueberry showed excess energy consumption for a possible phase transition of the waxy shell of the berry during drying and a decrease in the drying efficiency of the material at moisture values Wc ≤ 20%.

62‐2: Novel TFT short‐wave infrared sensor based on colloidal quantum dot technology

We report a new TFT short‐wave infrared (SWIR) sensor based on colloidal quantum dot (CQD) technology. As the name suggests, its function is to detect and image the short‐wave infrared band. This is an industry‐leading TFT colloidal quantum dot SWIR sensor. The active layer is made of colloidal quantum dot material, and the detection band is 0.9~2.5um. The colloidal quantum dots are interconnected with the TFT reading circuit through spin coating, spraying, screen printing or scraping. The new TFT short‐wave infrared sensor of colloidal quantum dots gets rid of the limitation of the indium column flip‐chip bonding process of the traditional indium gallium arsenide CMOS short‐wave infrared focal plane sensor, and the preparation process is simple, the yield is higher, and the cost is low. A new TFT short‐wave infrared sensor based on colloidal quantum dots realizes a short‐wave infrared focal plane array and successfully captures short‐wave infrared images.

Systematic literature electrocoagulation for wastewater treatment: Mini-review

Electrocoagulation is a method that can be used to remove pollutants and nutrients from liquid waste. This method has been found for a long time but has exclusively recently been developed for wastewater treatment after a lengthy process. Electrocoagulation can remove colloidal materials, i.e., suspended solids, metals, and other dissolved solids in wastewater. Several studies have shown that electrocoagulation has been successfully operated in various industrial wastewaters, i.e., bakery, chocolate, cork boiling, olive, biodiesel, Etc. This review uses the systematic review scale mini-review method. Literature was collected from various databases using Harzing's Publish or Perris Software and analyzed by Mendeley Software. The results indicate that the electrocoagulation method has received excellent attention for development, i.e., the effectiveness and energy that must be consumed, and that research is evolving to show the best performance of electrocoagulation.

Colloids facilitate cadmium and uranium transport in an undisturbed soil: A comparison of soil solution isolation methods

Accurate data of cadmium (Cd) and uranium (U) leaching are needed in the context of identifying their mass balances in agricultural soils. There is some controversy related to sampling methods and the contribution of colloid facilitated transport. Here, leaching was measured in undisturbed unsaturated soils and the impact of colloids was measured with due attention to solution sampling protocols. Soils were sampled in an arable, pH neutral silty loam soil. The columns (n = 8) were irrigated and PTFE suction plates (1 μm pores) at the bottom ensured unsaturated flow. New here is that both percolates and associated suction plates were collected, the elements in the plates were recovered with acid digestion and used as a lower estimate of colloidal forms. The fraction of elements collected in the plates were 33 % (Cd) and 80 % (U) of the total mobility (=percolates + plates), illustrating colloidal transport. Composition of pore water extracted by soil centrifugation varied largely between initial and final samples and showed that colloids increased as a result of reduced solution calcium after leaching two pore volumes with low calcium water. Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FIFFF) of the pore water and percolates revealed co-elution of U with colloidal organic matter, oxyhydroxides and clay, illustrating colloidal transport of U by these vectors. Colloidal transport of Cd was less pronounced and was dominated by organic matter. Soil extracts with 0.01 M CaCl2 have lower colloid concentration and consequently underestimate mobile U. In contrast, Cd concentrations in 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts exceed that of percolates due to chloride complexation and higher calcium, mobilizing Cd. Soil leaching experiments better indicate potential leaching losses than a single pore water composition because the former yields the time integrated data. Suction plates and/or bottom filters need to be analysed in leaching studies to account for metal transport by colloids.

Coherent Dynamics in Solutions of Colloidal Plexcitonic Nanohybrids at Room Temperature

AbstractThe increasing ability to prepare systems with nanoscale resolution and address their optical properties with ultrashort time precision is revealing quantum phenomena with tremendous potential in quantum nanotechnologies. Colloidal plexcitonic materials promise to play a pivotal role in this scenario. Plexcitons are hybrid states originating from the mixing of the plasmon resonances of metal nanostructures with molecular excitons. They allow nanoscale confinement of electromagnetic fields and the establishment of strong couplings between light and matter, potentially giving rise to controllable and tunable coherent phenomena. However, the characterization of the ultrafast coherent and incoherent dynamics of colloidal plexciton nanohybrids remains highly unexplored. Here, two dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is employed to study the quantum coherent interactions active after the photoexcitation of these systems. By comparing the response of the nanohybrids with the one of the uncoupled systems, the nonlinear photophysical processes at the base of the coherent dynamics are identified, allowing a step forward toward the effective understanding and exploitation of these nanomaterials.

