Collision Point Research Articles

The breakdown of magneto-hydrodynamics near AdS2 fixed point and energy diffusion bound

We investigate the breakdown of magneto-hydrodynamics at low temperature (T) with black holes whose extremal geometry is AdS2×R2. The breakdown is identified by the equilibration scales (ωeq, keq) defined as the collision point between the diffusive hydrodynamic mode and the longest-lived non-hydrodynamic mode. We show (ωeq, keq) at low T is determined by the diffusion constant D and the scaling dimension ∆(0) of an infra-red operator: ωeq = 2πT∆(0), {k}_{mathrm{eq}}^2 = ωeq/D, where ∆(0) = 1 in the presence of magnetic fields. For the purpose of comparison, we have analytically shown ∆(0) = 2 for the axion model independent of the translational symmetry breaking pattern (explicit or spontaneous), which is complementary to previous numerical results. Our results support the conjectured universal upper bound of the energy diffusion Dle {omega}_{mathrm{eq}}/{k}_{mathrm{eq}}^2:= {v}_{mathrm{eq}}^2{tau}_{mathrm{eq}} where veq := ωeq/keq and τeq := {omega}_{mathrm{eq}}^{-1} are the velocity and the timescale associated to equilibration, implying that the breakdown of hydrodynamics sets the upper bound of the diffusion constant D at low T.

Producing and detecting long-lived particles at different experiments at the LHC

We propose a new strategy to look for long-lived particles (LLP) at the LHC. The LLPs are produced at one experiment, but its decay products are detected by a detector at another experiment. We use a confining Hidden Valley scenario as a benchmark. Through showering and hadronization, the multiplicity of hidden mesons can be large, and their decay products, dimuon as chosen in this study, are typically too soft to pass triggers in traditional LHC searches. We find the best acceptance is achieved if we produce LLPs at collision points at the LHCb and ALICE experiments, and use the muon chamber of ATLAS for detection. This new search is cost-efficient since it does not require a new detector to be built. Meanwhile, it can provide coverage of interesting parameter space, which is complementary to other proposed LLP searches.

The Influence of Fixed and Moving NPC on Pedestrians’ Avoidance Behaviors: VR-Based Experiments

Pedestrians have to take actions when crossing other pedestrians to avoid collisions. In this work, we focus on the differences of avoidance behaviors when a pedestrian crosses a moving and fixed intruder (NPC) in the virtual environment. The avoidance process is divided into three stages using the start avoidance point and maximum lateral deviation point. In moving NPC experiments, the distance from start avoidance point to the potential collision point (CP) first decreases and then increases as the intrusion angle increases. In standing NPC experiments, pedestrians start avoidance closer to the CP (average distance: 3.73m). In moving NPC experiments, the average maximum lateral offset distance (MLD) for the pedestrians to detour decreases with the intrusion angles decreases (Behind MLD ∈[1.09 m, 1.94 m], Front MLD ∈[1.13 m, 1.56 m]). In standing NPC experiments, the average MLD is 1.01m (left: 1.04m, right: 0.98m), which is the closest to the MLD of pedestrians at 180° intrusion angles. What’s more, at 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° intrusion angles, pedestrians avoiding behind the NPC require higher MLD than others avoiding in front of the NPC. Thus, more subjects prefer to avoid in front of the NPC under these conditions (88%, 86%, 78%, 69% of all). But the preference weakens and disappears at 150° and 180° intrusion angles due to the decrease of MLD. In standing NPC experiments, significant left-right preference is not found in pedestrians’ avoidance strategies (right: 46%, left: 54%). This article quantitatively analyses the difference between the influence of fixed and movement NPC on pedestrians’ avoidance strategies. The mechanism of pedestrian’s avoidance behavior is obtained by analyzing characteristic parameters, which is helpful to adjust pedestrian avoidance prediction models and design humanoid robots.

Planck Speed: the Missing Speed of Physics? Absolute Still Without Breaking Lorentz Symmetry!


