Philadelphia College Research Articles

Analyzing Predictive Factors Associated with the Variable Rates of Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among National Guard/Reserve Soldiers Compared to Active Duty Soldiers: A Pilot Study

Research Aim: The aim for this study was to better understand the higher post-deployment prevalence of PTSD among National Guard/Reserve Soldiers compared to Active Duty Soldiers by analyzing the possible predictive factors associated with the variable rates. Since September 11th, 2001, the United States Army has deployed a significantly larger percentage of National Guard and Reserve forces to combat zones in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United States Office of Veterans Affairs has reported increased suicide rates and suicide risk for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) for Soldiers deployed in support of these conflicts in particular. Few studies have assessed the relationship between military component (Active Duty vs. Reserve Component) and PTSD prevalence and risk factors but many of the studies that exist have reported higher rates in Reserve Component Soldiers as compared to Active Duty Soldiers. This study identifies and discusses possible implications for these specific vulnerabilities. Research Methods: The Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory were used to assess the service members’ trauma-related experiences. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to assess resiliency as a pre-existent factor inherent to the individual. The Treatment Reactions Scale was used to assess stigma for PTSD treatment. Statistical analysis of variance was performed using Graphpad Prism 6 Software to find if there were any statistical differences between prevalence rates. Linear regression analysis was used to determine correlations between predictive factors and PTSD within each component. Trial Registration: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Institutional Review Board Protocol #H15-034X (April 13, 2015).

Survey of Osteopathic Medical Students Regarding Physician Shadowing Experiences Before and During Medical School Training.

Introduction:Shadowing a physician is an observational experience which includes a student observing a licensed healthcare provider caring for patients. Shadowing is commonly done by students before and during medical school, but little is known about the nature or extent of these extra-curricular observational experiences.Objective:We hypothesized that shadowing experiences were common yet variable. We investigated the prevalence, nature, and perceived value of medical student experiences with shadowing physicians (both before and during medical school).Methods:This survey-based study was non-experimental with a cross-sectional convenience sample of osteopathic medical students about their shadowing experiences before and during medical school. The survey was sent to all matriculated osteopathic medical students (OMS1-4) for the 2017 to 2018 academic year from two medical schools: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) (1084 total students) and PCOM-Georgia (554 total students). The final survey instrument included three sections: demographics (6 questions), pre-medical shadowing experiences (21 questions), and medical student shadowing experiences (24 questions).Results:Respondents (357) identified themselves as OMS1 (96), OMS2 (89), OMS3 (73), OMS4 (95) and other (2, OMS5) with enrollment at PCOM-Philadelphia (242) and PCOM-Georgia (115). Among survey respondents, 339 (95.5%) reported shadowing a physician as a pre-medical student, and 110 (30.8%) reported shadowing (outside of their required clinical rotations) a physician during medical school. Requirements to participate were inconsistent; fewer than 50% of shadowing experiences required Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) training, proof of vaccination, or purified protein derivative (PPD) documentation. In addition to observation, pre-medical and medical students, respectively, participated in history taking (44 [13%], 47 [42.7%]), physical examinations (45 [13.3%], 44 [40%]) and procedures (13, [3.8%], 20 [18.2%]) during their shadowing experiences. Motivations to participate in shadowing varied between pre-medical and medical student experiences, but both groups mentioned their desire to learn more about a particular discipline, obtain letters of recommendation, and gain patient care experience. Students recommended both pre-medical (273 [80.5%]) and medical school (93 [84.5%]) shadowing to future students.Conclusion:Shadowing remains a common and important tool for students to learn about patient care, medicine and careers. The nature of each shadowing experience and participation requirements are quite variable. Measures to ensure patient safety, confidentiality, liability and supervision are inconsistently applied. Promoting guidelines, as well as codes of conduct, for shadowing could serve as a helpful resource for students, academic advisors and supervising clinicians.

