Colleges Of Veterinary Medicine Research Articles

An Inter-Institutional External Peer-Review Process to Evaluate Educators at Schools of Veterinary Medicine.

Despite its fundamental importance, the educational mission of most schools of veterinary medicine receives far less recognition and support than the missions of research and discovery. This disparity is evident in promotion and tenure processes. Despite the frequent assertion that education is every college's core mission, there is a broad consensus that faculty are promoted primarily on the basis of meeting expectations relative to publications and grant funding. This expectation is evident in the promotion packets faculty are expected to produce and the criteria by which those packets are reviewed. Among the outcomes is increasing difficulty in hiring and retaining faculty, including young clinicians and basic scientists who are drawn to academic institutions because of the opportunity to teach. The Regional Teaching Academy (RTA) of the West Region Consortium of Colleges of Veterinary Medicine initiated an inter-institutional collaboration to address the most important obstacles to recognizing and rewarding teaching in its five member colleges. Working from the medical education literature, the RTA developed an Educator's Promotion Dossier, workshops to train promotion applicants, and an external review process. Initial use has shown that the reviews are efficient and complete. Administrators have expressed strong support for the product, a letter of external review that is returned to a promotion applicant's home institution. The overall result is an evidence-based, structured process by which teaching-intensive faculty can more fully document their achievements in teaching and educational leadership and a more rigorous external review process by which member colleges can assess quality, impact, and scholarly approach.

Direct Measurement of Veterinary Student Learning Outcomes for the NAVMEC Professional Competencies in a Multi-User Virtual Learning Environment.

Education in veterinary medicine, as in other allied health care-health science professions and academia in general, has been subject to the public call for accountability for the quality of its student learning outcomes. A principal stakeholder in veterinary medicine is the American Veterinary Medical Association-Council on Education (AVMA-COE). AVMA-COE has adopted program accreditation standards requiring veterinary colleges to provide evidence that they are measuring and assessing the clinical competency of students before graduation and again shortly after graduation. Schools and colleges are required to develop relevant measures to validate scientific knowledge, skills, and values aligned with North American Veterinary Medical Education Consortium (NAVMEC) core competencies. Beginning in May 2012, the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Texas A&M University modified the professional veterinary medical curriculum by including a required clinical rotation centered on veterinary emergency preparedness and response. A distinguishing major component of the instructional design of the clinical rotation includes Second Life, a commercially obtained computer-generated multi-user virtual simulation learning environment. The virtual reality situations require high-volume, mass-casualty medical triage decision making. The interpersonal communications and interactivity among students, faculty, and third-party actors enable faculty and instructor observers and simulation facilitators to evaluate students actively engaged in critical thinking and complex problem solving while demonstrating skill in the NAVMEC professional competencies. The Second Life virtual simulation has been adopted as a primary tool for direct measurement of student learning objectives outcomes achieved in this clinical rotation and is being implemented in other clinical teaching platforms.

Development and Improvement ofanInternational Webcast Series to Expand the Accessibility of Swine Medicine Resources.

Swine medicine resources and caseloads for teaching and supporting extracurricular training activities vary widely among veterinary colleges and are concentrated in specific regions. Student interest and demand for swine medicine training is broader in geographical distribution. This is illustrated by student membership and attendance at the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) annual meetings, for example. To explore how concentrated resources might be made more widely available in a cost-effective manner, the Swine Medicine Education Center (SMEC) at Iowa State University's College of Veterinary Medicine looked for ways to leverage existing extracurricular resources with a broader geography of schools and students. This article describes the organization of student chapters of the AASV and the outcomes of a multi-session live audio and video webcast focused on swine medicine topics across North America over a 3-year period. SMEC organized the series with funding provided by the AASV and AASV Foundation. The broadcast series covered a wide range of swine-related topics, including pet pigs, emerging diseases, and regulation of antimicrobials. In its third year, 25 North American and 4 international veterinary schools participated in the series and provided feedback from attendees.

Characteristics of Veterinary Students: Perfectionism, Personality Factors, and Resilience.

