Colleges Of Veterinary Medicine Research Articles

Timed up and go demonstrates strong interrater agreement and criterion validity as a functional test in geriatric dogs.

To measure interobserver agreement for 4 functional tasks and their summed geriatric functional score (GFS) and correlate tasks and GFS with client-specific outcome measurements (CSOMs): Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) pain severity, CBPI pain interference, and Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs. 89 geriatric dogs were recruited between April and September 2023 from staff, friends, and clients of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine with a median age of 11.0 years and weight of 26.4 kg. Dogs underwent 4 sequential functional tests: timed up and go (TUG), cavallettis, figure 8s, and down to stands. Two observers independently scored each dog. The GFS was calculated based on the summed scores of the individual tests. Additional information collected included signalment, weight, measurements reflecting the comorbidities of aging (body condition score and muscle condition score), and CSOMs. Strong interrater agreement was found for all functional tests. The TUG in seconds (sTUG) and figure 8s demonstrated significant (P < .05) moderate to strong correlations to all CSOMs. The GFS showed similar significant correlations with all CSOMs except CBPI pain severity; however, when correlating individual tests to CSOMs, only figure 8s and TUG were significantly contributing to GFS results. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis defined highly functional dogs as those completing the sTUG in under 3.83 seconds. The sTUG represented the best test for geriatric function given it was objective, reliable, correlated well to CSOMs, and could help identify highly functioning dogs. The sTUG appears to be the first practical and reliable functional test of canine geriatric mobility.

Postmortem pathologic findings in dogs that underwent total body irradiation and hematopoietic cell transplant: A case series of five dogs with B-cell multicentric lymphoma.

Alternative therapies that can help achieve complete remission in dogs with lymphoma include total body irradiation and hematopoietic cell transplant, though there are few reports describing successes and pathologic sequelae of these procedures. During a 10-year period, 94 dogs with multicentric lymphoma received a hematopoietic cell transplant following total body irradiation at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Seven of these 94 dogs (7%) died prior to discharge, five (5%) of which presented for postmortem examination. Of these dogs, four received an autologous hematopoietic cell transplant, while one received a haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. All five dogs had bone marrow depletion with all hematopoietic lines affected. Three had systemic candidiasis, while two had bacterial infections. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to document pathologic findings and development of systemic mycoses in dogs post total-body irradiation therapy and hematopoietic cell transplant.

Anesthesia simulation training at the University of Arizona College of Veterinary Medicine.

Anesthesia simulation training at the University of Arizona College of Veterinary Medicine.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SUMAC AND FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES ON SOME PRODUCTIVE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL TRAITS OF LAMBS

The research was conducted at the Animal Farm of the University of Baghdad's College of Veterinary Medicine to assess the effect of dietary grind seeds of Sumac and Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes(EFE) on some productive and haematological traits of Awassi male lambs from the period 1/2/2021 to 1/6/2021. Twenty-four Awassi male lambs with 3-4 months of age, and divided into four groups based on body weight . Dietary treatments were as following: G1 (control) equal nourished concentrate diet at the rate of 2.5% body weight (B.W) with alfalfa hay daily, G2 was fed on the similar diet as control group and was given 15g/head dried grind seeds of Rhus Coriaria daily with diet, G3 was fed on the similar diet that was presented in G1 with 5g/head of (EFE) daily, G4 was fed on the same diet in G1 with a 15g/head dried grind seeds of Rhus Coriaria and 5g/head of EFE. The results of live body weight, monthly weight gain and feed conversion ratio showed significant increased (p&lt;0.05) of G2, G3, G4 comparing with G1.Also values of Hemoglobin, showed significance exceed (p&lt;0.05) of G2, G3, G4 compared with G1. Values of RBCs showed that G4 significance exceed (p&lt;0.05) other groups from the 3rd month to the end of experiment, while G3 and G2 significance exceed G1 at the last month of experiment. Values of total WBCs showed non-significance difference among different groups. In conclusion, these result showed the significant effect of Rhus Coriaria and (EFE) consumption on some productive and heamatological aspects of Awassi male lambs.

