College Magazine Research Articles

Predicting Behaviour Patterns in Online and PDF Magazines with AI Eye-Tracking.

This study aims to improve college magazines, making them more engaging and user-friendly. We combined eye-tracking technology with artificial intelligence to accurately predict consumer behaviours and preferences. Our analysis included three college magazines, both online and in PDF format. We evaluated user experience using neuromarketing eye-tracking AI prediction software, trained on a large consumer neuroscience dataset of eye-tracking recordings from 180,000 participants, using Tobii X2 30 equipment, encompassing over 100 billion data points and 15 consumer contexts. An analysis was conducted with R programming v. 2023.06.0+421 and advanced SPSS statistics v. 27, IBM. (ANOVA, Welch's Two-Sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation). Our research demonstrated the potential of modern eye-tracking AI technologies in providing insights into various types of attention, including focus, engagement, cognitive demand, and clarity. The scientific accuracy of our findings, at 97-99%, underscores the reliability and robustness of our research, instilling confidence in the audience. This study also emphasizes the potential for future research to explore automated datasets, enhancing reliability and applicability across various fields and inspiring hope for further advancements in the field.

Converts, Bible Women, and Girl Graduates: Emerging Visions of Indian Christian Womanhood in Krupabai Satthianadhan’s Saguna (1889–1890)

ABSTRACT: Krupabai Satthianadhan’s Saguna (1889–1890) is an autobiographical novel by one of the first Indian women to attend medical school in Madras. Saguna is a New Woman narrative of spiritual and social development for both its protagonist and the emerging Indian Christian community. Written in English, it was serialized in the Madras Christian College Magazine , a periodical reaching British, Anglo-Indian, and Western-educated Indian readerships regionally, nationally, and in Christian missionary networks throughout the Empire. Satthianadhan investigates the origins of Indian Christian womanhood in Indian Christian conversion narratives and professional work, especially the mission-sponsored Bible Woman. Critiquing the ways in which female converts and Bible Women retain limited personal agency or occupy lowly positions in the community, Satthianadhan presents her protagonist as a New Woman who draws on the Bible Woman’s example of bold preaching and her own liberal education to ground her beliefs about society and religion in independent, rational thought. Satthianadhan promotes Indian women’s education reform as a movement to be embraced by the Indian Christian community and as a means through which its women can join theological conversations and champion social reform efforts in the larger, male-dominated, Indian public sphere.

Converts, Bible Women, and Girl Graduates: Emerging Visions of Indian Christian Womanhood in Krupabai Satthianadhan’s Saguna (1889–1890)

ABSTRACT: Krupabai Satthianadhan’s Saguna (1889–1890) is an autobiographical novel by one of the first Indian women to attend medical school in Madras. Saguna is a New Woman narrative of spiritual and social development for both its protagonist and the emerging Indian Christian community. Written in English, it was serialized in the Madras Christian College Magazine , a periodical reaching British, Anglo-Indian, and Western-educated Indian readerships regionally, nationally, and in Christian missionary networks throughout the Empire. Satthianadhan investigates the origins of Indian Christian womanhood in Indian Christian conversion narratives and professional work, especially the mission-sponsored Bible Woman. Critiquing the ways in which female converts and Bible Women retain limited personal agency or occupy lowly positions in the community, Satthianadhan presents her protagonist as a New Woman who draws on the Bible Woman’s example of bold preaching and her own liberal education to ground her beliefs about society and religion in independent, rational thought. Satthianadhan promotes Indian women’s education reform as a movement to be embraced by the Indian Christian community and as a means through which its women can join theological conversations and champion social reform efforts in the larger, male-dominated, Indian public sphere.

The Ideal of Profitable: Information Systems, Debt, and the Shaping of Governable College Students in Colombia

Abstract This paper evaluates how higher education information systems have shaped financial subjectivities among university students in Colombia over the past two decades. It analyzes the financial conception of higher education promoted among those aspiring to higher education by exploring the debates on neoliberal governmentality and its impact on higher education. To achieve this goal, it traces the dissemination of human capital theory in the guidelines of multilateral organizations, searches for favorable mentions of financial aid programs in two national newspapers and estimates the intensity of interpellations in college magazine advertisements.