Perfectionism is a topic relevant to veterinary medicine and has previously been found to be related to higher levels of stress and poorer mental health outcomes. However, many aspects of perfectionism have yet to be researched among veterinary students. This research investigates the relationship between perfectionism and the "Big Five" personality factors. Additionally, the relationship between resilience and neuroticism is addressed. This research includes a sample of 99 veterinary students enrolled at a College of Veterinary Medicine in the southeastern United States. Students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Inventory (MPI), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Results show that perfectionism is significantly correlated with personality factors; specifically, self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism are associated with neuroticism, socially prescribed perfectionism is associated with agreeableness, and self-oriented perfectionism is associated with conscientiousness. Neuroticism was found to have a significant negative correlation with resilience. Findings indicate that veterinary mental health professionals and educators should consider implementing specific strategies to help students develop a healthy balance in their perfectionistic beliefs and have targeted interventions to promote student resilience.

Update on possible animal sources for COVID-19 in humans.

XenotransplantationVolume 27, Issue 3 e12621 COMMENTARY Update on possible animal sources for COVID-19 in humans Tanja Opriessnig, Corresponding Author Tanja Opriessnig Tanja.opriessnig@roslin.ed.ac.uk tanjaopr@iatate.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-0904 The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Correspondence Tanja Opriessnig, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. Emails: Tanja.Opriessnig@roslin.ed.a.ac.uk, tanja.opriessnig@roslin.ed.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorYao-Wei Huang, Yao-Wei Huang Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Tanja Opriessnig, Corresponding Author Tanja Opriessnig Tanja.opriessnig@roslin.ed.ac.uk tanjaopr@iatate.edu orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-0904 The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Correspondence Tanja Opriessnig, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. Emails: Tanja.Opriessnig@roslin.ed.a.ac.uk, tanja.opriessnig@roslin.ed.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorYao-Wei Huang, Yao-Wei Huang Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.12621Citations: 7Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue3May/June 2020e12621 RelatedInformation

Evaluation the Antimicrobial Effect of Glycerin Magnesia on Some Bacteria, in-Vitro Study

This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of glycerin magnesia on some bacteria. A thirty percent of glycerin magnesia were prepared as explained below. Many types of bacteria including Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acinetobacter, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. were selected for this study and obtained from university of Tikrit, college of veterinary medicine. A bacterial broth were prepared, a then a sterile swab were emulsify in these broth and streaked on muller hinton agar plate and allowed till dry, then a holes were filled with a given glycerin magnesia and incubated for 24hrs. at 37?C . The results showed that a higher antibacterial effects of glycerin magnesia against Staphylococcus aureus followed by Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Acinitobacter, E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis respectively. In conclusion, the glycerin magnesia have a wide range antibacterial effect and can be used in future in wound healing.

Current Progress of hiPSCs‐based Therapy in non‐human Primates and Human Clinical Trials

Since the first successful creation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) in 2006 by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka and the subsequent generation of human iPSC (hiPSCs) in 2007, independently, by Dr. Yamanaka and Dr. James Thomas, iPSCs have been drawing exceptional attention compared to human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), mainly because hiPSCs can be easily generated from virtually any embryonic or adult somatic cells of the body without demolishing human embryos, thus offering an immense promise for personalized regenerative medicine; In contrast to the fetal or adult stem cells (FSCs, ASCs), hiPSCs demonstrate unlimited abilities of self‐renewal and differentiation potency to become almost all somatic cells in the body. Over the past 14 years, about 17,364 papers regarding iPSCs have been published (PubMed search between 2006/01/01 and 2019/11/12), which cover a wide spectrum ranging from in vitro basic researches, computer modeling, in vivo animal and non‐human primate studies to human clinical trials. Up to the present, systemic protocols involving iPSC reprogramming, purification, large‐scale culture expansion, and lineage‐specific differentiation have been successfully developed or optimized to increase the efficiencies of production. Meanwhile, iPSCs and its derivatives have also been widely utilized for mechanistic studies of cellular and molecular development, disease modeling, new drug discovery and toxicity testing. Along with it, a vast type of small‐, large‐animals, and non‐human primate‐models have been exploited to test the therapeutic potentials of these cells in treatments of numerous human diseases. More excitingly, 53 clinical trials of iPSC‐based therapy have been registered in the https://clinicaltrials.gov as of today. Although most of them are still in the “Recruiting” stage, the substantial increase of the registered trials signifies a critical movement towards future clinical practice in all aspects, such as ethical and regulatory compliance under surveillance of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), quality control of cell products, current good manufacturing practice (cGMP)‐guided cell storage, culture, purification, and lineage‐specific differentiation as well as in vivo assessments of efficacy and safety in a short and long‐term follow‐up. In this talk, we will present an overview of the current progresses, challenges, and concerns of hiPSC‐based treatments for various major diseases (e.g. neural disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes) using animal models; especially, we will focus on the recent progress acquired from the studies of non‐human primates and human subjects.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH 1R15HL140528), the Virginia Tech Commonwealth Health Research Board (CHRB, HE208‐09‐16), and the IRC seed grant from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech.