364 Clinical and Translational Research at The University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To demonstrate a successful example of clinical and translational research at a busy veterinary teaching hospital and highlight a collaborative effort in Comparative Oncology between the University of Florida’s (UF) Colleges of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The UF College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is a full-time teaching hospital with multiple departments actively recruiting patients for clinical trials. These departments include but are not limited to Oncology, Internal Medicine, Dermatology, Cardiology, and Emergency and Critical Care. The Oncology department collaborates with the doctors at the UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC) as part of a Comparative Oncology Initiative, which has many ongoing canine and feline trials focusing on immunotherapy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As of August 2023, there are 60 clinical trials actively recruiting and enrolling patients at the UF CVM. 57% of these trials are interventional studies, while the other 43% are observational studies. The UFHCC Comparative Oncology Initiative has successfully completed one clinical trial focusing on canine gliomas; has 4 clinical trials that are actively recruiting patients, and 6 trials that are opening for enrollment in the near future. These studies focus on osteosarcoma, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. It is anticipated that with continued successful collaborations, more clinical trials will be possible, and new treatment options will become available for not only veterinary patients but human patients as well. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical and translational research is an important part of veterinary medicine to further patient care. Due to ongoing collaborative efforts, not only veterinary patients but also human patients will benefit from the research being conducted at the UF CVM.

Development and Implementation of a Basic Veterinary Ultrasound Curriculum

Diagnostic ultrasound is an important imaging modality in veterinary medicine. Surveys of veterinarians suggest that ultrasound is a desired clinical competence and that new graduates are expected to practice basic ultrasound skills. This report describes the development and implementation of a basic ultrasound training program in the core curriculum at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine (ISU-CVM). A multidisciplinary team of ISU-CVM faculty created and delivered a basic ultrasound training program consisting of two lectures and two hands-on laboratories incorporated into a second-year core course, utilizing ballistic gel and silicone phantoms as well as live-dog scanning. The focus of training was on basic image acquisition, image optimization, and regional sonographic anatomy of the canine abdomen. Students were surveyed at 6-month intervals during program implementation. Survey data from graduating students, alumni, and employers were also analyzed. The program was successfully implemented and was well-received by all key stakeholders. Alumni and employer surveys reinforced the importance of basic ultrasound skills as a competency for new graduates. Student survey data revealed that satisfaction with ultrasound training increased after implementation of the program, as did students’ perception of their skill level in individual ultrasound competencies. Student surveys also identified ways to enrich the program by providing additional opportunities for ultrasound practice in subsequent laboratory courses and clinical rotations. This report summarizes lessons learned during development of basic ultrasound training in the core curriculum at ISU-CVM and can serve as a reference for other institutions considering similar programs.

Using Multimedia Dissection Videos to Supplement Learning of Veterinary Anatomy in the COVID Era and Beyond: Student Perceptions and Benefits

Anatomy is a foundation for veterinary medical education, yet its teaching has traditionally posed an academic challenge to students. Anatomy is a three-dimensional (3D) subject that students are often expected to learn using one- or two-dimensional learning resources. Visualization of structures and the transfer of images to animal specimens can impede knowledge acquisition and student confidence. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first-year anatomy course (Anatomy I) at The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine was delivered virtually in Autumn 2020. Instructors were challenged to create equivalent learning experiences without face-to-face interaction and cadaveric access. Fortunately, multimedia dissection videos were in production and supplemented students’ learning of anatomic structures and dissection techniques. Videos included complete narration, explanations, diagrams, labels, and self-check opportunities. To evaluate the perceived effectiveness of the videos on student learning, the Anatomy I teaching team surveyed all first-year veterinary students following the course. Of the 104 students (64%) who completed the survey, 101 (97%) agreed or strongly agreed that the videos helped solidify their anatomy knowledge, skills, and understanding. The most helpful video characteristics included the demonstration of dissection techniques on a cadaver and the visualization of structures on 3D specimens. Students also appreciated the ability to review content at their own pace/convenience, a feature inherent to recorded (asynchronous) video-based instruction. These data suggest that video-based instruction may effectively supplement students’ learning of veterinary anatomy and improve the transfer of knowledge, particularly when other forms of direct instruction are inaccessible.