Who Read Vidyasamgraham: The Story of a Bilingual College Magazine from Nineteenth-Century Kerala

The paper attempts to understand the idea of readership and access to printed books in colonial South India, responding to print and missionary interventions in nineteenth-century Kerala. The paper would ask, how does one work with traces of reading in the text and construct its beyond with interest in this history, paying heed to its entanglements in desires and fears of and from the same activity of reading? Is there a potential affective space in this history, accounted by the reader between divisions of the material text and the liminalities of reading events scattered in its time and space? The paper envisions methods to study reading and its lives by imaginatively and symbolically locating “readers” and “respondents” to the changes within the nineteenth-century missionary printing exercise. The study understands the coming of Vidyasamgraham or The Cottayam College Quarterly Magazine, published between 1864 and 1867 to have set the pace for both knowledge dissemination and the making of rational modern “reading” subjects in nineteenth-century Kerala. The serialization of The Slayer Slain throughout its eight issues will be read alongside the selected entries of Vidyasamgraham to ask questions about how reading was conceived, its locations, and the nature of the book.

Promoting Your Scholarly Work to Increase Awareness and Impact.

Promoting Your Scholarly Work to Increase Awareness and Impact.

Relationships aid efforts for students with mobility impairments

As early as the 1960s, Ball State University had empowered a committee devoted to the needs of students with disabilities. Its history of promoting accessibility continues to earn accolades, including a 2019 ranking by College Magazine as the nation's top institution for students with physical disabilities. Courtney Jarrett, Director of Disability Services, discussed her office's approach.

Indian Christian Spiritual Autobiography

Krupabai Satthianadhan’s Saguna (1887–88), initially serialised in the Madras Christian College magazine is rightfully regarded as the first Indian spiritual autobiographical novel. Any study of this narrative compels one to explore the influence of the Evangelical autobiography on this genre in nineteenth century India as well as to engage with the distinctive aspects of an Indian Christian woman’s spiritual quest in British India. This study also argues for focus on the spiritual life of Indian Christianity as a valid way of according recognition to the experiences and struggles of the life of a religion that is outside of mainstream religious discourse in contemporary India.

Implanting the Games Ethic in Bengal: The Colonial Context

The present article is mainly concerned with Bengal, the first province to witness the rise of British Empire in India. The Bengalis were looked upon by the British as deficient in masculinity, yet ironically a large proportion of the Westernised bureaucrats through whom India was ruled were Bengali Clerks or Babus. They formed the prime example of effeminacy.2 It is very important to examine how this games ethic got injected into the veins of these ‘effeminate’ Babus. How much spontaneous or induced it was? What were the factors that played important role in the spread of games in Bengal? The study tries to highlight the various ways through which sporting culture circulated among the Bengalis. Instead of offering a monocausal explanation, it is important to underline the aspect of multiple causalities. In this article, weightage has been given to the efforts of Anglo-Indian schools and various colleges, such as Presidency College, Scottish Church, St. Paul’s College and St. Xavier’s College, in spreading the sports culture. After looking into various sources and college magazines, it can be concluded that much emphasis was given to the Western sports.

