Collision Energy Research Articles

A unified global model accompanied with a voltage and current sensor for low-pressure capacitively coupled RF discharge

A global model (GM) assumes ion energy ( ε ) on the electrode equals the time-averaged sheath voltage ( Vshtt ). However, using particle-in-cell simulation, we found that ε differs from Vshtt. We propose a unified global model (UGM) that calculates ε and collisional energy losses of ions by employing plasma circuit and sheath models, accompanied by a voltage and current sensor. We compared the results of the UGM with the experimental measurements and the results revealed that UGM is closer to the experiment than GM. UGM shows a linear relationship with the experiment, indicating that the UGM is applicable for plasma monitoring.

Assessment of Flavor Compounds in Blended Malt Whisky Aged with Acacia, Cedar and Oak Wood Using Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated to Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS)

Selected flavor compounds from wood were quantified, with liquid chromatography hyphenated to electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), in four samples of base spirit matured with acacia, cedar, virgin oak, and used port wine oak wood cubes and the results were used to describe and differentiate their different wood congener profiles. ESI-MS/MS parameters were optimized in terms of capillary voltage, cone- and desolvation gas flow, source- and desolvation temperature, cone voltage, and collision energy. The method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.995), limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and repeatability. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that for most compounds there were no significant differences (α = 0.05) between seven to 30 days of aging plus a heat treatment at 40 °C, but wood type did significantly influence the wood congener profile. Principal component analysis discriminated the spirits based on relative amounts of wood congeners extracted, and the chemical profile. Aging with cedar wood led to a less pronounced chemical profile, not very distinct from the base spirit. Aging with acacia and virgin oak wood produced a second chemical profile with relatively higher levels of synapaldehyde, syringaldehyde, scopoletin, and coniferyl aldehyde. Aging with port oak wood produced a third chemical profile with relatively higher levels of 5-HMF, gallic acid, furfural, vanillic acid, and syringic acid.

Dynamics of the Cl + CH3CN reaction on an automatically-developed full-dimensional abinitio potential energy surface.

A full-dimensional analytical potential energy surface (PES) is developed for the Cl + CH3CN reaction following our previous work on the benchmark abinitio characterization of the stationary points. The spin-orbit-corrected PES is constructed using the Robosurfer program and a fifth-order permutationally invariant polynomial method for fitting the high-accuracy energy points determined by a ManyHF-based coupled-cluster/triple-zeta-quality composite method. Quasi-classical trajectory simulations are performed at six collision energies between 10 and 60kcal mol-1. Multiple low-probability product channels are found, including isomerization to isonitrile (CH3NC), but out of the eight possible channels, only the H-abstraction has significant reaction probability; thus, detailed dynamics studies are carried out only for this reaction. The cross sections and opacity functions show that the probability of the H-abstraction reaction increases with increasing collision energy (Ecoll). Scattering angle, initial attack angle, and product relative translational energy distributions indicate that the mechanism changes with the collision energy from indirect/rebound to direct stripping. The distribution of initial attack angles shows a clear preference for methyl group attack but with different angles at different Ecoll values. Post-reaction energy distributions show that the energy transfer is biased toward the products' relative translational energy instead of their internal energy. Rotational and vibrational energy have about the same amount of contribution to the internal energy in the case of both products (HCl and CH2CN), i.e., both of them are formed with high rotational excitations. HCl is produced mostly in the ground vibrational state, while a notable fraction of CH2CN is formed with vibrational excitation.

Investigating the Influence of Medium Size and Ratio on Grinding Characteristics

This study explores the effect of steel ball size and proportion on mineral grinding characteristics using Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. Based on batch grinding kinetics, this paper analyzes the contact behavior during grinding, discussing particle breakage conditions and critical breakage energy. The results indicate that while increasing the size of the steel balls leads to higher collision energy, the collision probability decreases significantly; the opposite is true for smaller steel balls. Simulation results with different ball size combinations show that increasing the proportion of smaller balls does not significantly change the collision energy but greatly increases the collision probability, providing a basis for optimizing ball size distribution to improve grinding performance. Furthermore, appropriately increasing the proportion of smaller balls can reduce fluctuations in grinding energy consumption, thereby enhancing collision energy and collision probability while reducing energy costs. Liner wear results demonstrate that larger ball sizes increase liner wear, but different ball size combinations can effectively distribute the forces on the liner, reducing wear.