Evaluation of the effect of therapeutic durations on small ruminant bacterial pneumonia

BackgroundSheep and goat production in Ethiopia is hindered by numerous substandard production systems and various diseases. Respiratory disease complexes (RDC) pose a significant threat to the productivity of these animals. Pneumonia is a common manifestation of respiratory disease complexes and often necessitates a prolonged course of antibiotic treatment. This study aimed to optimize and propose the ideal duration of therapy for pneumonia in sheep and goats.MethodsThe study was conducted from February to June 2021 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University. The study recruited 54 sheep and goats presented to the hospital for treatment with a confirmed RDC as determined based on clinical signs and bacteriological methods. The animals were randomly allocated to 5 groups each group receiving 10% oxytetracycline (Phenxyl, Phenix, Belgum) intramuscularly for a duration of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 consecutive days. The treatment outcomes were assessed by recording vital signs (body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, coughing, and nasal discharges), performing lung ultrasonography (L-USG) as well as collection of nasal swabs for bacterial isolation and molecular identification before and after completion of the treatment. An ordered logistic regression model with random effects was employed to determine the optimal therapeutic duration, taking into account the cumulative scores of the outcome variables across the different groups.ResultsAmong the 54 sheep and goats treated with 10% oxytetracycline, a total of 74.07% (95% CI, 60.35–85.04) achieved complete recovery, as confirmed through clinical, ultrasound, and bacteriological methods. In Group 1 (G1), out of 12 sheep and goats, 8 (83.0%) recovered completely; in Group 2 (G2), out of 11 animals, 9 (82.0%) recovered completely; in Group 3 (G3), out of 11 animals, 10 (93.0%) recovered completely; in Group 4 (G4), out of 9 animals, 9 (100.0%) recovered completely; and in Group 5 (G5), out of 11 animals, 10 (91.0%) recovered completely. Bacteriological examination of nasal swabs indicated involvement of M. hemolytica in 27 (50.00%) and P. multocida in 13 (24.07%) of pneumonic animals. Detection of specific marker genes confirmed only five of the presumptive M. hemolytica isolates, whilst no isolates tested positive for P. multocida. Post-treatment samples collected from recovered animals did not yield any M. hemolytica nor P. multocida. Based on results from clinical signs, L-USG, and bacterial infection variables, the group of sheep and goats treated for seven consecutive days (G5) showed the highest recovery score compared to the other groups, and there was a statistically significant difference (coefficient (β) = − 2.296, p = 0.021) in variable score between G5 and G1. These findings suggest that the administration of 10% oxytetracycline for a full course of seven consecutive days resulted in symptomatic and clinical recovery rates from respiratory disease in sheep and goats.

Cumin Extract Alters The Histology of Kidney and Duodenum in Adult Rabbit

Background: The current study determined the histological alterations of the kidney and duodenum due to the administration of the cumin plant. The objective of the study was how consuming cumin affects the histological structure of the kidney and duodenum. Methods: Ten healthy male rabbits were divided into two groups of five each. They were housed in the animal facility at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kerbala University. The treatment group received an oral dose of cumin extract at 250 mg/kg body weight once daily for six weeks, while the control group was given a standard diet and water. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine tissue samples from the kidneys and duodenum. Results: The histological analysis revealed significant changes in the kidney and duodenum tissues of the rabbits treated with cumin extract. In the kidneys, there was an increase in the diameter of glomeruli and a narrower lumen of the proximal tubules, indicating increased activity. Similarly, the duodenum of the treated group exhibited taller villi and deeper crypts, suggesting enhanced absorption activity. Moreover, the arrangement of tall columnar epithelial cells in the duodenal villi was altered. Conclusion: In conclusion, high intake of cumin extract showed various histological alterations in the urinary and digestive systems, particularly in the kidney and duodenum. These findings provided insights into the potential effects of cumin consumption on organ structure and function, highlighting the need for further research to understand its implications for human health better.