A case study activity to assess nursing students′ perceptions of their interprofessional healthcare team’s collaborative decision-making process

Abstract Stronger interprofessional team collaboration is associated with higher satisfaction with decision-making processes, but nurses are most likely to feel low satisfaction with team decision-making. Because interprofessional teams should make inclusive care plan decisions using consensus, a semester-long, interprofessional case study activity included student health profession team creation of a hospital discharge plan for a web-based patient. Interprofessional student teams from nursing and five other health professions participated in the activity that used an ‘adapted’ nursing case study as an interprofessional case. Upon completion, it was hoped nursing student participants would report high perceptions of collaboration and satisfaction with their team decision-making process. Post-activity, overall scores on the Collaboration and Satisfaction about Care Decisions instrument indicated that nursing student participants perceived collaboration levels as relatively high or acceptable and were generally satisfied with their team decision-making process. However, no mean scores were in the higher or most positive levels. More interventions focusing on team process and decision-making may assist in the delivery of effective patient-centered, team-based care. Case studies from the National League for Nursing and Community College of Philadelphia, Advancing Care Excellence for Seniors website can easily be adapted as interprofessional.

Interprofessional education in a student clinic: Curricular integration of a model workflow for medical, pharmacy, social work and undergraduate learners

Abstract Interprofessional education (IPE) has become a cornerstone within the health sciences as a strategy to enhance communication and collaboration among health professions students. The Cooper Medical School of Rowan University (CMSRU) partners with the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (PCP) of the University of Sciences to deliver free healthcare to uninsured residents of Camden, NJ at the Cooper Rowan Clinic (CRC). The clinic incorporates a longitudinal workflow model that seeks to deliver high-quality patient care and serve as a platform for IPE. This article describes the organization of the CRC, which accommodates close to 400 learners in a restricted space while maintaining the IPE component. The quality of the learning experience was evaluated by comparing data from medical student course evaluations over a 3 year time period. Data suggests that the current model resulted in a statistically significant improvement in medical student satisfaction and can therefore be used as an example for other student clinics looking to implement IPE within their workflow system.

Baricitinib, Tildrakizumab-asmn, and Elagolix sodium

The New Drugs column informs readers about new chemical and biologic entities approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The column is written by Contributing Editor Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Dean Emeritus and Remington Professor Emeritus, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. Daniel A. Hussar, Ph.D., Dean Emeritus and Remington Professor Emeritus, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA Julia E. Kaminski, Student Pharmacist, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA

Impact of a simulated electronic health record on pharmacy students’ perceptions of preparedness for clinical practice

Background and purposeThe growing use of electronic health records (EHRs) in clinical practice highlights the need to incorporate simulated EHRs into the curriculum of healthcare professions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a simulated EHR on student performance and to describe students’ perceptions of preparedness to use an EHR in clinical practice. Educational activity and settingA simulated EHR was introduced to third-year pharmacy students in a practice lab and case studies course series. The impact of the simulated EHR was measured by comparing student grades from acute patient care and ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) before and after EHR implementation. Data on students’ perceptions of preparedness to use an EHR was collected by means of a questionnaire. FindingsThere was no significant difference between groups on student performance from the acute patient care APPE (p = 0.522) or from the ambulatory care APPE (p = 0.936). Questionnaire responses showed statistically significant improvements in students’ perceptions of preparedness to use an EHR in clinical practice. DiscussionPositive findings related to students’ perceptions of preparedness to use an EHR in clinical practice were used to guide expansion of the simulated EHR throughout the didactic curriculum at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. SummaryImplementation of a simulated EHR at the end of the PharmD didactic curriculum did not show a difference in student performance on select APPEs, but did show improvements in students’ perceptions of preparedness to use an EHR in clinical practice.

Erenumab-aooe, Benralizumab, and Tezacaftor/ivacaftor

The New Drugs column informs readers about new chemical and biologic entities approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The column is written by Contributing Editor Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Dean Emeritus and Remington Professor Emeritus, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Dean Emeritus and Remington Professor Emeritus, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA Justin George, Student Pharmacist, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, Ibalizumab, and Ozenoxacin

The New Drugs column informs readers about new chemical and biologic entities approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The column is written by Contributing Editor Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA Rachel C. Boardman, PharmD, PGY-1 Resident, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC

The Cardioprotective Potential of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on H2O2‐induced H9c2 Cell Damage Compared to Common Anti‐oxidants