Targeted metabolomics assisted rapid screening and characterization of aristolochic acids and their DNA adducts in aristolochia plants by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acids are one of the major compounds in aristolochia plants, which are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic. A method was established for the detection and identification of aristolochic acids and their DNA adducts in four different herbs using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry. Solid phase extraction conditions were optimized to improve the sensitivity of the experiment by using 40 mg of C18 as adsorbent and 100 μL ethanol as elution solvent. At a collision energy of 10-40 eV, these compounds and cleavage patterns were precisely identified and analyzed by secondary fragmentation and collision cross section values. The obtained mass spectrometry data were then analyzed by targeted metabolomics, including principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, and importing the samples in the established model, the confidence values can reach 0.61 and 0.76. All in all, this method can provide a useful tool for the detection of aristolochic acids and deoxyribonucleic acid adducts. In conclusion, this method was successfully used for the detection and identification of aristolochic acids and their DNA adducts.

Imaging Spin-Orbit Excitation of Yttrium through High-Energy Collisions with Rare Gas Atoms.

The energy required for spin-orbit excitation plays a critical role in understanding translational-to-electronic energy conversion, particularly in chemical reactions involving changes in spin states. This is particularly important for transition metal atoms possessing d-orbitals, which result in multiple spin-orbit split energy levels at low energies. The accurate identification and characterization of spin-orbit transitions in such species require advanced experimental techniques and theoretical support. In this study, the spin-orbit excited collisions of Y(2D3/2) with rare gas atoms Ne, Ar, and Kr leading to Y(2D5/2) were observed using laser-ablated crossed-beam and time-sliced ion velocity mapping imaging techniques. Through a comparison of the forward angular distributions of Y(2D3/2) to the backward and sideway scattering distributions of Y(2D5/2) from elastic and inelastic collisions of Y(2D) with rare gas atoms, this study reveals that the spin-orbit electronic excitation occurs with high collision energy and low impact parameters from backward and sideway collisions. The effectiveness of the spin-orbit excitation process is strongly dependent on the collision energy or temperature, suggesting that energy requirements of the process have to be considered in chemical reactions involving changes in spin states.

Heavy-flavor hadron production in relativistic heavy ion collisions at energies available at BNL RHIC and at the CERN LHC in the EPOS4HQ framework

Employing the recently developed EPOS4HQ event generator, we study the production of different heavy-flavor mesons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN Large Hadron Collider energies. The transverse momentum spectra, yield ratio, nuclear modification factor, and elliptic flow can be well described in the EPOS4HQ framework. We furthermore analyze the processes which modify these observables as compared to pp collisions and are at the origin of the experimentally determined nuclear modification factor RAA. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Electron Nuclear Dynamics of H+ + C2H2 at ELab = 30, 200, and 450 eV.