A Tale of Three Fixatives: Detection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues Preserved in Three Fixatives

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen endemic to dromedary camels known to cause a respiratory illness in humans that is fatal in 35% of cases. As such, inactivated tissues provide a safer format when testing for this virus. Neutral buffered formalin (NBF), pathology’s gold standard for tissue fixation, preserves histomorphology and inactivates many pathogens. However, NBF causes the crosslinking and fragmentation of proteins and nucleic acids in tissues. This results in a rapid decline in biomolecular quality after just 24 hours and damage increases thereafter. NBF is also a volatile organic compound and carcinogen. Two novel fixatives, phosphate‐buffered 70% ethanol (BE70) and BE70 with added guanidium salts (BE70G), are alternative preservatives that cause less damage to biomolecules, even in tissues immersed for longer than 3 months. These ethanol (EtOH)‐based fixatives have equivalent histomorphology and inactivation profiles as well as better human safety profiles. We hypothesized that existing anti‐MERS‐CoV immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) protocols would work on tissues preserved with these EtOH‐based fixatives.Roughly equivalent tracheal and nasal turbinate samples from eight alpacas experimentally infected with MERS‐CoV were fixed in 10% NBF, BE70, and BE70G, processed into paraffin and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin staining or immunolabeling. Anti‐MERS‐CoV nucleocapsid IHC using polymer‐based detection and MERS‐CoV specific ISH using RNAscope® 2.5 HD brown detection were conducted on all samples. Because many EtOH‐based fixatives do not require antigen retrieval (AR), ISH and IHC were run with and without AR on the EtOH‐based fixed tissues.Although MERS‐CoV IHC and ISH appropriately labeled target molecules in all samples, signal strength varied across the fixatives. The strongest labeling was seen in NBF, followed by BE70G, and finally BE70. This result was not unexpected as the protocols were optimized for use with NBF tissues. Interestingly, both BE70 and BE70G required AR to successfully visualize the targets by both IHC and ISH, although BE70G did have weak ISH signal without AR. Histomorphology for all three fixatives without AR was very similar. However, AR blurred cell borders and reduced overall cellular definition in the EtOH‐based fixed samples, particularly BE70G.Taken together, these results support the use of these novel EtOH‐based fixatives as alternatives to NBF, particularly when biomolecule preservation for downstream molecular biology assays is critical. Finally, BE70 and BE70G increase human safety by inactivating pathogens with less harmful chemicals as well as provide a more flexible fixation time frame. This is particularly useful for high containment work as it would allow safe transfer of inactivated tissues to lower biosafety level labs while better preserving the samples for downstream analysis.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by the Department of Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University and the USDA APHIS NBAF Scientist Training Program.Histomorphology, Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and In Situ Hybridization (ISH) of NBF‐, BE70‐, and BE70G‐Fixed Tissues Column 1 is hematoxylin and eosin staining, Column 2 is anti‐MERS‐CoV nucleocapsid IHC, and Column 3 is MERS‐CoV‐specific ISH in fixed, paraffin‐embedded nasal turbinates. All immunolabeled tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin. Row 1 is NBF‐fixed tissue. Row 2 is BE70‐fixed tissue. Row 3 is BE70G‐fixed tissue. The bar for all main images is 100 microns.Figure 1

Pathologic Lesions of the Budgett Frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis), an Emerging Laboratory Animal Model.