Harm

Harm Willie Fitzgerald (bio) My family last lived together in a two-bedroom apartment at the end of a long, dust-colored hallway. Our building was called the Emerald Arms, though only its front door was green. Our apartment door was purple, the trim a slightly different shade of purple, the worn hall carpet yet a third shade of purple. More of a lavender, really, my father might have said. Just outside our door, a love-struck end table offered three daffodils in a colorless glass vase. The flowers were made of a gritty plastic fabric; the water they stood in was resin. You could flip them upside down and they would stay just as they were. Inside, my parents had made the walls delirious with decoration. We had prints and postcards and prayer flags and pressed flowers and the framed (and signed) college magazine cover my father had done, an illustration of the Vietnam War in the style of Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights. In the kitchen hung Audubon's great blue heron, its neck turned down toward its feet to stay in the frame. Pewter incense bowls, a dull brass Ganesh, a money cat with half its face abraded. Wooden dinosaurs my brother, Paul, and I had painted when we were four and six years old, mine in fastidious segments of red, yellow, and green, his a muddy olive all over. A Walter Mondale campaign button resting at the teal pebble bottom of an otherwise empty fishbowl. Two thirds of our living room was taken up by a Colonial dining table too large to go anywhere else. This table, my father often reminded us, was a little older than America. How I mourn that table now! It was made of oak and stained somewhere between blood and chocolate; its underside still smelled, with sour authority, of cut wood. Paul and I had sawed, scored, and even gnawed on it like animals. Past the table was my father's art studio, which he'd demarcated with a yellow bed sheet hung from hooks screwed into the bumpy plaster ceiling. My father was a medical illustrator, and the wall above his drafting table [End Page 84] was covered with his work: splotchy melanomas, a furrowed brain, the chambers of the heart, all rendered on flimsy sheets of tracing paper. It was a home ill suited for boys, too full of fragile things. Some of them were valuable, too: in my parents' bedroom was a Diebenkorn study in pencil given by my mother's parents as a wedding gift; my father kept a handful of rare books locked in a barrister's bookcase in his studio. I had always longed to open one of those books, which, with their tattered leather spines and titles debossed in faded metallic serif, were indistinguishable from the grimoires that populated the fantasy books I read. One afternoon, I got my wish. The little golden combination lock had been left off the bookcase. My father often read late into the night, drink in hand, and must have forgotten. He was out for the day, and Paul and I weren't sure when he would return. I eased the glass door of the bookcase up and pulled out a book at random. That was how my brother and I ended up under the massive dining table with a copy—a first edition, it turned out—of Operative Gynecology, written by Dr. Herman Kelly and illustrated by Max Brödel. I was eleven. My brother was nine. We had opened the book hoping to find a fantastical bestiary or an index of incantations. Instead, we got our first tour of the female body. I remember one drawing of a man's pointer and middle finger fully inserted into (it took me a moment to realize what I was looking at) a woman's rectum. The doctor's thumb rested in the woman's pubic hair. The woman's abdomen had been cross-sectioned along its vertical axis to reveal the doctor's fingers, the walls of her colon, even the bubbly interior texture of her vertebrae. I turned the pages, saw swollen and diseased labia, prolapsed...

Hindu Students and Their Missionary Teachers: Debating the Relevance of Rebirth in the Colonial Indian Academy

This essay provides a meta-narrative for the philosophical dialogues that took place in colonial India between Scottish missionary philosophers and philosophers of Vedānta on the topic of karma and rebirth. In particular, it offers a reconstruction and analysis of the context and strategy that shaped the content of discussions that were initiated in the pages of the Madras Christian College Magazine in 1909 between Subrahmanya Sastri and AG Hogg and that inspired Radhakrishnan’s response in his dissertation entitled “The Ethics of Vedanta and its Metaphysical Suppositions”. The broad context is provided by a history of missionary presence in India. The context is further circumscribed by the ‘hybrid’ character of the position of the missionaries as teachers in departments of philosophy, teaching students of “upper-caste Hindus” in the English medium universities set up by the British in the late nineteenth century. The hermeneutics of form and context is essential to understanding the content of these debates about the ethics and metaphysics of Christianity and Hinduism, where the meaning and significance of the notion of rebirth took center stage. Importantly, these debates in turn shed light on the broader social and political context in which these debates took place.