We present a complete simplest-level electron nuclear dynamics (SLEND) investigation of H+ + C2H2 at collision energies ELab = 30, 200, and 450 eV. This reaction is relevant in astrophysics and provides a computationally feasible prototype for proton cancer therapy reactions. SLEND is a time-dependent, variational, direct, and nonadiabatic method that adopts a classical-mechanics description for the nuclei and a Thouless single-determinantal wave function for the electrons. We perform this study with our code PACE, which incorporates the One Electron Direct/Electron Repulsion Direct (OED/ERD) atomic integrals package developed by the Bartlett group. Current SLEND simulations with the 6-31G** basis set involves 2,646 trajectory calculations from 9 nonredundant, symmetry-inequivalent projectile-target orientations. For H+ + C2H2 at ELab = 30 eV, SLEND/6-31G** simulations predict one simple scattering process, and three reactive ones: C2H2 hydrogen substitution, C2H2 fragmentation into two CH moieties, and C2H2 fragmentation into CHC and H moieties, respectively. We reveal and analyze the mechanisms of these processes through computer animations; this valuable chemical information is inaccessible by experiments. The SLEND/6-31G** scattering angle functions exhibit primary and secondary rainbow scattering features that vary with the projectile-target orientations and collision energies. SLEND/6-31G** predicts 1-electron-transfer (1-ET) integral cross sections at ELab = 30, 200, and 450 eV in good agreement with their experimental counterparts. SLEND/6-31-G** predicts 1-ET differential cross sections (DCSs) at ELab = 30 eV that agree well with their experimental counterparts over all the measured scattering angles. In addition, SLEND/6-31G** predicts 0-ET DCSs at ELab = 30 eV that agree well with their experimental counterparts at low scattering angles, but less satisfactorily at higher ones. Remarkably, both the 0- and 1-ET DCSs from SLEND/6-31G** exhibit distinct primary rainbow scattering signatures in excellent agreement with their experimentally inferred counterparts. Furthermore, both SLEND/6-31G** and the experiment indicate that the primary rainbow scattering angles from the 0- and 1-ET DCSs are identical (an unusual fact in proton-molecule collisions). Through these rainbow scattering predictions, SLEND has also validated a procedure to extract primary rainbow angles from structureless DCSs. We analyze the obtained theoretical results in comparison with available experimental data and discuss forthcoming developments in the SLEND method.

Indirect probe of electroweak-interacting particles at the μTRISTAN μ+μ+ collider

A novel collider, called μTRISTAN, was recently proposed, offering the capability to achieve high-energy collisions of antimuons. This high-energy collider presents an exceptional opportunity for the discovery of electroweak-interacting massive particles (EWIMPs), which are predicted by various new physics models. In a lepton collider like μTRISTAN, the potential for discovering EWIMPs extends beyond their direct production. Quantum corrections arising from EWIMP loops can significantly enhance our prospects for discovery by precise measurement of Standard Model processes. This study focuses on the indirect detection method within the μTRISTAN experiment, with a specific emphasis on TeV-scale EWIMP dark matter scenarios that yield the correct thermal relic density. At collision energies for s=O(1–10) TeV, these EWIMPs introduce noticeable effects, typically in the range of O(0.1–1)%. Our findings indicate that at s=2(10) TeV, with an integrated luminosity of 10 ab−1, μTRISTAN can detect Higgsinos at a mass of 1.3 (3.0) TeV and winos at a mass of 1.9 (4.4) TeV, assuming an optimistic level of systematic uncertainty in the observation of the Standard Model processes. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

OptiPRM: A Targeted Immunopeptidomics LC-MS Workflow With Ultra-High Sensitivity for the Detection of Mutation-Derived Tumor Neoepitopes From Limited Input Material

Personalized cancer immunotherapies such as therapeutic vaccines and adoptive transfer of T cell receptor-transgenic T cells rely on the presentation of tumor-specific peptides by human leukocyte antigen class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. Such neoepitopes can for example arise from somatic mutations and their identification is crucial for the rational design of new therapeutic interventions. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based immunopeptidomics is the only method to directly prove actual peptide presentation and we have developed a parameter optimization workflow to tune targeted assays for maximum detection sensitivity on a per peptide basis, termed optiPRM. Optimization of collision energy using optiPRM allows for the improved detection of low abundant peptides that are very hard to detect using standard parameters. Applying this to immunopeptidomics, we detected a neoepitope in a patient-derived xenograft from as little as 2.5× 106cells input. Application of the workflow on small patient tumor samples allowed for the detection of five mutation-derived neoepitopes in three patients. One neoepitope was confirmed to be recognized by patient T cells. In conclusion, optiPRM, a targeted MS workflow reaching ultra-high sensitivity by per peptide parameter optimization, makes the identification of actionable neoepitopes possible from sample sizes usually available in the clinic.