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) is a natural compound that has been found to exhibit anti‐proliferative, anti‐inflammative, and anti‐oxidant effects, although these effects have not been fully elucidated on cardiomyocytes. Oxidative stress in the heart contributes to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury following a myocardial infarction. This study investigated the cardioprotective effects of CAPE against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative injury in rat cardiomyocytes (H9c2) in pre‐treatment (24 hours before H2O2) and co‐treatment (with H2O2), and compared these activities to vitamin C, coenzyme Q10, and caffeic acid. Cell viability was evaluated after co‐treatment and pre‐treatment by a cell counting kit‐8 assay. H2O2 (300 μM to 500 μM) dose dependently decreased cell viability, and 500 μM H2O2‐treated cells (n=4) showed a significantly decreased cell viability of 16 ± 2% compared to control cells (p<0.05). By contrast, co‐treatment (n=5) and pretreatment (n=5) of cells with CAPE (5 to 40 μM) significantly reduced cell damage in a dose dependent manner by 24–29% ± 5–8% (p<0.05). However, co‐treatment and pre‐treatment of caffeic acid (1–40 μM. n=3), vitamin C (100–10,000 μM, n=4), and coenzyme Q10 (0.1–100 μM, n=3) did not show any significant protection on cardiomyocytes against H2O2. These preliminary results suggest CAPE can protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress induced by H2O2, which indicate CAPE as a potentially beneficial supplement to maintain cardiovascular health. We plan to investigate the mechanism of action of CAPE in future studies.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, the Division of Research and the Department of Bio‐Medical Sciences at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The Effects of Metformin on Methylglyoxal‐induced cardiomyocytes cell damage

Methylglyoxal is a precursor of advanced glycation end products which is closely related to vascular complication in diabetes. However, the direct effects of methylglyoxal on cardiac myocytes still need to be elucidated. This study investigated the dose‐dependent effects of methylglyoxal on H9C2 myoblastic cell. Furthermore, we determined if metformin would reduce methylglyoxal caused cell damage. Cell viability was evaluated by a cell counting kit‐8 assay and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated via a dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay. After incubation of different doses of methylglyoxal (5 μM‐1400 μM, n=12–18) for 24 hours, lower dose range of methylglyoxal (5 μM‐800 μM) slightly increased the cell viability by 15±4% compared to the control (n=12). By contrast, higher dose methylglyoxal (1000 μM, 1200 μM, 1400 μM) significantly reduced cell viability to 74 ± 6%, 63 ± 5%, and 56 ± 7%, respectively (all p<0.05) compared to control cells. Meanwhile, higher dose of methylglyoxal (1000 μM, 1200 μM, 1400 μM) also increased intracellular ROS by 42 ± 27% (n=4), 89 ± 23% (n=4, p<0.05), and 109 ± 11% (n=3, p<0.05), respectively. By contrast, administration of metformin (1–40 mM) with methylglyoxal (1200 μM) (n=4) dose‐dependently increased cell viability. Metformin (40 mM) increased cell viability by 123± 41% (p<0.05) and reduced intracellular ROS by 70% (n=1) when compared to methylglyoxal treated cells. The preliminary data suggests that higher dose of methylglyoxal causes cardiac cells damage possibly by increased oxidative stress. Metformin can reduce oxidative stress and protect cardiac cells under higher methylglyoxal concentration and may reduce vascular complications in diabetic patients.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, the Division of Research and the Department of Bio‐Medical Sciences at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The Role of Autophagy During Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Autophagy is a housekeeping process to degrade protein aggregates, damaged cytoplasmic constituents, and provides adaptation when cells go through a nutrient stress. However, a debate persists on whether autophagy is beneficial to attenuate or promote cell damage under an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult to the heart. This study tested the effects of an autophagy enhancer (e.g. rapamycin and trehalose) on heart function and infarct size after global ischemia (30 min)/reperfusion (45 min) when given prior to ischemia (pretreatment) or at the beginning of reperfusion (posttreatment). We found that rapamycin pretreatment (25 nM, n=5) significantly restored left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) to 64±5 % of initial baseline compared to control I/R hearts (n=8) which only recovered to 31±10% of initial baseline (p<0.01). Likewise, trehalose pretreatment (5 mM, n=7) and posttreatment (5 mM, n=6) significantly restored final LVDP to 62±5% and 65±4% of initial baseline, respectively compared to control I/R hearts (both p<0.01). Moreover, infarction percentage after I/R is significantly reduced in rapamycin post‐treated hearts (23±4%, p<0.05) and trehalose treated hearts (20±4% for pretreatment and 15±3% for posttreatment, both p<0.01) when compared to control I/R hearts (41±4%). The preliminary data suggest that autophagy enhancement before ischemia or at reperfusion may be beneficial for reducing I/R injuryThis study was supported by the Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, the Division of Research and the Department of Bio‐Medical Sciences at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Modulation of Nitric Oxide Release in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Myristolated‐PKC Epsilon Activator/Inhibitor Peptides