Essential L-Amino Acid-Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Liquid Crystalline Phase Formation

The colloidal 2D materials based on graphene and its modifications are of great interest when it comes to forming LC phases. These LC phases allow controlling the orientational order of colloidal particles, paving the way for the efficient processing of modified graphene with anisotropic properties. Here, we present the peculiarities of AA functionalization of GO, along with the formation of its LC phase and orientational behavior in an external magnetic field. We discuss the influence of pH on the GOLC, ultimately showing its pH-dependent behavior for GO-AA complexes. In addition, we observe different GO morphology changes due to the presence of AA functional groups, namely L-cysteine dimerization on the GO platform. The pH dependency of AA-functionalized LC phase of GO is examined for the first time. We believe that our studies will open new possibilities for applications in bionanotechnologies due to self‐assembling properties of LCs and magnificent properties of GO.

Depletion-driven antiferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic behavior in quasi-two-dimensional buckled colloidal solids.

We investigate quasi-two-dimensional buckled colloidal monolayers on a triangular lattice with tunable depletion interactions. Without depletion attraction, the experimental system provides a colloidal analog of the well-known geometrically frustrated Ising antiferromagnet [Y. Han et al., Nature 456, 898-903 (2008)]. In this contribution, we show that the added depletion attraction can influence both the magnitude and signof an Ising spin coupling constant. As a result, the nearest-neighbor Ising "spin" interactions can be made to vary from antiferromagnetic to para- and ferromagnetic. Using a simple theory, we compute an effective Ising nearest-neighbor coupling constant, and we show how competition between entropic effects permits for the modification of the coupling constant. We then experimentally demonstrate depletion-induced modification of the coupling constant, including its sign, and other behaviors. Depletion interactions are induced by rod-like surfactant micelles that change length with temperature and thus offer means for tuning the depletion attraction insitu. Buckled colloidal suspensions exhibit a crossover from an Ising antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase as a function of increasing depletion attraction. Additional dynamical experiments reveal structural arrest in various regimes of the coupling-constant, driven by different mechanisms. In total, this work introduces novel colloidal matter with "magnetic" features and complex dynamics rarely observed in traditional spin systems.

Parathyroid cyst-An unusual presentation

Parathyroid cyst is one of the least common causes of neck and mediastinal mass and often mistaken be thyroid cyst. Despite advancement in radiological and cytological investigations diagnosing a parathyroid cyst had always been a clinical challenge and mistaken for thyroid pathology and it is only diagnosed during histopathological examination post-surgical resection. The pathogenesis of parathyroid cyst includes the embryological remnant of the 3 or 4 branchial arch with accumulation of colloid material within it. These are classified into functioning and non -functioning depending on whether they are secreting parathyroid hormone and resulting in hypercalcemia. Surgery is indicated in all functioning Parathyroid cysts to alleviate the symptoms of hypercalcemia, larger Parathyroid cysts, and recommended in Parathyroid cysts that recur following more conservative approaches.

Virus infection of phytoplankton increases average molar mass and reduces hygroscopicity of aerosolized organic matter

Viral infection of phytoplankton is a pervasive mechanism of cell death and bloom termination, which leads to the production of dissolved and colloidal organic matter that can be aerosolized into the atmosphere. Earth-observing satellites can track the growth and death of phytoplankton blooms on weekly time scales but the impact of viral infection on the cloud forming potential of associated aerosols is largely unknown. Here, we determine the influence of viral-derived organic matter, purified viruses, and marine hydrogels on the cloud condensation nuclei activity of their aerosolized solutions, compared to organic exudates from healthy phytoplankton. Dissolved organic material derived from exponentially growing and infected cells of well-characterized eukaryotic phytoplankton host-virus systems, including viruses from diatoms, coccolithophores and chlorophytes, was concentrated, desalted, and nebulized to form aerosol particles composed of primarily of organic matter. Aerosols from infected phytoplankton cultures resulted in an increase in critical activation diameter and average molar mass in three out of five combinations evaluated, along with a decrease in organic kappa (hygroscopicity) compared to healthy cultures and seawater controls. The infected samples also displayed evidence of increased surface tension depression at realistic cloud water vapor supersaturations. Amending the samples with xanthan gum to simulate marine hydrogels increased variability in organic kappa and surface tension in aerosols with high organic to salt ratios. Our findings suggest that the pulses of increased dissolved organic matter associated with viral infection in surface waters may increase the molar mass of dissolved organic compounds relative to surface waters occupied by healthy phytoplankton or low phytoplankton biomass.