The Transition from Letter Grading to Modified Pass-Fail Grading at a College of Veterinary Medicine: A Narrative Inquiry of Student Experiences

Compared with traditional letter grading, pass/fail grading is an assessment approach that can alter the educational environment and enhance student wellbeing without compromising education quality. Little is known about the experiences of students during the transition from traditional grading to pass/fail grading. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an abrupt move to modified pass-fail (MPF) grading at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), followed by a decision to permanently adopt MPF grading for the entire core pre-clinical doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) curriculum. This study employed a narrative inquiry of surveys and interviews to facilitate deep understanding of student perspectives during the transition to MPF grading. Focus was placed on understanding what this transition meant for DVM students in terms of life and learning quality. Our analysis identified seven key themes that captured student experiences, which were generally positive, during this transition: education culture, student perceptions of instructor impact, shift from extrinsic to intrinsic valuation of curricular content, competitiveness for external merit-based opportunities, use of letter grading and MPF in a single semester, student recommendations, and wellbeing. Through exploration of these themes and presentation of concerns identified in students’ stories, this study provides guidance for other programs considering revision of their own assessment frameworks.

A Study on Major Ectoparasites and Associated Skin Diseases of Ruminants in and Around Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 to evaluate the occurrence of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases in ruminants in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. A total of 437 ruminants (216 cattle, 141 sheep, and 80 goats) brought to the open-air Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, were sampled using simple random sampling. Accordingly, the occurrence of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases was found to be 59% (258), and out of these animals, 195 (44.6%) were infected with ectoparasites, of which 111 (25.4%) were bovine, 27 (6.2%) were caprine, and 57 (13%) were ovine. The major ectoparasite species identified were Amblyomma variegatum (13%), A. gemma (0.7%), A. cohaerens (1.8%), A. nymph (3.2%), H. truncatum (2.7%), Boophilus decoloratus (6.2%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (1.8%), R. eversi (0.7%), Damalinia ovis (3%), Linognatus vituli (5.5%), Psoroptes (0.7%), Demodex bovis (0.5%), Ctenocephalides canis (0.7%) and Ct. felis (5.03). On the other hand, the associated skin diseases infesting animals were: 63 (14.4%), lumpy skin disease (0.9%), sheep pox (5.5%), goat pox (5%), dermatophilosis (0.2%), contagious ecthyma in caprine (2.1%), and contagious ecthyma in ovine (0.7%). The findings of the present study suggest that ectoparasites and associated skin diseases in and around Bishoftu are still widespread and economically important constraints for the productivity and use of ruminants. Hence, stringent adherence to the control of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases is required as a responsibility of the concerned government body based on professional research results in the study area.

HEMATOLOGY AND PLASMA CHEMISTRY COMPARISONS AMONG JUVENILE AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION.

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is an opportunistic and adaptable species with high rehabilitation success rates. Injured, ill, and orphaned bears across the southeastern United States are examined and treated at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine followed by rehabilitation at Appalachian Bear Rescue (ABR). Hematology and biochemistry reference ranges exist for healthy adult black bears; however, most bears presenting to ABR are young and of variable health status. Thus, further investigation into the difference of blood values at varying ages and presentations is warranted. ABR records from 1996 to 2022 included 106 bears with completed hematology and plasma biochemistry panels (22 paired samples at intake and release, 84 at intake only). Intake-only samples consisted of 12 neonates (<3 mon old), 64 cubs (3-12 mon), and 30 yearlings (1-2 yr). Bears presented as orphaned neonates (22%), orphaned cubs (45%), malnourished yearlings (24%), and injured/ill (9%) during fall (16%), winter (13%), spring (32%), and summer (39%). Changes in hematology and plasma biochemistry results between intake and release included an increase in hematocrit and glucose. Injured/ill bears presented with higher total leukocyte count (WBC), absolute neutrophils (ABS segs), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (P < 0.05). Positive correlation between ALT, AST, proteins, and blood urea nitrogen and negative correlation between absolute lymphocytes and alkaline phosphatase were noted with age. Both WBC and ABS segs were lower during winter (P < 0.05). Understanding what factors affect juvenile black bear blood values improves clinical expectations and evaluation upon intake, clinical evaluation, and treatment.

Risk Factors for Fractures of Dogs in Quezon City, Philippines

A retrospective case-control study was conducted in dogs with bone fractures presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital - Diliman Station, Companion Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños from January 2016 to December 2021. One hundred sixty-one dogs were diagnosed with bone fractures. Limping was the most common chief complaint with falling from a height being the most common cause. Close, complete, and oblique fractures were the most prevalent fracture type. Around 29.81% of the cases were given medications only and 16.77% were treated with external coaptation. Among the cases treated with external coaptation, only fourteen came back for follow-up with fully healed bone fractures. The mean age of dogs with bone fractures was 2.30 years old and was seen as a significant risk factor regardless of age group. Dogs fed with dry dog food and table food were 0.35 and 0.50 less likely to have bone fractures, respectively. The body weight, body condition scores, and dog breeds were not significant risk factors while the abode of the animal was a significant risk factor regardless whether the animal is indoor or outdoor. Age, diet, and abode were found to be significantly associated with bone fractures.

Inefficacy of Dilute Epinephrine in Preventing Feline Scrotal Hematomas: Results From a Randomized Control Trial

Introduction: The authors previously investigated the use of epinephrine at 1:400,000 dilution to prevent scrotal hematoma but found no significant reduction in hematomas. We hypothesized that higher concentrations of epinephrine would reduce the incidence of hematomas. Methods: Male cats trapped for Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine’s Trap-Neuter-Return program were assigned to one of three treatment groups in this randomized control trial: LRS control (A), 1:40,000 epinephrine (B), or 1:120,000 epinephrine (C). Each patient received 0.2 mL of treatment as a topical wash within the scrotum. Veterinarians blinded to the treatment group assessed for the presence and severity of hematoma at three stages. Results: 398 cats were enrolled into groups A (n = 136), B (n = 133), and C (n = 129). Number of hematomas occurring in each group were 15 (11%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6–18%), 12 (9%, 95% CI: 5–15%), and 8 (6%, 95% CI: 3–12%), respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of scrotal hematoma (P = 0.397) or scrotal hematoma requiring treatment (P = 1.0). Weight was the only variable associated with the risk of hematoma (odds ratio [OR]: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3–2.3; P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Despite its vasoconstrictive effects, dilute epinephrine as a topical wash was not effective in preventing feline scrotal hematomas.

A Histological and Histochemical study of small intestine in adult stage of cats.

This study was performed to detect histological &amp; histochemical facts of the bowel in adult cats.was approved on six mature cats the body masses it between 3 to 3.5 Kg, which occur in College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. Killing euthanized by injection of an overdose of sodium pentobarbital intra-cardiac. Tissue sections were treated, sectioned and exposed to specific dyes to detected histological details.small intestine of adult cats is lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The general architecture was like to other mammals with little individualities: the shape of the villi different from leaf-similar in the duodenum ,pointed in jejunum &amp;leaf-formed in the ileum due to the type nutrition, the Brunner’s gland was current in the initial portion and caudal part duodenum and initial part of the jejunum act to neutralize the acidity of the food coming from the stomach with foods.The paneth cells have few numbers with rather epithelial cells in duodenum. Peyer's spot was current at the termination of jejunum and ileum. Goblet cells were able to secrete a high amount of slimy mucous into the lumen of the bowel ,.Carbohydrate profile small intestine shown the found of non-sulfated acidic mucin in the crypts and intestinal glands while the a neutral &amp; sulfated acidic mucins found in the villi &amp; superficial epithelium.

Defining Learning Communities in the Veterinary Medicine Curriculum.

Learning communities (LCs) are a type of high-impact, collaborative educational practice where students cooperate with other students in two or more classes to improve learning. Additional criteria used for defining LCs vary across the literature and have focused on high school and undergraduate programs. Similar benefits may also be experienced in professional programs; however, before further studies can investigate and describe these benefits, the structure for LCs in the veterinary curriculum must first be defined. To accomplish this, a survey instrument was developed and distributed to veterinary students attending Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine during the 2019 to 2020 academic year. The survey focused on a number of criteria and included both qualitative and quantitative questions. Criteria included demographics, prior experiences, and structure of an ideal LC. Recurring themes in the qualitative responses were identified, reviewed, and categorized based on an established coding theme. Significant correlations included an association between respondents' opinions on the ideal number of people in a LC and prior participation in LCs; age and preference for LC focus; ideal number of LC members and LC focus; and gender identity and thoughts on LC diversity. Based on the survey results, the typical veterinary student would consider an ideal LC to (1) be selected by the students of the LC, (2) have faculty mentors, (3) have a focus on coursework with some social aspects, (4) have fewer than seven members, (5) be composed of friends, (6) meet both during and after class, and (7) be diverse.

Effects of Silymarin against Hepatic and Renal Toxicity Induced by Methotrexate in Rats.

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate silymarin's prophylactic and therapeutic effects on methotrexate-induced nephron-hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats were housed for 15 days in the animal unit facility at the College of Veterinary Medicine / Tikrit University and separated into six groups: 1st group was a healthy control group, the 2nd was a methotrexate induction group, the 3rd was considered therapeutic groups and received methotrexate single dose for one week then received silymarin at day 8 for one week, the 4th group was prophylactic group and received silymarin for one week then received methotrexate single dose for one week. Results: The nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects of methotrexate were reported via increasing levels of urea, creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, and decreasing Albumin in comparison to the control group. Therapeutic groups and the prophylactic group achieved a significant decrease in urea and creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and Alkaline Phosphatase, while there was a significant increase in Albumin in the therapeutic and prophylactic group. Conclusion: It was concluded that silymarin had a therapeutic and a prophylactic effect against the nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate in albino rats. Keywords: Methotrexate, Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, Silymarin

Effect of Supplementation of Different Levels of Spirulina Platensis Algae Powder to Two Diets with Two Different Levels of Protein on Some Carcass Characteristics of Lamb

This study was conducted in the experimental lamb’s field of the College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tikrit for the period from 2/10/2022 to 31/12/2022 for (90 days), as the study aimed to know the effect of different levels of spirulina algae on two diets with two different levels of protein (high and low), and the overlap between them in some characteristics of lamb carcasses. In this study, (24) local lambs were used, their ages ranged between 3-4 months, and an average Initial weight of 20.5 ± 0.9 kg. The experimental lambs were divided into (6) treatments, with (4) lambs for each treatment. The treatments included: the first, second, and third high-protein to which (0,8,12) gm of spirulina was added, respectively, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth low-protein to which (0, 8,12) gm spirulina, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant superiority (P ≤ 0.05) for the T2 and T3 in the final body weight, which amounted to (33.88) kg and (34.10) kg, and the empty (final body weight without digestive contents) (29.82) kg and (30.27) kg over the T5 in which the weight to wich The final (29.88) kg and the empty (26.06) kg. As for the percentage Shrinkage, There was a significant superiority (P≤0.05) for the T4 over the T3 and T5, as it amounted to (2.76%), (2.09%), and (2.17%), respectively. As for the rest of the studied characteristics (Dressing percentage, primary and secondary cuts), there were No Significant differences.

Morphological aspects of eyeball extrinsic muscles and other anatomical aspects in a tapir (Tapirus terrestris): Case report

The aim was to describe the morphological aspects of the eyeball and associated anatomical components of Tapirus terrestris. The study was performed with two heads, with unknown origin, donated to the Laboratory of Morphological studies of Veterinary Medicine College in Araçatuba city. SP. External aspects revealed similarities with other mammals; however, the orbit cavity has area of 20-mm3 ± 1.4 mm3 considered higher than horse per example. The description of eyeball muscles followed what has been described for other species, with origin and insertion defined. Tapir is a mammal found in South America, and in almost all biomes, but with tiny literary information about macro and microscopic morphology. Thus, it justifies the choice of this species for the study, based on their macro morphological features, which, notably, are fundamental to the biological knowledge of the species. This kind of research contributes with relevant data about this species is still poorly studied.

Identifying and treating heart disease in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in dogs. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is predisposed to myxomatous mitral valve disease and overrepresented in epidemiological studies. They are high risk for an early onset of the disease, and it is more likely to progress. The exact cause is unknown, which makes early diagnosis and treatment crucial. A consensus statement has been produced by the American College of Veterinary Medicine which has classified myxomatous mitral valve disease into four different stages and provides guidance on diagnosis and treatment. While treatment is now recommended at the preclinical phase of myxomatous mitral valve disease, time to cardiac death from the onset of heart failure remains at approximately 11–12 months. However, myxomatous mitral valve disease is a variable disease, and not all dogs will progress to heart failure.