Lepidobatrachus laevis, commonly called the Budgett frog, is a member of the horned frog family (Ceratophryidae), which has become increasingly popular among amphibian hobbyists. L. laevis is also used in biologic research on embryonic development, providing a novel model species for the study of organogenesis, regeneration, evolution, and biologic scaling. However, little scientific literature details disease processes or histologic lesions in this species. Our objective was to describe spontaneous pathologic lesions in L. laevis to identify disease phenotypes. We performed a retrospective analysis of 14 captive L. laevis frogs (wild-caught and captive-bred), necropsied at the NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine between 2008 and 2018. The majority of frogs exhibited renal changes, including varying combinations of tubular epithelial binucleation, karyomegaly, and cytoplasmic vacuolation; polycystic kidney disease; and renal carcinoma. Many of the renal changes are reminiscent of a condition described in Japanese (Bufo japonicus) and Chinese (Bufo raddei) toad hybrids that progresses from tubular epithelial atypia and tubular dilation to polycystic kidney disease to renal carcinoma. A second common finding was variably sized, randomly distributed bile duct clusters (biliary proliferation). Other noteworthy findings included regional or generalized edema, intestinal adenocarcinoma, aspiration pneumonia, and parasitism. This retrospective analysis is the first description of histologic lesions identified in captive L. laevis populations, providing new insight into spontaneous disease processes occurring in this species for use in disease diagnosis and clinical management.

Effect of a Spay Simulator on Student Competence and Anxiety

Spay simulation has gained attention at colleges of veterinary medicine that seek to utilize low-cost models in lieu of more cost-prohibitive high-fidelity devices or cadaveric specimens. A spay simulator was developed to provide veterinary students at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine a reusable, inexpensive, and error-enabled device for self-practice in anticipation of a live canine ovariohysterectomy. Seventy-four students were recruited, half of whom participated in spay simulation training. A survey was designed to capture students' state and trait anxiety, as well as their self-assessed perceived levels of competence, confidence, and knowledge of anatomy, before and after their live animal surgery. During the live surgical laboratories, surgical competencies were assessed using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) for operative performance. We hypothesized that the spay simulation training group would have higher reported levels of competence, confidence, and knowledge of anatomy. Additionally, students enrolled in spay simulation training were expected to exhibit a lower level of post-operative anxiety and higher OSATS scores compared with the control group. Results demonstrated a significant increase in perceived anatomical knowledge and improvement in perceived competence level following spay simulation training as compared with the control group. Areas of no difference included perceived confidence, OSATS scores, and overall level of anxiety. The results of this study demonstrate that this low-fidelity spay simulator has a unique place in student surgical training, producing novice surgeons with increased perceived competence and knowledge of anatomy following spay simulation training and live animal surgery.

Using the Digital Platform ExamSoft in Veterinary Anatomy and Parasitology Assessments in Written and Laboratory Components.

The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM), with a class size of 162, is one of the largest in the nation. In an effort to streamline examination procedures, create a consistent assessment format among courses, replace paper exams, track test questions linked to learning objectives, and reduce exam grading time, our DVM program adopted the use of ExamSoft for core courses beginning in the autumn semester 2014. ExamSoft is an electronic assessment application, which provides a secure testing environment and robust reporting features. CVM uses it for high stakes midterm and finals. Although easily adopted into a didactic course format, its application in laboratory-based examinations proved challenging. Designing, setting up and grading exams for Anatomy and Parasitology courses with a laboratory component have always required substantial time investment, and adding a testing application to the process demanded rethinking and restructuring logistics. After two semesters of process refinement and standardization of a testing device to the iPad, faculty teaching in the Anatomy and Parasitology courses were able to implement ExamSoft in a laboratory setting to realize the same assessment and efficiency gains. Here we describe the benefits of ExamSoft testing in the written and laboratory settings and the lessons learned during the 2-year transition.

