Motorcycle Accident Research Articles

Trends, Causes, Morbidity, and Mortality Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Karnali Province, Nepal: A Three-Year Retrospective Study

Globally, Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Low and middle-income countries account for more than ninety per cent of the total global RTA deaths. Early response and prompt rescue can prevent mortality and morbidity. Nepal's accidents arise from substandard roads, vehicle safety, and reckless driving. This study aimed to examine trends, causes, morbidity, and mortality from RTA in Karnali province, Nepal. Secondary data analysis encompassed ten Karnali districts, utilizing records from the Province Traffic Police between July 17, 2019, and July 16, 2022. Motorcycles/scooters, constituting 77.27 per cent (13,127) of registered vehicles, dominated with 932 RTAs during the study, causing 1,200 minor injuries, 719 major injuries, and 392 fatalities. Males constituted 70.87 per cent of fatalities (6.86% <16 years), and females accounted for 21.15 per cent (1.09% <16 years). The age group 20-25 years accounted for 163 (17.19%) of the deaths, followed by 25-30 years 168(17.72%). Non-license holders were involved in 363(33.83%) of accidents within the study period. In Karnali, the overall count of RTAs, injuries, and fatalities increased, driven mainly by high speed and mechanical errors. Surprisingly, while two-wheeler accidents were common, bus accidents resulted in a significant number of deaths, impacting individuals aged 20-30 and children.

Analysing the Impact of Human Error on the Severity of Truck Accidents through HFACS and Bayesian Network Models

Truck accidents are a prevalent global issue resulting in substantial economic losses and human lives. One of the principal contributing factors to these accidents is driver error. While analysing human error, it is important to thoroughly examine the truck’s condition, the drivers, external circumstances, the trucking company, and regulatory factors. Therefore, this study aimed to illustrate the application of HFACS (Human Factor Classification System) to examine the causal factors behind the unsafe behaviors of drivers and the resulting accident consequences. Bayesian Network (BN) analysis was adopted to discern the relationships between failure modes within the HFACS framework. The result showed that driver violations had the most significant influence on fatalities and multiple-vehicle accidents. Furthermore, the backward inference with BN showed that the mechanical system malfunction significantly impacts driver operating error. The result of this analysis is valuable for regulators and trucking companies striving to mitigate the occurrence of truck accidents proactively.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ФАКТОРОВ, ВЛИЯЮЩИХ НА ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ ПРОИСШЕСТВИЯ: ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФАКТОРНОГО АНАЛИЗА

The article presents the results of factor analysis of data on road traffic incidents, aimed at identifying key factors contributing to their occurrence. The main focus is on variables such as drivers' experience, causes of incidents, types of vehicles involved, road conditions, and the date of the incidents. By using statistical methods, the structure of incident data was uncovered, and two main components were identified, allowing for the proposal of new approaches to strategies and measures to enhance road traffic safety.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА НА ОСНОВЕ УЧЕТА ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТИРУЕМОГО ГРУЗА

The features of solving problems on the railway rolling stock design dynamics and strength on the basis of computer modeling in engineering packages of solid-state and finite element analysis are considered taking into account high deformability of the transported cargo. There are demonstrated the results of the analysis of rails fastening dynamics for the case of rails transportation on the coupling of railway platforms. The stresses and deformations in the C11N17 T11 tank container at the longitudinal impact of cars are investigated. There is presented the analysis of the bulk cargo cohesion influence on the forces acting the car body at the collision of cars. The obtained results make it possible to analyze the transportation safety and to predict the safety of cargo with various geometric and physical characteristics during rail transportation.

Distal Radius Fracture with Dislocation of the Radioulnar Joint.