 
 
 Today, the speed of light is one of the cornerstones of modern physics. It is the maximum speed limit for transferring information, and plays a very central role in relativity theory. It also seems to be the same as the assumed and measured speed of gravity (gravitons and/or gravitational waves). We are not questioning the speed of light, as we indeed think it is the maximum speed limit and that it is identical to the speed ofgravity, but we also think photons lead us to a second speed limit, which we will term the Planck speed. Photon-photon collisions are part of modern physics, but what is not discussed is the speed of two photons during the very moment of a photon-photon collision. How can photons move during a collision? Or, assumea photon is reflected by a mirror; to do so it must collide with the building blocks of the mirror, yet how can it be moving during the very collision point? Also, modern physics assumes mass can be created in a photon-photon collision. We suggest this mass is the Planck mass particle and that it only lasts one Planck time, so when two photons collide, we will claim they must stand still for the direct observer. That is, we suggest thatthe speed of the Planck mass particle is always zero, but that this zero-velocity can only last for one Planck time. That it only lasts one Planck time means it will not break with the relativity principle or Lorenz symmetry, or at least what we can call weak Lorentz symmetry. We will show that the missing Plank mass particle is the very collision point between two photons, and that this is fully in line with predictions in other researchers’ findings in relation to the possible photon mass. This new view seems to solve the missing mass-gap, and seems able to unify gravity with quantum mechanics. This again seems to unify photons with mass, because one of the long-outstanding questions in physics is whether photons have mass or not. In addition, we showhow to find, in a very simple way directly from gravitational observations, lp/tp= cg = c, which is the upper speed limit (the speed of light and gravity) independent of any knowledge of G or ~ or c.
 
 

STREAM ENCRYPTION METHOD BASED ON THE CHAOTIC BROWNIAN MOTION MODEL OF MOLECULES

In terms of cryptanalysis resistance, chaos-based encryption methods, along with other methods, have recently become popular. As an XOR cipher, pseudo-random numbers generated by chaotic processes are typically used in such methods. In this study, the collision points in the process based on the chaotic movement of molecules with collisions are used to calculate pseudo-random numbers. In the process of encryption and decryption of information with XOR cipher, pseudo-random numbers are calculated according to the same rule. The use of XOR cipher generated on the basis of complex movement trajectories of molecules in cryptographic conversion processes significantly increases the duration of the suggested method to perform cryptanalysis.

Of Bawns and Bros: Beowulf Translations and a Modernist Medievalism

Of Bawns and Bros:Beowulf Translations and a Modernist Medievalism Mikaela Renshaw On the surface, the Old English Beowulf seems neither modern nor modernist, given that Beowulf is one of the oldest works in the English language. Yet, the connection is far less paradoxical than it seems, not only because of the fascination that high modernists, such as Ezra Pound, had for the medieval era engaging with it frequently through their own translations, but also because medievalism is itself modernist.1 Medievalism is born out of the desire to remake or recreate the medieval, both in how it truly was, as well as how we like to imagine it.2 However, due to the impossibility of true recovery, medievalism is not centered solely in the past, but is instead created by the collision and combination of the medieval and the modern, the exact sort of amalgamation that stands at the heart of the modernist genre. As such, engaging with a medieval texts and its translations through a kind of modernist medievalism helps us to understand how the text also lies on this collision point, existing across multiple modernities as its own kind of amalgamation. To expand on that, I will be examining the translations of Seamus Heaney and Maria Dahvana Headley to consider and define modernist medievalism.3 While both works exemplify the translation of a medieval work into a modernist piece, they do so in rather different ways. Heaney translates Beowulf through a focused form of spatial modernity, in which his use of regionalisms and dialect allows him to ground the work in his native land of Northern Ireland. Whereas, Headley works within a more strictly temporal modernity with her use of diffuse contemporary dialect that calls upon not only poetic turns of phrase but slang terms as well. Finally, I will use these works to construct a kind of Beowulfian palimpsest, in order to examine how Beowulf is not just Beowulf, the original text, standing alone a singular static object anchored in the past. Beowulf, as an object of study, is also a [End Page 21] multiplicitous living text that evolves across the centuries, with its translations being a vital component of that evolution. Beowulfian Modernisms The exact definition of modernism is a question that has become increasingly problematized as academics seek to expand the canon outside of the mostly white male authors that make up high modernism. This expansion has pushed the definition of modernism not only across racial, gendered, and spatial boundaries but temporal ones as well, which brings us to the question of what, if anything, ties together modernism as a genre.4 Especially since working within this weaker/more nebulous theory of modernism means that we step away from strict periodization and thus we do not have to think of modernity as a singular object.5 Therefore, identifying what makes a "modernity" is no longer a matter of looking back retroactively and deciding upon a singular time period; and as Susan Friedman says, "modernity need no longer reside solely in a specific set of institutional, ideological, or aesthetic characteristics emergent in the post-Renaissance West . . . Instead a particularized modernity located in space and time could potentially emerge wherever and whenever the winds of radical disruption blew, the conditions of rapid change flared up, or the reflexive consciousness of newness spread."6 So, it becomes clear that modernity is not locked in a binary with the past, but instead shares a cyclical and symbiotic nature with it: modernity should only be understood in relation to the past it is reacting against and disrupting. Furthermore, as time and change settle, each modernity then becomes the past that shapes the next modernity, meaning that modernity does not imply the existence of an "archaic and stable past," as Bruno Latour puts it, but actually gestures towards the continuous movement and disruption within it.7 This understanding of multiple modernities helps us remember that our conception of modernism is not limited to a single century or even just the past few centuries. As explained by David Damrosch, in "literary studies of modernism and modernity, anywhere we find written texts we have a key precondition for the development of a...