"There Will Ever Be an Aristocracy of Talent": The Mason College Magazine, 1883–1900

"There Will Ever Be an Aristocracy of Talent":The Mason College Magazine, 1883–1900 Anne Rodrick (bio) Mason Science College, Birmingham, opened its doors in November 1880. Founded by manufacturer Josiah Mason, whose rags-to-riches story entered local mythology long before his death, the college was designed "to give thorough systematic education and instruction to all who might come, unfettered by restrictions of class, creed, race, or sex."1 While Mason privileged science education above literary studies for those "who have to enter early upon the business of life," he insisted that his college also provide "classical education" for men and women, both in "regular systematic instruction" for day students and "popular instruction" in the evenings.2 Ninety-five full-time day students entered in the first class. Within a year, fifty-three of those students had founded the Mason College Union, and in January 1883 they inaugurated the Mason College Magazine, which appeared monthly and then quarterly until the college was absorbed into the University of Birmingham in 1900. This article examines the ways in which two generations of Mason students used the magazine to explore their own fluid understandings of higher education; they did so within the pages of a journal that purportedly represented all Mason College students but in time became more interested in asserting elitist notions of intellectual competence. The first generation of editors, from 1883 to about 1892, was focused on forging intense, almost familial, bonds inspired by the shared experience of creating "the Mason student"; the second generation, from about 1893 to 1900, was a more self-confident group of students who regarded their predecessors as quaintly enthusiastic and provincial. Their engagement with the ideals of higher education was focused on the many meanings of a university pedigree. Examining the ways in which students claimed a higher status over time provides insight into Victorian anxieties [End Page 787] over status, access, inclusivity, and credentialing in higher education in ways that prefigure debates in today's university institutions. Mason College was founded to fill a gap in local and regional higher education.3 Birmingham was already home to Queen's College, a local medical school whose students would form an important, if unassimilated, cohort of Mason science students until the two colleges were officially conjoined in 1892.4 It also boasted the Birmingham and Midland Institute, which had absorbed the local mechanics' institution and a variety of other adult education institutions in 1854. By 1880, the Midland was a widely respected provider both of evening education for artisans through its industrial department and of consistently well-attended public lecture programs and other cultural events through its general department. While the industrial department inspired a fiercely loyal following of teachers and students, it was not designed to facilitate courses of study that could lead to university examinations. Mason College was envisioned as an institution that would provide access to full-time, purposeful, coherently organized college instruction for day students, both male and female, who would inevitably sit for degrees through the University of London. For upwardly mobile workers, there were also courses of evening lectures on "science" topics, priced at ten shillings per term or three pence per lecture.5 Josiah Mason had imagined these day and evening programs as parallel tracks, each leading to the kind of structured higher education he himself had never enjoyed. The day students were consistently described as pursuing a "thorough and systematic education,"6 and their numbers rose from ninety-five in the first session to 615 by 1897–98.7 However, Mason governors quickly realized that "systematic" and "standardized" were not interchangeable: many day students, especially women, took only one or two courses per session and preferred a smorgasbord approach over a set curriculum.8 Perhaps the most famous of these early day students was Constance Naden, the poet-philosopher whose six-year Mason career was divided between taking science courses outside of any preset curricular guidelines and producing a steady output of poetry and prose, much of which was published in the Mason College Magazine.9 She and her fellow day students—men and women pursuing relatively independent courses of study—were the "earnest and enthusiastic" individuals...

‘Good citizens and gentlemen’: Gender, Reputation and Identity at the South African College, 1880–1910

This article examines the formation of gendered identities at the South African College, later the University of Cape Town, between 1880 and 1910. Using the records of disciplinary cases at the College, the article shows that there was an attempt to construct the ‘ideal’ College gentleman as adhering to particular codes of behaviour, seen as distinctive to young men who had been educated at the College. It then discusses inclusions and exclusions within the College, on the grounds of race, class and gender, showing that there was a central tension between the College's ‘public’ face as a government-funded institution, and its need to protect what occurred within the College space as distinctive, available only to particular kinds of people. The much-neglected records of the College Senate and Council as well as the student-run South African College Magazine have been used to examine these issues. The final section of the article addresses the College's response to political change in South Africa in the first decade of the twentieth century, arguing that the College actively sought to promote broad South Africanism for its students, and to position itself as central to the future of the South African Union.