Quantitative time-resolved diagnostics of electric field dynamics during individual plasma breakdown events using burst laser pulse electric field induced second harmonic generation

In plasma discharges, the acceleration of electrons by a fast varying electric field and the subsequent collisional electron energy transfer determines the plasma dynamics, chemical reactivity, and breakdown. Current in situ electric field measurements require reconstruction of the temporal profile over many observations. However, such methods are unsuitable for non-repetitive and unstable plasmas. Here, we present a method for creating “movies” of dynamic electric fields in a single acquisition at sample rates of 500 × 106 fps. This ultrafast diagnostic was demonstrated in radio frequency electric fields between two parallel plates in air, as well as in Ar nanosecond-pulsed single-sided dielectric barrier discharges.

Construction of diabatic potential energy surfaces for the SiH2+ system and dynamics studies of the Si+(2P1/2, 3/2) + H2 reaction.

The construction of diabatic potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the SiH2+ system, related to the ground (12A') and excited states (22A'), has been successfully achieved. This was accomplished by utilizing high-level abinitio energy points, employing a neural network fitting method in conjunction with a specifically designed function. The newly constructed diabatic PESs are carefully examined for dynamics calculations of the Si+(2P1/2, 3/2) + H2 reaction. Through time-dependent quantum wave packet calculations, the reaction probabilities, integral cross sections (ICSs), and differential cross sections (DCSs) of the Si+(2P1/2, 3/2) + H2 reaction were reported. The dynamics results indicate that the total ICS is in excellent agreement with experimental data within the collision energy range studied. The results also indicate that the SiH+ ion is hardly formed via the Si+(2P3/2) + H2 reaction. The results from the DCSs suggest that the "complex-forming" reaction mechanism predominates in the low collision energy region. Conversely, the forward abstraction reaction mechanism is dominant in the high collision energy region.

Probing Inert Triplet Model at a multi-TeV muon collider via vector boson fusion with forward muon tagging

This study investigates the potential of a multi-TeV Muon Collider (MuC) for probing the Inert Triplet Model (ITM), which introduces a triplet scalar field with hypercharge Y = 0 to the Standard Model. The ITM stands out as a compelling Beyond the Standard Model scenario, featuring a neutral triplet T0 and charged triplets T±. Notably, T0 is posited as a dark matter (DM) candidate, being odd under a Z2 symmetry. Rigorous evaluations against theoretical, collider, and DM experimental constraints corner the triplet scalar mass to a narrow TeV-scale region, within which three benchmark points are identified, with T± masses of 1.21 TeV, 1.68 TeV, and 3.86 TeV, for the collider study. The ITM’s unique TTVV four-point vertex, differing from fermionic DM models, facilitates efficient pair production through Vector Boson Fusion (VBF). This characteristic positions the MuC as an ideal platform for exploring the ITM, particularly due to the enhanced VBF cross-sections at high collision energies. To address the challenge of the soft decay products of T± resulting from the narrow mass gap between T± and T0, we propose using Disappearing Charged Tracks (DCTs) from T± and Forward muons as key signatures. We provide event counts for these signatures at MuC energies of 6 TeV and 10 TeV, with respective luminosities of 4 ab−1 and 10 ab−1. Despite the challenge of beam-induced backgrounds contaminating the signal, we demonstrate that our proposed final states enable the MuC to achieve a 5σ discovery for the identified benchmark points, particularly highlighting the effectiveness of the final state with one DCT and one Forward muon.

Jet angularities in dijet production in proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC

We study jet angularities for dijet production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in proton-proton (pp) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions at 200 GeV nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass collision energy. In particular, we provide NLL resummed predictions for angularity observables of groomed and ungroomed jets produced in pp collisions matched to next-to-leading order QCD calculations resulting in NLO + NLL′ accuracy. Our parton-level predictions are corrected for non-perturbative effects, such as hadronization and underlying event, using parton-to-hadron level transfer matrices obtained with the Sherpa event generator. Furthermore, we use the Q-Pythia and Jewel generators to estimate the impact of the interaction between quarks and gluons produced by the parton shower with the dense medium formed in heavy-ion collisions on the considered jet angularities.