The people behind the papers - Caroline Johnson and Troy Ghashghaei.

Cortical development involves a switch from the self-amplification of stem cells to the generation of neuron and glia by progenitors. A new paper in Development investigates the molecular control of mitosis in these two stages, using simultaneous labelling and gene knockout in clones in the developing mouse brain. We caught up the paper's two authors Caroline Johnson and her supervisor Troy Ghashghaei, Professor of Neurobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine at North Carolina State University, to find out more.

Plastinated macroparasites, an alternative resource for use in practical lessons.

The plastination technique is a recently developed option to preserve biological tissues widely used in human and veterinary anatomy. This process allows one to obtain real, safe, clean, dry, resistant and permanently stable material without any additional treatment or maintenance. All these advantages are associated with the rapid expansion of plastination during recent decades in a high number of educational institutions. However, the studies of parasite conservation through plastination are scarce, although the material obtained has a high quality, as prior references have shown. In this study, 141 students of veterinary medicine and pharmacy university degrees used, in a blind study, plastinated specimens (experimental group) or wet specimens (control group) during three consecutive practical sessions. Afterwards all the students completed anonymous questionnaires on both knowledge and satisfaction. The results demonstrated that plastinated parasites are a valid and satisfactory alternative to be used as a teaching/learning tool during practical lessons. Moreover, with regard to the knowledge of morphological structures, the results from the questionnaire of assimilated knowledge showed no differences between the use of plastinated and formaldehyde-preserved parasites.

The inhibitory role of effective microorganisms on the growth of pathogenic bacteria

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Effective Microorganisms (EM1®) for inhibiting the growth of some pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were used in this study and isolated from pathological conditions. These bacteria were diagnosed in laboratory of microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul. The colonies that taken from blood agar were 5-7 and cultured in the nutrient broth and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. Bacterial growth was calibrated with the second tube of the McFarland tubes 0.5%. Several concentrations of EM product were prepared 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125%. Decimal dilutions were done for each concentration of EM product with bacterial suspension, except control group was done for bacterial suspension with nutrient broth. The bacterial count was done on nutrient agar, milk agar and EMB agar. The results of this study showed that the product of EM1® within concentrations 0.5-1% was highly efficient in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria under study. The bacterial count of both S. aureus and E. coli was 54x107 and 52x107 CFU/ ml respectively at 1% EM1®, and 67x107 and 86x107 CFU/ ml respectively at 0.5%, while the counting of the control group was 42x109 and 67x109 CFU/ ml respectively. This study concluded that EM1® at low concentrations have a clear role in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli.

Challenges and Opportunities in Building a Successful Digital Library in Developing Countries

The present research work describes the use of the electronic resources by the teaching community at Mekelle University, Ethiopia. The survey was conducted by using questionnaires to collect the data. The questionnaires were administrated to total 1516 on duty teaching faculties of seven colleges. Including the College of Natural and Computational Sciences, the College of Veterinary Medicine, the College of Health Science, the College of Law and Governance, the College of Business and Economics, the College of Language and Social Sciences, College Dry Land Agriculture and Natural Resources as well as nine regular institutes including; the Ethiopian Institute of Technology, the Mekelle Institute of Technology, the Institute of Paleo Environment and Heritage Conservation, the Institute of Pedagogical Sciences, the Institute of Geo-Information and Earth Observation Sciences, the Institute of Environment and Gender Development Studies, the Institute of Population Studies, the Institute for Climate and Society, and the Institute for Water and Environment at Mekelle University. The survey also examines the purpose of use, frequency, difficulties, and availability of electronic information resources subscribed by the Mekelle University Digital Library. Finally, the data was interpreted, concluded, and suggestions have been given for improvement of electronic information resources at library web portal.

