Abstract Colleges and universities are important places for cultivating talents for education and economic construction, and they bear the important responsibility of arming young college students with socialist core values. It is of great practical significance to strengthen research on the innovation of core value education and the cultivation path for college students. In this paper, the mean drift clustering integration module and density-sensitive spectral clustering module of the spectral clustering algorithm have been improved. Then, the improved spectral clustering algorithm and word co-occurrence model are combined to extract the keywords of value cultivation among college students. The keywords of college students’ values are analyzed, and the rankings of the distance from “values” among the college students are health, family, harmony, responsibility, love, harmony, patriotism, friendliness, and independence, in descending order. The inter-word distances are 0.645, 0.648, 0.716, 0.745, 0.795, 0.799, 0.816, 0.864, 0.865. In the test of difference in values, the difference in values of different genders is shown in the view of friendship, love, family, equality and freedom, harmony, and human attitude, and the p-value of all the above dimensions is less than 0.05. Colleges and universities should start with the educational environment, the process of student growth, and the standardization of values education to actively promote the cultivation of values among college students.