Novel Multi‐configuration Elastic Actuator with Controllable Energy Flow and Power Modulation for Dynamic Energy Robot Systems

Designing actuators that can modulate power, achieve high energy efficiency, and ensure safe collision remains a challenge, especially for dynamic energy robot systems (DERS) with high‐performance requirements. Herein, a novel multi‐configuration elastic actuator (MCEA) is proposed based on a controllable planetary differential mechanism (PDM) with one power port from three springs. These springs, positioned between the inner gear ring and the fixed housing shell, are regulated by a single servo motor through a ratchet–pawl mechanism. This setup enables the springs to absorb energy during collisions, reducing impact and subsequently releasing this energy to boost power output. The inner gear ring functions as a controllable one‐way rotating element, acting either as an input or output for power. The MCEA's ability to manage power modulation and energy flow is demonstrated through experiments that highlight its potential for safe collision management, energy recycling, and power modulation. Experiment results indicate that the maximum output power of the MCEA in the proposed hybrid elastic actuation (HEA) mode is 8.05 times higher than that in the traditional actuation (TA) mode. A single‐legged robot with a four‐link mechanism is also built to validate the considerable performance in the application of legged robots, showing considerable adaptability and prospects for DERS.

A Reverse Thinking Based on Partially Methylated Aldononitrile Acetates to Analyze Glycoside Linkages of Polysaccharides Using Liquid Chromatography-Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry.

Glycoside linkage analyses of medicine and food homologous plant polysaccharides have always been a key point and a difficulty of structural characterization. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is one of the commonly used traditional techniques to determine glycoside linkages via partially methylated alditol acetates and aldononitrile acetates (PMAAs and PMANs). Due to the simplicity of derivatization and the highly structural asymmetry of PMANs, reverse thinking is proposed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MRM-MS) for the first time to directly determine the neutral and acidic glycosyl linkages of polysaccharides. The complete characterization of glycoside linkages deduced from PMANs was achieved using a combination of tR values, characteristic MRM ion pairs, diagnostic ESI+-MS/MS fragmentation ions (DFIs), and optimal collision energy (OCE). The DFI and OCE parameters were confirmed to be effective for the auxiliary discrimination of some isomers of the PMANs. The practicality of LC-ESI+-MRM-MS was further verified by analyzing the glycoside linkages of polysaccharides in five medicine and food homologous plants. This method can serve as an alternative to GC-MS for the simultaneous determination of neutral and acidic glycosyl linkages in polysaccharides.

A Globally Accurate Neural Network Potential Energy Surface and Quantum Dynamics Studies on Be+(2S) + H2/D2 → BeH+/BeD+ + H/D Reactions.

Chemical reactions between Be+ ions and H2 molecules have significance in the fields of ultracold chemistry and astrophysics, but the corresponding dynamics studies on the ground-state reaction have not been reported because of the lack of a global potential energy surface (PES). Herein, a globally accurate ground-state BeH2+ PES is constructed using the neural network model based on 18,657 ab initio points calculated by the multi-reference configuration interaction method with the aug-cc-PVQZ basis set. On the newly constructed PES, the state-to-state quantum dynamics calculations of the Be+(2S) + H2(v0 = 0; j0 = 0) and Be+(2S) + D2(v0 = 0; j0 = 0) reactions are performed using the time-dependent wave packet method. The calculated results suggest that the two reactions are dominated by the complex-forming mechanism and the direct abstraction process at relatively low and high collision energies, respectively, and the isotope substitution has little effect on the reaction dynamics characteristics. The new PES can be used to further study the reaction dynamics of the BeH2+ system, such as the effects of rovibrational excitations and alignment of reactant molecules, and the present dynamics data could provide an important reference for further experimental studies at a finer level.

Full quantum calculations of the line shape for H2O perturbed by Ar at temperatures from 20 to 300 K.