The authors report on the case of a 30-year-old male who sustained a wrist injury following a motorcycle accident. Emergency department evaluation revealed a left open distal radius fracture with distal radioulnar joint dislocation. The patient underwent surgical fixation to restore full mobility of his wrist.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Steel for Fracture Suppression and High Absorbed Energy in Automobile Collision

Intelligent lithium plating detection and prediction method for Li-ion batteries based on random forest model

Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is one of the main causes of safety accidents in electric vehicles (EVs). The study of intelligent machine learning-based lithium plating detection and warning algorithms for LIBs is of great importance. Therefore, this paper proposes an intelligent lithium plating detection and early warning method for LIBs based on the random forest model. This method can accurately detect lithium plating during the charging process of LIBs, and play an early warning role according to the detection results. First, pulse charging experiments of LIBs, including normal and lithium plating charging tests, were completed and validated using in situ characterization methods. Second, the normalized internal resistance from the pulse charging test is used to detect lithium plating in LIBs. Third, a lithium plating feature extraction method is proposed to address the lack of useful lithium plating information for LIBs during the charging process. Finally, the Random Forest machine learning technique is used to classify and predict the lithium plating of LIBs. The model validation results show that the detection accuracy of lithium plating is greater than 97.2%. This is of significance for the study of intelligent lithium plating detection algorithms for LIBs.

Road traffic incidents involving pedestrians in areas with limited visibility

In this article, road traffic incidents involving pedestrians are determined by means of research in areas where the visibility of highways is not limited. First of all, it is determined how many meters the driver was from the time the driver saw the pedestrians crossing the road to the place where the accident occurred. Based on the information obtained from the driver, pedestrian and witnesses of the incident, the length of the stopping distance of the car is calculated as So and compared with So<Sa is clear and allows to determine whether the road is technically capable of preventing traffic accidents by applying sharp brakes in time by the driver. As a result of the research, they can come to such conclusions that the driver during the road traffic accident had the opportunity to prevent the road traffic accident, due to his lack of driving skills, i.e. experience, he violated the traffic rules. to clarify what may have been the cause of the incident and to study the collision mechanisms and speed of movement in this case, to study the above cases and to draw conclusions from the research conducted.

Harnessing sensor fusion and AI for accurate accident detection and classification in the safety of smart cities

With the growing number of automobiles, traffic accidents are increasing daily. The World Health Organization (WHO) study reports that annually, 1.4 million individuals have died, and 50 million have been wounded globally. An advanced accident detection technique using cognitive agents will reduce rescue operational delays, perhaps saving several lives. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are gaining significant attention in academia and industry because of the increasing popularity of smart cities. They are seen to enhance road safety in these urban areas. Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been widely used to decrease the time needed for rescue operations after an accident. This study introduces an IoT-enabled Automotive Accident Detecting and Categorization (IoT-AADC) method that combines a smartphone's internal and external sensors to identify and categorize the kind of accident. This innovative method enhances the effectiveness of emergency support like fire departments, towing agencies, etc., by providing crucial information regarding the accident category for better planning and execution of rescuing and relief activities. Emergency support providers enhance their preparedness by assessing the injuries experienced by those injured and the damage to the automobiles.

자동차대여업자의 운행자성

The contents related to the operator's responsibility under the Automobile Accident Compensation Security Law are virtually the same from the time it was enacted as Law No. 1314 on April 4, 1963. Under these circumstances, the Supreme Court has no choice but to continue its attempts to embody abstract concepts as it extends the concept of existing operating profit and control to ideological concepts. Even if it is understood that it is in line with the legislative purpose of the Automobile Accident Compensation Security Law, it is questionable how long the Supreme Court's interpretation can keep pace with changes in society through technological development. In this judgment, it was questionable whether the vehicle rental company could recognize the driver's personality in the event of an accident due to the tenant's violation, even though the vehicle rental company had restrictions and exemption regulations on the operator of the vehicle as the content of the contract with the tenant. The Supreme Court judges the driver's management of car based on the concept of existing operating profit and operating control (two-way theory), but as the concept of existing operating profit and operating control is abstract, the conclusions of the lower court and the Supreme Court were different. In the end, if the abstract concept of existing operating profit and operation control leads to individual case judgments, there is a risk of reaching unreasonable conclusions in form, and there is a risk of differences in drawing conclusions according to the subjectivity of judges depending on individual cases. If so, it would be more purposeful to interpret the provisions of Article 3 of the Automobile Accident Compensation Security Law to judge the driver's personality based on the subjective sense of responsibility of the party based on an objectified third party.