Analytical Comparison between Spectrophotometer and Portable Glucometer for Measurement of Blood Glucose in Horse

Objective: Analytical methods comparison for the determination of blood glucose are essential in clinical laboratory practice as it improves the quality of health care through accurate and reliable clinical decision making. Therefore, the study was done to assess the analytical performance between point-of-care glucometer named easy touch glucose monitoring system and spectrophotometer named EMP-168 biochemical analyzer for blood glucose determination in horse. Results: Twenty paired samples from horses visiting SPANA clinic of college of veterinary medicine and agriculture Addis Ababa University was used. Data obtained from both instruments was compared. The results showed that the mean value of blood glucose concentrations were higher in glucometric method (106 mg/dl) than the spectrophotometric (73 mg/dl) with the calculated t-statistic significantly different p-value of 0.000. This study showed the clinical inaccuracy of the glucometer over the spectrophotometer

Impostor phenomenon in veterinary medicine

Background: Impostor phenomenon (IP), an internal perception of intellectual phoniness despite personal achievements, has been reported and evaluated in a number of professions, including doctors, dentists, pharmacists, and academic faculty. To date, this phenomenon has not been evaluated in the veterinary medicine. Methods: To examine the prevalence of IP in veterinary medicine, we surveyed veterinary students, house officers, and veterinarians at a large college of veterinary medicine. Survey measures included the Clance IP Scale (CIPS) and Young Impostor Scale (YIS). Results: The prevalence of IP in our population was 50%, 68%, and 34%, among students, house officers, and faculty, respectively, based on the responses to the CIPS. The prevalence of IP was 45%, 60%, and 26%, among students, house officers, and faculty, respectively, based on the responses to the YIS. Conclusion: Among veterinary students, house officers and faculty IP are experienced to a similar degree as that reported in other health professions.

Factors Associated with Initiation and Sustenance of Stress Management Behaviors in Veterinary Students: Testing of Multi-Theory Model (MTM).

Veterinary students across the United States face the challenge of stress during school every day. When managed improperly, stress can become chronic and manifest in physical and emotional consequences. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change in predicting the initiation and sustenance of stress management behaviors among veterinary students. A cross-sectional design was used to study the efficacy of the MTM in predicting initiation and sustenance of stress management behaviors among veterinary students at a private College of Veterinary Medicine in the Southeast United States. Researchers collected data using a 54-item valid and reliable survey. Only students who did not already engage in daily stress management behaviors were included in the study. After recruitment and exclusion, a total of 140 students remained and participated in the study. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that, for initiation of stress management behaviors, 49.5% of the variance was explained by depression, academic classification, and behavioral confidence. Regarding sustenance of stress management behaviors, 50.4% of the variance was explained by perceived stress, depression, academic classification, and emotional transformation. MTM serves as a promising framework for predicting initiation and sustenance of health behavior change. Based on the results of this study, interventions aimed to promote stress management behaviors in veterinary students should focus on the MTM constructs of behavioral confidence and emotional transformation.

ALcoholic extraction of silymarin oil from seeds of local Milk thistle plant (silynum mariamum) at room temperature

This study conducted at central researches unit at the college of veterinary medicine in Basrah university and it aimed to extract silymarin components from local Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) that grow in north of Iraq(mosul) , at room temperature within different periods and 'isolation of silymarin oil from the plant, 50gram of grinded seeds defatted by normal hexane (500m1) using soxlet for 3 hr. and the defatted seeds powder extracted by absolute ethanol(1:3) at room temperature for 72 and 96 hr. After extraction of defatted grinded seeds of local silybum marianum with'absolute ethanol at room temperature. Results showed that at 96 hr.of extraction significantly effect the amount of extracted mat rial(24.3720+5.307mg/g p < 0.05) , while it was 10.9840+.92572 mg/g after72 hr. and the percentage of silymarin components were 1.109 +0.097and 2.435+ 0.0553% at 72 and 96hr. respectively and Silymarin oil that defatted from the grinded seeds yield 22.23%.

Pathological characterization of lesions and bacteriological isolation of causative agents of swine tuberculosis at Bishoftu and Addis Ababa Abattoirs, Bishoftu, Ethiopia

A Thesis Submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Veterinary Science in Veterinary Pathology