This work theoretically studied the spectral line shape of H2O perturbed by Ar in the temperature range of 20-300K for the pure rotational lines below 360cm-1, as well as three lines (31, 2 ← 44, 1, 54, 2 ← 41, 3, and 73, 5 ← 60, 6) in the v2 band. In order to perform precise dynamical calculations at low collision energies, a full-dimensional long-range potential energy surface was constructed for the H2O-Ar system for the first time to correct the long range of our newly developed intermolecular potential energy surface. Subsequently, the six line-shape parameters (pressure-broadening and -shifting parameters, their speed dependencies, and the complex Dicke parameters) were determined from the generalized spectroscopic cross section by the full quantum time-independent close-coupling approach on this new potential energy surface. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the available experimental observations. Furthermore, the influence of the speed-dependence and Dicke narrowing effects on the line contour was revealed by comparing the differences among the Hartmann-Tran, quadratic-speed-dependent Voigt, and Voigt profiles. The temperature dependence of each line-shape parameter was further parameterized using the triplet-power-law for three pure rotational 61, 6 ← 52, 3, 41, 4 ← 32, 1, and 31, 3 ← 22, 0 lines. These line-shape parameters will provide a comprehensive set of theoretical references for subsequent experimental measurements.

Production of hidden-heavy and double-heavy hadronic molecules at the Z factory of CEPC

With a clean environment and high collision energy, the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) would be an excellent facility for heavy flavor physics. Using the Monte Carlo event generator ythia, we simulate the production of the charmed (bottom) hadron pairs in the electron-positron collisions at the Z factory of CEPC, and the inclusive production rates for typical candidates of the hidden/double-charm and hidden/double-bottom S-wave hadronic molecules are estimated at an order-of-magnitude level with the final state interactions after the hadron pair production. The predicted cross sections for the hidden-charm meson-meson molecules X(3872) and Zc(3900) are at pb level, which are about two to three orders of magnitude larger than the production cross sections for the double-charm meson-meson molecules Tcc and Tcc*, as the double-charmed ones require the production of two pairs of cc¯ from the Z boson decay. The production cross sections for the hidden-charm pentaquark states Pc and Pcs as meson-baryon molecules are a few to tens of fb, which are about one magnitude larger than those of the possible hidden-charm baryon-antibaryon and double-charm meson-baryon molecules. In the bottom sector, the production cross sections for the Zb states as B(*)B¯* molecules are about tens to hundreds of fb, indicating 106–107 events from a two-year operation of CEPC, and the expected events from the double-bottom molecules are about 2–5 orders of magnitude smaller than the Zb states. Our results shows great prospects of probing heavy exotic hadrons at CEPC. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A hydrolyzed N-propionylthiosuccinimide linker is cleaved by metastable fragmentation, increasing reliability of conjugation site identification in conjugate vaccines.

Conjugation sites are a quality attribute of conjugate vaccines. Proteolysis of bioconjugates synthesized by maleimide-thiol chemistry generates type 2 peptides with a hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linker containing information on the conjugation sites. A mass spectrometry (MS)-cleavable linker could make the identification of conjugation sites by MS more reliable. Four synthetic type 2 peptides with a hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linker were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS/MS with and without collision gas. These peptides were also partially labeled with 18O in the linker to confirm the proposed fragmentation mechanism. A conjugate vaccine with the hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linker was reduced and S-alkylated, digested with trypsin and analyzed by liquid chromatography-MS/MS using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation methods at a normalized collision energy of 30. A metastable fragmentation preferentially cleaves the newly formed pseudopeptide bond within the hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linker of type 2 peptides to yield P + 71 and C + 98 ions. These ions make the assignment of conjugation sites more reliable. Partial 18O-labeling and MS/MS analysis confirmed the proposed structures. CID produces these ions as the two most intense signals more favorably than HCD. The latter also yields these ions, guarantees better sequence coverage and promotes other fragmentations in the linker. Hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linker is cleavable in MALDI and electrospray ionization MS/MS analysis by a gas-phase metastable fragmentation. The resulting fragment ions (P + 71 and C + 98) make the identification of conjugation sites more reliable. These results could be extended to self-hydrolyzing maleimides, which efficiently stabilize the thiosuccinimide linker upon hydrolysis, in antibody-drug conjugates.