Analysis of the mechanism of side impact of cars

Problem. Globally, car crashes are the major cause of death, killing 1.2 million people, and despite improvements in car safety, forecasts indicate that car crash deaths will increase significantly by 2030 due to the increase in the number of cars. Such a trend requires an increase in passive safety in the design of cars. It is also necessary to consider with these factors the most popular segments of SUV cars, which during an accident create more dangerous consequences in the event of a side impact, taking into account the mass and dimensions parameters. Goal. The aim is to conduct an analysis of the side collision mechanism of cars of different mass and dimensional parameters. Taking into account the trends in the sale of cars, identifying the most popular classes of cars in Ukraine both on the new car market and on the second-hand market, to further identify problems in testing cars according to various certification protocols. Methodology. The approaches to solving the tasks used in the work are based on the use of statistical data and comparative analysis of various methodologies and certification protocols. Results. Considering that scientific studies of frontal impact are presented by the scientific community in the broadest form, the study of the side impact of two cars is currently a relevant direction, taking into account the global trend towards the production of cars in the SUV segment, which exceed passenger cars in terms of mass and dimensions. In a road accident with a side impact of a passenger car and an off-road vehicle of the SUV segment, we will get a large difference in the height of the primary impact, which is 250 millimeters. That is, all the energy of the impact to the side of the passenger car falls not on the safety bar, but 250 millimeters higher, which will inevitably lead to fatal injuries to the driver and passenger. Unfortunately, the European NCAP and the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration use moving barriers that are similar in terms of mass and dimensions to an average passenger car. Originality. The obtained results of the analysis of the mechanism of the car side collision make it possible to evaluate the current trend of the automobile market in terms of passive safety and, in particular, to conduct certification tests for side impact in a new way. Practical value. The obtained results can be recommended when studying the structural features of preparing and conducting crash tests.

The Development of Motorcycle Accident Models Based on Riders’ Characters

Human errors have commonly been perceived as the dominant cause of accidents. Different individuals may behave differently towards certain situations, leading to accidents. This study aims to model the relationship between the riders’ personalities, riding performance, and the probability of being involved in an accident. Adding mindfulness as a mediating variable and demographic factors as moderating variables are also essential points to developing the model. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used to measure the respondents' traits, while the Honda Riding Trainer (HRT) was used as a simulation tool. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis shows that only the neuroticism variable significantly predicts mindfulness and riding performance. The openness and conscientiousness variables only significantly predicted mindfulness, while agreeableness is the only Big Five personality that significantly predicted riding performance. The results also show that although the mindfulness (M) variable in this study has not been able to become a mediating variable, it is strong enough as an exogenous variable for riding performance. The logistic regression analysis found that the worse the rider's performance, the greater the chance of an accident. Female riders are more than twice as likely to have an accident as male riders. These results indicate the need to research road safety that is differentiated by sex and its characteristics based on it. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-018 Full Text: PDF

High-Sensitivity Mechanochromic Sensor Using Core-Shell Colloidal Crystals

The Colloidal Crystals-based mechanochromic sensor changes color as the arrangement of colloidal particles changes in response to mechanical deformation, which can be detected through optical measurement. This type of sensor can be used in various applications, such as automobile collision detection, structural deformation detection, and medical equipment, among others. In this study, we prepared a stretchable film by dispersing surface-functionalized colloidal particles in an elastic polymer matrix. Surface of silica colloidal particle was modified with an initiator for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), followed by surface-initiated ATRP of poly(t-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA). The core-shell colloidal particles were composited with various acrylic monomers, to fabricate crystalline colloidal array which transforms to elastic film by photopolymerization exhibiting structural color. The prepared film showed a clear color change for deformation within 10%, and the peak reflectance showed more than 30%.