Proposal of Jet Control Method by Elucidating Inclined Impact Jet Characteristics on Local Air Conditioning System

We have been developing a local air conditioning system which supplies airflow locally to users. This system directs a composite jet to users, created by colliding jets from nozzles on either side of a wall. However, Coanda effect near the nozzle caused instability at the collision point of the two jets, resulting in the composite jet not being delivered to the user. This research aims to control passively the suppression of Coanda effect by changing the wall shapes near the nozzle to convex type or concave type. The effects of convex thickness and concave groove width on the suppression of Coanda effect were examined by numerical simulation and flow visualization. As a result, Coanda effect becomes larger as the jet velocity slows down, and as a result, the two jet collision points oscillate greatly to the left and right. Moreover, Coanda effect can be suppressed if the thickness and groove width were larger, and consequently the composite jet was centered. On the other hand, the jet was influenced by the wall in the smaller sizes, and the composite jet was shifted to the left and right.

The digital “militant democracy”: An analysis of platform regulation in Germany and at EU level

Germany introduced with the Network Enforcement Act in 2017 and the Interstate Media Treaty in 2021 a novel approach to platform regulation which goes further than in many other jurisdictions that have few or no or comparable measures in place. The new provisions could be seen as either ambitious or as going too far in meddling with the workings of private online actors. This paper examines the relevant measures in light of the notion of a “militant democracy”. Germany has been classified as a militant, democratic state given how its constitution and regulatory frameworks respond to anti-democratic threats. A link can be made between the objective of militant democracy and the German approach to hate speech. The foundation for both is the protection of human dignity, which constitutes an absolute value under the German constitutional law and may not be balanced with other fundamental rights. Examining the Network Enforcement Act and the Interstate Media Treaty, this paper finds that the classification of Germany as a militant democracy holds true in an online context. These measures are direct responses to novel threats to a fruitful public discourse, to the human dignity of individuals and ultimately to the democratic system at large. In its response to these threats, the German legislator adopts a divided approach towards online platforms, regarding the latter both as a potential ‘breeding ground’ for online hate, as well as potential allies when it comes to actions against infringements by individuals. This paper will discuss the nuances and challenges of the German approach and draw a comparison with the relevant provisions of current and future EU law, such as the E-Commerce Directive and the Digital Services Act. Despite sharing many of the same objectives, points of (potential) collision between the German and EU approaches are identified. Ultimately, both legislators have identified the need to act against online hate and online threats to a democracy, including a need to provide a stricter framework for platforms. The legislative measures discussed in this paper are some of the first instruments which pursue these goals in the field of platform regulation and oftentimes precision is still lacking in the formulation of relevant provisions.

Romanian-Hungarian Cross Border Cooperation and the Impact on Transnational Institution Building and EU Fund Absorption

The border region is the collision point of cultures, religions, languages, administrations, legislations and economic influences. All these factors have substantial contribution to the development of the phenomenon called cross-border cooperation. The issue of cross-border cooperation in general goes beyond geographical, economic and legal approaches. If we intend to treat the phenomenon from a specific point of view, we will find ambiguities and uncertainties regarding the role and functioning of some institutions in the process of cross-border cooperation and partnerships. In the process of EU-integration the Hungarian-Romanian state border is becoming even more permeable. The growing permeability of the European borders contributes to the unification of the economic potentials of the neighbouring areas supplying benefits on regional and local level. The efficiency of cross-border cooperation depends on the coordination of all actors involved in this process, but also on the cooperation implemented at all levels, doubled by the existence of an adequate legal framework. The study aims to realize an inventory of the cooperation activities with had an impact on transnational institution building amongst the local governance apparatus in Bihor County in the process of cross-border cooperation in the development period 2014-2020.

Interfacial investigation of explosion-welded Al/steel plate: The microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses

This paper presents a systematic investigation of microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress distribution of explosion-welded Al/steel plates. It was found that vortexes resulted from the trapped jetting were surrounded by highly deformed bulk materials and Fe–Al intermetallics. The microstructure-mechanical property relationship in individual phases was established using nanoindentation tests, e.g. FeAl + FeAl2 and FeAl3 having the hardness of 16.2 GPa and 11.4 GPa, respectively. The Al/steel interface showed higher microhardness values (200–300 HV0.1). The internal stresses were evaluated by a contour method, and the tensile stresses concentrated at the Al/steel interface, reaching to 170 MPa and 160 MPa in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. Smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) methods was used to simulate the formation of wave boundary, vortex zone, as well as the jet moving ahead of the collision point during the high-velocity oblique process. A good agreement was observed between the simulation and experiment, especially the formation of intermetallic compounds at interfacial regions and the evolution of residual stress.

Avoidance behaviors of pedestrians in a virtual-reality-based experiment

Pedestrians have to take actions to avoid collisions when passing by other pedestrians or obstacles. In this work, we focus on the avoidance behavior when a pedestrian passes by a non-perception intruder in a virtual environment. The process is divided into three stages and we focus on the transitions among these stages by analyzing the starting avoidance point, the maximum lateral deviation point, and the preference of avoiding side. It is found that most of pedestrians start avoiding within 3∼5 m away from the potential collision point (CP). Furtherly, the fitting formulas of the reverse cumulative probability for the avoidance are given. The average of the maximum lateral offset distance (MLD) for the detouring decreases with the increasing intrusion angles. Under 30°, 60° and 90° intrusion angles, more pedestrians detour in front of the Non-player character (NPC) since it requires shorter MLD than from the back. Under the 180° intrusion angle, the number of the pedestrians with both kinds of detouring is nearly the same. The findings are compared with that from the experiment in a real environment. The mechanism of pedestrian avoidance behaviors obtained in this work is helpful to adjust pedestrian avoidance prediction models and design the humanoid robots.

Modeling vehicle collision instincts over road midblock using deep learning

The present research aims to understand the safety over the midblock road sections and proposes a safety framework using the conventional Time to Collision (TTC) measure. In the present work, the safety framework underlines a supporting structure connecting the actions of the surrounding vehicles and assesses the collisions changes for a given subject vehicle. The Framework principally checks the likelihood of lateral overlap and the time gap between the subject vehicle and its surrounding vehicles. Later, for the trajectory data development, an automated trajectory data development tool is built with the help of image processing for generating the trajectory data from the study sections. In supporting the developed safety framework, the lateral movement of the vehicles is modeled precisely with the help of deep learning. Further, the conceptualized safety framework is tested with the developed trajectory data sets over the study sections. From the results, it is observed that, in mixed traffic, the collision points are over the entire geometry of the study section. In the case of homogeneous traffic, the collision instincts are clustered toward the median lanes. With the advancement of technology, trajectory data development can be a real-time exercise, and the safety framework can be implemented. By applying the study methodology, the critical spots over the road network can be flagged for better treatment and improve safety over the sections.

Opposing Discourses of Terror:

The primary goal of the paper is to examine how the Turkish and Russian Governments are using the term terrorist in their diplomatic communication towards the Syrian conflict. Following the introduction, the study outlines the theoretical framework – namely the securitisation theory –, then presents a concept of terrorism, which is focusing on the instrumentalisation of the terrorist label in discursive processes. Henceforward, the paper attempts to accomplish the aforementioned goal by examining the Turkish and Russian security discourses on two interrelated issues of the Syrian war: Turkey’s Operation Peace Spring in October 2019, and the Russian–Syrian offensive codenamed Operation Dawn of Idlib between April 2019 and March 2020. Based on the detailed analysis of relevant speeches and articles given or written by high-ranking Russian and Turkish diplomats, the paper displays how the two states justified their military interventions, defined their own roles, and framed the non-governmental actors involved in the conflicts. According to the conclusion of the author, despite the numerous similarities in their discourses, Turkey and Russia define oppositely, who is, and who is not a terrorist in Syria, which constitutes a major collision point between their geostrategic perspectives.

Spatio‐temporal analysis of kangaroo–vehicle collisions in Canberra, Australia

SummaryOver the last 30 years, there has been a steady increase in the number of kangaroo–vehicle collisions in Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), especially of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Motor vehicle collisions with kangaroos are a threat to people and kangaroos, causing not only costly vehicle damage but also potentially leading to injury or loss of human life as well as animal welfare issues. Species, sex, moonlight, season and rainfall have previously been noted as potential influences on the number and frequency of kangaroo–vehicle collisions. In December 2015, a smartphone application using Collector for ESRI ArcGIS was implemented to enable ACT rangers to collect accurate information about each call‐out or carcass attendance in real time. A total of 3346 kangaroo–vehicle collision points were collected by rangers over a 15‐month period from March 2016 to June 2017. The data lend limited support to a concentration of kangaroo–vehicle collisions around the full moon, although 45% of collisions were recorded when the moon was less than 50% illuminated. Although the highest roadkill numbers were recorded in winter (June‐August), kangaroo–vehicle collisions were not directly correlated with season: there is a complex interaction with other variables. This study revealed that the relationship between the movement between patches of habitat and roads is dynamic and that further research is warranted into potential methods for reducing the number of kangaroo–vehicle collisions on Canberra roads, particularly in relation to speed limits, seasonality and kangaroo movements proximate to roads and areas of core habitat.

Geometrical Classification of Self-Similar Motion of Two-Dimensional Three Point Vortex System by Deviation Curvature on Jacobi Field

In this study, we geometrically analyze the relation between a point vortex system and deviation curvatures on the Jacobi field. First, eigenvalues of deviation curvatures are calculated from relative distances of point vortices in a three point vortex system. Afterward, based on the assumption of self-similarity, time evolutions of eigenvalues of deviation curvatures are shown. The self-similar motions of three point vortices are classified into two types, expansion and collapse, when the relative distances vary monotonously. Then, we find that the eigenvalues of self-similarity are proportional to the inverse fourth power of relative distances. The eigenvalues of the deviation curvatures monotonically convergent to zero for expansion, whereas they monotonically diverge for collapse, which indicates that the strengths of interactions between point vortices related to the time evolution of spatial geometric structure in terms of the deviation curvatures. In particular, for collapse, the collision point becomes a geometric singularity because the eigenvalues of the deviation curvature diverge. These results show that the self-similar motions of point vortices are classified by eigenvalues of the deviation curvature. Further, nonself-similar expansion is numerically analyzed. In this case, the eigenvalues of the deviation curvature are nonmonotonous but converge to zero, suggesting that the motion of the nonself-similar three point vortex system is also classified by eigenvalues of the deviation curvature.

Protoplanet collisions: Statistical properties of ejecta

ABSTRACT The last phase of the formation of rocky planets is dominated by collisions among Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Simulations of this phase need to handle the difficulty of including the post-impact material without saturating the numerical integrator. A common approach is to include the collision-generated material by clustering it into few bodies with the same mass and uniformly scattering them around the collision point. However, this approach oversimplifies the properties of the collision material by neglecting features that can play important roles in the final structure and composition of the system. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of the orbital architecture, mass, and size distributions of the material generated through embryo–embryo collisions and show how they can be used to develop a model that can be directly incorporated into the numerical integrations. For instance, results of our analysis indicate that the masses of the fragments follow an exponential distribution with an exponent of −2.21 ± 0.17 over the range of 10−7 to 2 × 10−2 Earth-masses. The distribution of the post-impact velocities show that a large number of fragments are scattered towards the central star. The latter is a new finding that may be quite relevant to the delivery of material from the outer regions of the asteroid belt to the accretion zones of terrestrial planets. Finally, we present an analytical model for the 2D distribution of fragments that can be directly incorporated into numerical integrations.

Non-contact measurement of impact load due to collision of ferromagnetic projectile based on electromagnetic induction

A non-contact measurement method of the impact load due to collision of a ferromagnetic projectile with a non-magnetic target was proposed and validated by conducting steel bar collision tests with an acrylic bar. In the measurement system, one coil connected to a stabilized power supply was set near the collision point to generate a magnetic field and the other was set near the magnet coil to measure the electromotive force induced by the disturbance of the magnetic field due to passing a ferromagnetic projectile through the coils. Because the induced electromotive force is proportional to the projectile velocity in accordance with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the measured velocity of the projectile was differentiated to obtain the acceleration, which was then multiplied by the mass of the projectile to analyze the impact load. In the tests, a steel bar was collided with an acrylic bar to determine how well the proposed method could measure the impact load. The impact load analyzed from the electromotive force was compared with the impact load measured by strain gauges set on the acrylic bar and the two were found to be in good agreement. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for measuring the impact load resulting from collision of a small projectile, where conventional sensors are not applicable.

An Analysis of the Femoral Drilling Angle to Avoid Tunnel Collision during Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction on the Knee.

Concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction has been reported as an effective technique for providing rotational control of the knee. However, the intraoperative risk of collision with an ACL tunnel during the drilling for the femoral ALL tunnel has been described. The purpose of this study was to investigate the various femoral drilling procedures to avoid tunnel collisions during combined double-bundle ACL and ALL reconstruction. Nine cadaveric knees were used in this study. ACL drilling was performed through the anteromedial portal to footprints of the posterolateral bundle at 120° (PL120) and 135° (PL135) knee flexion and the anteromedial bundle at 120° (AM120) and 135° (AM135) knee flexion. ALL drilling was performed at 0° (Cor0-ALL) and 30° (Cor30-ALL) coronal angles using a Kirschner wire (K-wire). The distance between the ALL footprint and ACL K-wire outlets, axial angles of ALL K-wires colliding with ACL K-wires, and distances from the ALL footprint to the collision point were measured. From these values, the safe zone, defined as the range of axial angles in which no collisions or penetrations occurred, was identified by simulation of tunnels utilized for reconstruction grafts in each drilling procedure. The point-to-point distance from the ALL footprint to the K-wire outlet was significantly greater in the AM120 than the AM135 (13.5 ± 3.1, 10.8 ± 3.2 mm; p = 0.048) and in the PL135 than the PL120 (18.3 ± 5.5, 16.1 ± 6.5 mm; p = 0.005) conditions, respectively. During an ACL drilling combination of PL135/AM120, a safe zone of > 45° in Cor30-ALL was identified. With a narrow safe zone during the PL135/AM120 combination only, the risk of femoral tunnel collisions in combined double-bundle ACL and ALL reconstruction is high. AM drilling at 120° and PL drilling at > 135° knee flexion, combined with ALL drilling at 30° coronal angle and > 45° axial angle, may reduce this risk.

Reconstruction of the laser Compton scattered gamma-ray distribution in the energy-angle phase space from crystal diffraction data

The distribution of laser Compton scattered (LCS) photons in the energy-angle phase space reflects the parameters of the laser and electron beams at the collision point and provides the spectral density and bandwidth available in the LCS source. Diagnosis of the energy-angle phase space is thus crucial for developing high-flux and narrow-bandwidth LCS sources. Such diagnosis has been utilized for photon energies below 100 keV, but not realized for photon energies above 1 MeV. We demonstrated reconstruction of the energy-angle phase space distribution of an LCS photon beam at an energy of 1.7 MeV by utilizing photon diffraction with a silicon mosaic crystal and a silicon comb crystal, both of which have enlarged integrated reflectivity. The reconstructed photon distribution is well reproduced by numerical simulations. The demonstrated diagnostic technique is an efficient tool for the development of LCS photon sources and is beneficial to the use of existing LCS facilities.

Expectations about dynamic visual objects facilitates early sensory processing of congruent sounds

The perception of a moving object can lead to the expectation of its sound, yet little is known about how visual expectations influence auditory processing. We examined how visual perception of an object moving continuously across the visual field influences early auditory processing of a sound that occurred congruently or incongruently with the object's motion. In Experiment 1, electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was recorded from adults who passively viewed a ball that appeared either on the left or right boundary of a display and continuously traversed along the horizontal midline to make contact and elicit a bounce sound off the opposite boundary. Our main analysis focused on the auditory-evoked event-related potential. For audio-visual (AV) trials, a sound accompanied the visual input when the ball contacted the opposite boundary (AV-synchronous), or the sound occurred before contact (AV-asynchronous). We also included audio-only and visual-only trials. AV-synchronous sounds elicited an earlier and attenuated auditory response relative to AV-asynchronous or audio-only events. In Experiment 2, we examined the roles of expectancy and multisensory integration in influencing this response. In addition to the audio-only, AV-synchronous, and AV-asynchronous conditions, participants were shown a ball that became occluded prior to reaching the boundary of the display, but elicited an expected sound at the point of occluded collision. The auditory response during the AV-occluded condition resembled that of the AV-synchronous condition, suggesting that expectations induced by a moving object can influence early auditory processing. Broadly, the results suggest that dynamic visual stimuli can help generate expectations about the timing of sounds, which then facilitates the processing of auditory information that matches these expectations.