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury plays a critical role in endothelial dysfunction as a consequence of limited nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) during reperfusion. Activated protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) binds to a specific receptor for activated C kinase (RACK‐1), facilitating its translocation from the cytosol to the cell membrane for phosphorylation of targets, such as eNOS, at serine‐1177 to augment activity. Previous in vitro and in vivo animal studies have shown that PKCɛ activation stimulates eNOS activity, increasing NO release; whereas PKCɛ inhibition using a peptide inhibitor that interferes with its interaction with RACK‐1 results in decreased NO release. However, the modulation of PKCɛ‐mediated eNOS activity has yet to be demonstrated in human cells. In this study, we aim to demonstrate enhancement and attenuation of NO release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using cell‐permeable, myristic‐acid conjugated PKCɛ activator (Myr‐PKCɛ+), Myr‐HDAPIGYD (MW=1097 g/mol), and inhibitor (Myr‐PKCɛ−), Myr‐EAVSLKPT (MW=1054 g/mol), peptides respectively. Single‐donor HUVECs at passages 3–4 were grown to confluence in 6‐well (35 mm) plates. NO release was measured in real time using a calibrated NO electrode following the administration of 10 μM Myr‐PKCɛ+ or 10 μM Myr‐PKCɛ− treatments in the absence or presence of 10 μM acetylcholine (Ach) stimulation of NO release. Basal NO release (375±175 pM) was determined by measuring the difference between wells with and without cells (n=4). Myr‐PKCɛ+ increased NO levels by 36±13 pM (p<0.01, n=5) and Myr‐PKCɛ− decreased NO levels by 41±55 pM, p<0.01, n=5) significantly compared to baseline in the absence of Ach stimulation. In the presence of 10 μM Ach only, NO release significantly increased by 61±15 pM above baseline (p<0.01, n=5). In Ach‐stimulated cells, there was an additional significant increase in NO release by 70±23 pM (p<0.01, n=5) when treated with Myr‐PKCɛ+ compared to baseline, although there was no significance compared to the initial Ach‐stimulated NO release. Following initial 10 μM Ach administration, Myr‐PKCɛ− significantly reduced NO release by 48±16 pM, (p<0.01, n=5) compared to baseline. These results suggest Myr‐PKCɛ+ presumably increases NO release via activation of eNOS, whereas Myr‐PKCɛ− attenuates eNOS activity by inhibiting its phosphorylation in HUVECs; thus, eNOS modulation by these peptides demonstrate comparable effects across species. Elucidating the role of eNOS modulation is important for developing therapeutic interventions in the context of human organ I/R injury, in which uncoupled eNOS produces ROS instead of NO. Future studies will evaluate the effects of Myr‐PKCɛ+ and Myr‐PKCɛ− on NO release in HUVECs during reperfusion following prolonged ischemia compared to non‐ischemic controls.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, the Division of Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The Shadowy Thickening of Space and Time with Chance: An Interview with the Quay Brothers

After studying at the Philadelphia College of Art, identical twins Stephen and Timothy Quay moved to London in the 1960s to study Graphic Design at the Royal College of Art. They soon acquired a taste for Eastern European animation and puppetry, and subsequently embarked on a 35‐year career making films. Usually working in stop‐motion, the Quay Brothers have evolved one of the most recognisable styles in the history of film, as reflected by their massive 2012 retrospective at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Mark Morris, Head of Teaching and Learning at the Architectural Association, and Guest‐Editor Neil Spiller interviewed them in their studio in London.