Heinrich’s Law for Traffic Incidents – Using the Digital Tachograph Data to Identify Traffic Accident Hotspots

Heinrich’s Law indicates an empirical ratio between serious accidents, minor accidents and near misses in industrial sites, but has not been discussed in the context of road traffic accidents. Digital tachographs (DTG), a type of IoT device collecting spatiotemporal big data of vehicle trajectories, allow0 for examining a linkage between abnormal driving behaviours and the prevalence of road traffic incidents. According to the Traffic Safety Act implemented in 2011, DTG has been mandatorily pre-installed on most commercial vehicles in South Korea. The data have been analysed to evaluate the data processing method or promote eco-driving or safe driving, but only a few studies have examined an association between driving behaviours and actual traffic accidents using the limited data. We obtained 7,785,124 DTG sensing records from 1,523 commercial taxis driving within the city limits of Seoul at least once in 2013 and integrated them with 57,139 traffic accident cases during the same period. Using the integrated GIS database, we performed a grid-based spatiotemporal mapping and analysis to calculate a ratio among abnormal driving events, minor and major traffic accidents by road type. The findings suggest a potential for enhancing road safety by monitoring and controlling abnormal driving patterns as a precursor for accidents.

Study of AEB and active seat belt on driver injury in vehicle–vehicle frontal oblique crash

The safety of vehicle occupants in oblique collision scenarios continues to pose challenges, even with the implementation of Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems. While AEB reduces collision risks, studies indicate it may heighten injury risks for out-of-position (OOP) occupants. To counteract this issue, the integration of active seat belts in vehicles equipped with AEB systems is recommended. Firstly, this study established an oblique angle collision scenario post-AEB activation using data from the Chinese National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) database, analyzed through Prescan software. The dynamic response of the vehicle was examined. Following this, finite element (FE) models were validated to assess the effects of collision overlap rate, AEB braking strategy, and active seat belt pre-tensioning on occupant injuries and kinematics. Under specific collision conditions, the impact of the timing and amount of seat belt pre-tensioning, as well as airbag deployment timing on occupant injuries, was also explored. Findings revealed that a 75% collision overlap rate significantly increases driver injury risk. Active seat belts effectively mitigate injuries caused by OOP statuses during AEB interventions, with the lowest Weighted Injury Criterion (WIC) observed at a pre-tensioning time of 200 ms for active seat belts. The study further suggests that optimal results in reducing occupant injuries are achieved when active pre-tensioning seat belts are complemented by appropriately timed airbag deployment.

Reverse homodigital dorsoradial flap for thumb soft tissue reconstruction

Primary and secondary reconstruction of the thumb is a common reconstructive challenge for the hand and plastic surgeons. Currently, The kite flap or the First dorsal metacarpal artery flap remains the regular choice and is believed to be the best for distal thumb defects, but it’s the first time we have utilized a reverse homodigital dorsal radial flap for the thumb with an expected outcome. A 37 - year - old male patient suffered partially, obliquely, and radially necrotic thumb tip in the second week following conservation stitching of the wound due to a motorcycle accident. The necrotic tissues were desbrided and the residual defect was covered simultaneously by reverse homodigital dorsoradial flap. The Interphalange (IP) and Metacarpalphange (MCP) joints were flexible, and the active rang of motion (ROM) of the affected thumb was not limited at 3 months post - op. The reverse homodigital dorsoradial flap has become a useful and valuable material for thumb reconstruction. The flap provides acceptable aesthetic results with primary closure of the donor site and returns the essential functionality to the affected thumb.

Injury predictions for an electric-two-wheeler rider in simulated collisions with a car

Based on LS-DYNA’s finite element simulation platform and the THUMS (Total Human Model for Safety) human body model, this paper mainly focuses on analyzing and predicting for injury situations of an electric-two-wheeler (E2W) rider in simulated collisions with a car. The effective car-E2W-rider simulation model has been established to conduct simulation tests of riders’ injuries. The simulation test results indicate that there is a linear relationship between car speeds and the severity of injuries to riders across different body parts when the configuration of crash is front of cars to side of E2Ws. While the correlation between E2W speeds and human injury is relatively weak. The edge of the engine hood and the A-pillar are more harmful to the human body under the same car collision speed; The head, chest and abdomen are more likely to suffer serious injuries when speeds of two participating vehicles are relatively high. Even if at the lower speed, there is also a significant risk of tibia fractures when the lower limbs collide with the front bumper.

Comparisons Between Macedonian and A U.S. State’s Automobile Accident Insurance Law

Abstract This paper explores some of the basic similarities and differences between fault-based and no-fault systems of automobile accident insurance from the perspective of a U.S. state and the laws of Macedonia. The majorities of U.S. states have adopted an at-fault system of compensation and therefore share more similarities with Macedonia than the laws of a dozen U.S. states that have adopted a no-fault system. Whereas Macedonia employs a system of nearly universal health care, such is not the case in the United States. The respective states have adopted either a fault-based system or a no-fault system, but in either case issues of coverage for automobile accidents is more complicated for the lack of a nationalized health care system that at minimum acts as a safety net for treatment of injuries related to automobile accidents. It is posited that complications relating to the lack of universal health care coverage in the United States has led to significantly heightened regulatory intervention by the several states such that the similarities between the free-market approach of the states and of civil law (code) systems are greater than the differences. The paper is not based on empirical data of the legal systems or the medical systems, nor is the undeniable interrelation between a medical system and the corresponding legal system with regard to insurance coverage of primarily health-based issues considered other than to highlight how both may play a part in regulation of the automobile accident insurance industry in light the involvement of public health, safety and welfare.

A Fitting Method to Characterize the Gaseous Venting Behavior of Lithium–Ion Batteries in a Sealed Chamber during Thermal Runaway

The venting event of thermal runaway has attracted public attention due to safety issues aroused by frequent fire accidents of new energy vehicles. However, the quantitative description of venting behavior is incomplete for tests in a sealed chamber due to the initial violent injection. In this study, nine types of batteries covering 28 cases in total were employed to investigate the influence of energy density, ambient temperature, pressure, and SOC on the venting behavior, characterized by normalized gas amount; maximum gas releasing rate; and venting durations t50, t90, t95, and t99. Then, a ‘two-point’ fitting method was proposed to modify outcomes concerning real-time gas amounts. The results show that at 100% SOC, the normalized gas amount ranges within 0.075–0.105 mol/Ah for NCM batteries and 0.025–0.035 mol/L for LFP batteries, while the maximum gas releasing rate presents a strongly positive correlation with the capacity of NCM batteries (0.04–0.31 mol/s) and a slight increase for LFP batteries (0.02–0.06 mol/s). Eventually, the three venting patterns were summarized and advanced according to the energy density and SOC of the targeted battery. This research can provide a reference for risk evaluations of the venting process and safety design for structure and pressure relief in battery systems.

Geometric parameters analysis of the two-lane motorways cross profile using risk theory

The issue of safety and traffic potential on public motorways often arises due to large-sized vehicles such as buses, agricultural machinery, and road articulated vehicles stopping on the roadsides. This is caused by the number of logistic transportations between the territorial subjects of the Russian Federation, which has increased recently due to the increase in the number of warehouses and, as a consequence, the increase in the number of heavy and full-size vehicles. The problem is especially acute at high traffic intensity, when four vehicles are simultaneously located on a two-lane road in one transverse profile. In this article the authors consider the safety analysis of cross profile elements of a motor road on safety maintenance of road traffic at a collision of a passenger car on the car stopped on the roadside with simultaneous separation on a two-lane motor road from the position of the risk theory. This approach to the risk calculation methodology is developed within the framework of the scientific direction «Design, construction and operation of motorways under the condition of ensuring traffic safety taking into account the risk theory». The purpose of the calculation is to check the safe stopping possibility of large-tonnage vehicles on roadsides of II, III and IV categories on the basis of risk-oriented approach according to geometric elements normative dimensions of the public roads cross profile.