LIMA BARRETO'S MARGINÁLIA: THE MAGAZINE WRITER'S DREAM

This article analyses Lima Barreto's lifelong relationship with magazines not only as a contributor, but also as a founder, editor, and even collector of these ephemeral publications. His debut in 1902 as a writer for his college magazine, A Lanterna, and his death in 1922 while contributing to A.B.C. and Careta, can be considered symbolic events that epitomize the birth and death of a career wholeheartedly dedicated to this métier. A central argument is that it is highly significant that Barreto published his works in magazines more often than in newspapers. To him, magazines were stores of rhetorical weapons, artefacts that could confront the intellectual values established and concentrated in Rio de Janeiro.

Recreating Genre: Structure, Language, and Citation in Nathanael West’s The Dream Life of Balso Snell

Though much has been written on Nathanael West's corpus, very little critical work exists on West's first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, a strange, 62-page novella composed of a series of seemingly disjunctive narrative vignettes. As a critical survey of the novel reveals, critics tend to view the novel as an inferior work in a developing writer's canon--or an interesting, if not derivative, exercise in surrealistic and Dadaist montage. As a result, the novel is rarely considered a site for serious inquiry, and the text as a whole is often overlooked in favor of West's later novels, Miss Lonelyhearts and Day of the Locust. Recently, however, a number of critics have begun to take note of The Dream Life of Balso Snell's formal ingenuity. As Deborah Wyrick observes, Surprisingly, the question of structure in West's first novel, The Dream Life of Balso Snell, has been largely ignored. Instead, critics agree that it is formless, chaotic, a juvenile pastiche of bathroom jokes, college magazine parody, and borrowings from contemporary avant-garde authors (156). As Wyrick argues, Balso Snell is not simply a juvenile exercise in pastiche; in fact, a closer look at the form of the novel raises resoundingly complex questions of structure, imitation, and appropriation. Indeed, Balso Snell possesses a dizzying narrative structure, one in which a seemingly interminable number of episodic narrative vignettes emerge only to recede into the background of the text. The complexity of form in the novel, then, is momentously important to understanding West's aesthetic, and should thus be considered more deeply. My goal in this essay, however, is not simply to rescue West's work from its critical detractors, but to further the emerging discussion of form in the novel. To that end, I want to consider the extent to which West's novel can be reconsidered in relation to genre studies--that is, I want to expose how West's novella reveals a compelling examination of genre in the age of modernism. Building off Wyrick's analysis, this essay argues that form functions in West's novel as a means to examine the limits of genre. In other words, I read formal experimentation in Balso Snell as West's attempt to self-reflexively rethink and rewrite stagnant generic conventions. Accordingly, I choose to consider the novel not in terms of plot; instead, I suggest that each of the novel's many vignettes reveal a confrontation with an array of disparate genres. These vignettes reveal a critical examination of literary and generic conventions. Indeed, West's text incorporates and explores linguistic and textual instabilities through a structure that blends, weaves, and collapses several literary styles and conventions into one another. Throughout the novel, West introduces a multitude of literary genres solely to debilitate and dismantle them. Literary biography, epistolary narration, journalism, and the crime novel all appear in the text--and are all subsequently dismantled and reconfigured. Readers are therefore instigated to reconsider the manner in which we perceive literary conventions by rethinking and reconceiving the boundaries that separate differing genres. Thus, I read West's novel as a self-reflexive, critical exegesis of conflicting ideologies of genre. By further considering the novel's formal complexity, we can begin to understand how West's work interprets the function and conventions of genre in the modern novel. Moreover, as I will show, The Dream Life of Balso Snell confronts the relevancy and longevity of seemingly antiquated genres and, in doing so, reveals a need to rethink the contemporaneity of an array of disparate genres--and the critical practices through which we confront them. Genre, Myth, and Citation West's novel begins with an immediate citation of the epic as a site of generic play. In a parodic allusion to the epic of the Trojan War, Balso Snell, the novel's protagonist, comes across the dilapidated ruins of the Trojan horse. …

Education for service: social service and higher education in India and Britain, 1905-1919

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to discuss a vibrant social service culture in British and Indian higher education institutions in the period 1905-1919. The paper explores the many reciprocal influences between India and Britain, which lay behind the student social service movement. Developments in metropole and colony were so influenced by transnational movements of people and ideas that the common approaches and shared ideals which emerged cannot be fully understood by study of either setting in isolation.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on a rich vein of college magazines and social service league publications as well as the writings of a range of enthusiasts for social service. The rapid spread of social service ideas across India and Britain relied on the exchange of ideas through English-language magazines and journals and the outreach work of leading social servants who addressed numerous student groups and meetings.Findings– Developments in Indian and British student service were shaped by and shaped in turn a wider social movement in the early twentieth century. Indian and western educationalists spread ideas about student social service through lectures, publications and international exchanges. Student social servants in both metropole and colony shared a set of core values which made up an “ideal of service”. Students in both metropole and colony were enjoined to view their education as a period of preparation for greater service to the nation after graduation. Student service leagues were involved in reworking patriotic idiom to link social service with nation building.Originality/value– The paper builds on recent work on social service and education to develop knowledge and understanding of transnational networks of educationalists, particular movements of people and ideas between colonial India and metropolitan Britain. Taking social service in higher education as a case study, the paper argues for the need to study developments in both metropole and colony in order to better understand reciprocal impacts.

The Springfield College Shakespeare Productions

Springfield College of Education was a teacher training college in Durban during the apartheid years. It was intended as a college for Indian students and it opened in 1951. A remarkable tradition of Shakespeare production developed at the College during the next twenty years. The College finally closed in 1999, following a merger with other colleges of education. This whole history takes place against the background of apartheid. Springfield was originally a training college for Indian and 'coloured' students, but the coloured students were re-located to Bechet High School and Training College in 1956 (Springfield Training College Magazine [STCM] 1.4 7). This was in accordance with the Nationalist policy of 'separate development'. Originally the college came under the control of the United Party dominated Natal Provincial Administration and formed part of the Natal Education Department, under the same Director of Education as the white government schools in Natal. In 1966, control of Springfield College transferred to the Director of Indian Education (Aurora 2.4 1). Henceforward, there were some controversial political appointments to senior positions in Indian Education.

Gipsy Hill Training College graduates: once, always and everywhere a modern woman teacher in the interwar years

This article examines the ways in which Gipsy Hill Training College’s (GHTC) graduates represented their lives and work in the college magazine, the Gipsy Trail. The so-called ‘Wraggle Taggle News’ featured snippets from married and single women teachers at every stage of their lives and work in Britain and overseas by the late 1930s. It will be shown that graduates integrated discourses of the modern woman and Gipsy Hill’s modernist ideals of individual autonomy, and educational and social progressivism into their paid work and domestic situations, leisure and propaganda work across their life course. Indeed, it was a case of ‘once a teacher, always a teacher’ and everywhere a modern woman teacher in the interwar years.

Transnational connections in early twentieth-century women teachers’ work

Using a transnational framework, this paper focuses on four graduates of Gipsy Hill Training College (GHTC) for nursery school teachers in London, United Kingdom, in the early to mid-twentieth century. Firstly, I explore GHTC’s progressive ideals and highlight ways in which its principal, Lillian de Lissa, encouraged students to “think internationally”. She was especially proud that a handful of students from countries such as China, Turkey and Canada studied at Gipsy Hill. These included Nevin Nouri and Bek Keng Chui, whose experiences are explored in the second section of the paper. Likewise, British graduates “who carried Gipsy Hill to the ends of the earth” featured prominently in the college magazine, the Gipsy Trail. Finally, I examine reports from Marjorie Sanders and Barbara Boal for the ways in which they represented their lives and work overseas to readers of the Gipsy Trail. Together, de Lissa and GHTC graduates constructed the college as a progressive educational institution whose influence transcended national boundaries. However, they exposed a range of social divisions in their portrayals of people and places “in the uttermost parts of the earth” in the process of articulating their ideals.

Eudora Welty’s “Magic”: A History of the Story

Eudora Welty’s “Magic”: A History of the Story Pearl A. McHaney Eudora Welty’s first published story, “Death of a Traveling Salesman,” in the June issue, was received with loud praise by our readers. The present story is entirely different in theme, treatment, feeling—which goes to prove what we’ve known from the beginning, that Miss Welty is not a “one-story” writer. (Note on the author, Manuscript Sept.–Oct. 1936)1 Click for larger view View full resolution Cover of the sheet music to Girl of My Dreams by Sunny Clapp, published by Jack Mills, Inc., New York, 1927. Eudora Welty’s “Magic” is a gothic tale of a cemetery tryst between a telegram delivery boy and a stenography school student, both young city people in a community easily identified as Jackson, Mississippi. It is a well-plotted story, much of its drama recorded in the couple’s slangy dialect with the same daring Welty would apply to “Petrified Man.”2 “Magic” was Welty’s third published story, and the second story published by the perceptive editor John Rood; this one, in the September–October 1936 issue of Manuscript, filled pages three to seven. Manuscript, a “little magazine” that sought to showcase promising new writers, was owned, edited, and published by Rood and his wife Mary Lawhead through “their own press, the Lawhead Press, in Athens, Ohio” (Welty, “Looking” 7). Welty had sent her first submissions for publication to John Rood at the suggestion of her Jackson friend and neighbor Hubert Creekmore, a published [End Page 63] writer. Two years older than Welty, and later related to Welty by his sister’s marriage to her brother Walter, Creekmore had by 1934 published in Poetry and placed fiction in Story (Bain et al. 105). In recalling her first publication, which was “Death of a Traveling Salesman,” Welty revealed that she hadn’t even “risked showing” her stories to Creekmore, but sent them straightaway to several journals he had suggested (“Looking” 7). That Creekmore had published fiction in Manuscript,3 The Tanager, and Mississippi’s own River: A Magazine of the Deep South (Hoffman 279, 339) seems to indicate that these are the magazines that he had suggested. None of these little magazines paid for stories, and of the three, the bimonthly Tanager had the longest life (1925–1938). Manuscript lasted for three years; River had only three issues: March, April, and June, 1937, but these included essays, fiction, and poetry by such later well-known writers as James K. Feibleman, George Marion O’Donnell, August Derleth, and Peter Taylor. Four of Welty’s early stories were published in these three short-lived literary magazines: “Death of a Traveling Salesman” and “Magic” were in Manuscript; “The Doll” appeared in June 1936 in The Tanager, a college magazine of Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa, edited in 1936 by Carl Niemeyer (Welty, “The Doll” 25); and “Retreat”4 was published by Dale Mullen in River: A Magazine of the Deep South (Oxford, Mississippi) in March 1937. Three of these first four Welty stories were not included in her first short-story collection, A Curtain of Green and Other Stories (1941), nor were they included by Welty in a collection titled Stories that she circulated to publishers beginning in 1939. They do not, therefore, appear in her Collected Stories (1980), either, and until its publication in the Summer 2004 issue of the Eudora Welty Newsletter, “Magic” is the only one of the four never reprinted at all. In 1981, Palaemon Press Limited published “Retreat” and, for its A Tribute to Eudora Welty issue, The Georgia Review reprinted “The Doll” in 1999. Other stories that were either unpublished (“Acrobats in the Park”) or uncollected after the first publication (“Hello and Good-Bye”) have by now also been published.5 When Welty sent “Death of a Traveling Salesman” and “Magic” to John Rood at Manuscript, she received an enthusiastic acceptance of both stories by March 19, 1936 (Marrs 157). In the “Correspondence Calendar” for The Welty Collection, Suzanne Marrs quotes Rood as telling Welty that “Death of a Salesman” is “one of the best stories we have ever read,” and she paraphrases [End Page...