Introduction

Introduction Melvin I. Urofsky As all of you who have been following the news—whether in old-fashioned news­ papers (as I do) or on some electronic device —know, many colleges founded before the Civil War, such as Harvard and Georgetown, or even afterwards, such as Washington and Lee, have been reexamining the role of slavery in their early history. It is not that these schools have been unaware that slavery played a part—historians have long known that the value of chattel slaves funded many things other than the plantations south of Mason and Dixon’s line. Rather, it is the demand from students that universities openly face up to these facts and, if possible, do something to atone for it, that is driving schools to take a look into the darker recesses of their past. This is the context in which Paul Finkelman’s new book, Supreme Injustice, arrives. Now the president ofGratz College in Philadelphia, Paul has long been one of the leading historians of slavery, especially the role it has played in the American court system. In his new book, he examines the role ofthe three most important Justices that sat on the high court in the years before the Civil War—Chief Justice John Marshall, Justice Joseph Story, and ChiefJustice Roger Taney. What is the newest, and perhaps most startling part of this book, is the extent to which Marshall, the Great Chief Justice, owned and sold slaves. Because of the importance of these findings, as well as Finkelman’s argument that the three men could have changed the Court’s slavery jurisprudence, you will find two reviews of his work in this issue. First, Grier Stephenson looks at the entire book and the treatment of all three Justices in his “Judicial Bookshelf.” Because Finkelman’s findings about John Marshall are so new and surprising, we invited Charles Hobson, the editor ofthe John Marshall Papers, to look in particular at the chapter dealing with Mar­ shall. We have also invited Dr. Finkelman to respond in the next issue if he chooses to do so. In most histories of American jurispru­ dence, including mine, the place we usually start is at Runnymede with King John signing the Magna Carta. The reason is simple— 207 208 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY Magna Carta started what will be called the “British Constitution,” which in fact is not a single document, but a series of laws passed during the ensuing centuries. When the U.S. Supreme Court first began hearing cases, there were many references to English law— after all, that was basically the only law those early Justices knew. Over the decades, as we built up our own body oflaw, one might have expected that there would be fewer references to the British Constitution and especially to Magna Carta. Derek A. Webb, former Supreme Court Fellow and associate in the Supreme Court and Appellate and Commercial Litigation and Disputes practice groups at the law firm Sidley Austin, however, suggests that Magna Carta has played a far larger role in Supreme Court cases than previously expected, and that role has continued right down to the present. There has always been some debate over exactly what the barons at Runnymede meant by “due process of law,” a debate that has been going on in American courts for decades. On the 800th anniversary of the Great Charter in 2015, Justices Antonin Scalia and Stephen Breyer took opposite sides in a case, with both of them citing Magna Carta as justification. Mr. Webb lists the cases and I think you will agree that we did not expect that many. I have mentioned a number of times that the field of constitution history is not a large one, and I have always been happy to be part of a discipline where most of us know each other. The article by Adam Winkler is another example of what my son has called “dealing with the usual suspects.” During several periods in American history there has been criticism of the courts, and especially of the high court, for its treatment of corporations, and especially of ascribing rights to them normally associated with natural persons. Adam...

801: ACUTE ASCENDING LOWER-EXTREMITY WEAKNESS: WHOA, IS THIS WERNICKEKORSAKOFF SYNDROME?

1Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 2Reading Hospital and Medical Center, Reading, PA, 3N/A, West Reading, PA

Earliest Known Black Graduates of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Who was the first African American graduate of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (PCP)? As far as we know, that would be Pinckney Napoleon Pinchback, PhG’1887. Pinchback’s identity surfaced in 2017 when Gregory Bond, PhD, Assistant Director of the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy,

Earliest Known Black Graduates of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Earliest Known Black Graduates of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

A Short History of the Degree Programs at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Although a six-year PharmD program seemed like a bold new initiative in the 1960s, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (PCP) actually required roughly the same amount of time to qualify for its original Graduate in Pharmacy degree (PhG) in 1821.[1][1] To earn a PhG, students had to attend college

A Short History of the Degree Programs at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Although a six-year PharmD program seemed like a bold new initiative in the 1960s, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (PCP) actually required roughly the same amount of time to qualify for its original Graduate in Pharmacy degree (PhG) in 1821.[1][1] To earn a PhG, students had to attend college

Safinamide mesylate, Brodalumab, Guselkumab, and Abaloparatide

The New Drugs column informs readers about new chemical and biologic entities approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The column is written by Contributing Editor Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. Daniel A. Hussar, PhD, Remington Professor of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA Mariya Kotova, student pharmacist, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA