Collective Farms Research Articles

Mountain Steppes And Upland Xerophytes ― As an Element of Landscape Diversity in The Eastern Central Caucasus

Long-term observations of dynamic processes in the landscapes of intra-mountain basins on the territory of North Ossetia-Alania have shown that changes in them can be both progressive and regressive, which is associated with natural external factors that are imposed by anthropogenic influences. For a long time, arid landscapes in the eastern part of the Central Caucasus (within the North Ossetia-Alania) were intensively exploited as pasture (less often arable) land and underwent significant anthropogenic degradation. The situation began to change in the last decade of the 20th century due to the general crisis state of the country's economy, the collapse of collective farms and state farms, a sharp reduction in the number of cattle and small cattle. The removal of agricultural load on mountain landscapes led to the gradual restoration of their natural state. Currently, there is a trend towards a change in traditional nature management to recreational, and the problem of protecting natural geological systems is again emerging from recreational impact. The most vulnerable are arid dry-steppe and upland xerophytic formations, occupying a little more than 6 thousand hectares (8.4%) of the area of intracity basins, but are habitats included in the Red Book of North Ossetia-Alania, endemic and rare vascular plants (more than 20 species) and invertebrate animals (about 60 species).

INFLUENCE OF SHELTERBELTS OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS ON SOIL FERTILITY AND MOISTURE AVAILABILITY IN THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE

During 2020-2023, the authors studied nutrient reserves, namely the content of humus, mobile nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as the level of acidity in the soil layers of 0-20 and 20-50 cm in openwork-blowing, openwork, dense forest strips, determined the reserves of total and available moisture, the dynamics of productive moisture and moisture availability during the growing season in individual collective farms in the Uman district of Cherkasy region. Studies have shown that the humus content in forest strips of various designs ranges from 2.5 to 3.6%. That is, the humus content is low. The highest amount of humus was found in the openwork design of the forest belt. The pH level in the 0-20 cm soil layer ranges from 5.87 in the openwork-blown forest belt to 7.3 units in the dense one. The highest NO3 content is observed in the 20-50 cm soil layer in the openwork forest belt - 141.4 mg/kg. The P2O5 content in the lower soil layer ranges from 62.1 mg/kg to 142.0 mg/kg. The highest P2O5 content of 168.0 mg/kg was found in the 0-20 cm soil layer of the openwork-blow forest belt. The amount of K2O in the upper soil layer is the same for all variants, in the lower layer it varies from 73.3 to 91.0 mg/kg. The openwork-blown forest belt has an available moisture reserve of 44.88 mm, the openwork belt - 51.03 mm, and the dense belt - 67.24 mm, which, compared to the dense forest belt, the moisture content of the openwork-blown belt is 33.27% lower and that of the openwork belt is 24.11% lower. Investigating the dynamics of changes in moisture productivity and moisture availability during the growing season (May-October) in all variants of the experiment both in 0-20 cm and 0-50 cm soil layer, a significant decrease in these indicators is observed. Thus, in the openwork-blown forest strip in the 0-20 cm soil layer in May, from 68 mm and 78%, these indicators decreased in October to 17 mm and 18%, respectively, i.e., in terms of moisture productivity by 4 times and moisture availability by 4.3 times. This indicates that the productivity and moisture content of the experimental forest strips are much higher compared to the control (open field), where the moisture productivity is 42 mm and the moisture availability is 35%. At a depth of up to 50 cm, the soil moisture content in the blown forest strips is one and a half to two times less than in the openwork forest strips. In favorable years, this difference in soil moisture remains throughout the growing season. The growth and development of tree species in the first half of the growing season (May-June) is carried out at the expense of moisture accumulated during snowmelt or winter rains in the lower soil layers. In the second half of the growing season, tree species receive moisture from summer precipitation that falls in late July and early August and accumulates in the upper soil layers.

ВКЛАД НИИ СЕЛЬХОЗМАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ СССР В АГРАРНОЕ ПЕРЕУСТРОЙСТВО (1928–1932 гг.)

The modern technological culture of agricultural production based on mechanization has been formed several decades ago, underwent through transition from horse to artificial traction. This process can be viewed as the industrialization of agriculture, the technological revolution, and the modernization of the countryside. The author considers the formation and development of agricultural engineering and the formation of “motorcycle culture” in Russia’s village in the context of the “Great Waves” concept by C. Perez. The author associates the beginning of the technological revolution in the countryside with the formation of the theory of agricultural engineering (1900–1910s), its active phase — with scientific and practical developments in agricultural research institutions, an accelerated introduction of machines in large collective farms created in the USSR in 1928–1932. Established in 1928, the Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering named after V. P. Goryachkin (VISKhOM) played an important role in the technological reconstruction of the village. Based on the primary documents of the research institute, stored in the Russian State Archives in Samara, the author analyzes the Institute’s research work in the first years of its existence, the possibility of transferring foreign technologies of agricultural engineering, the channels of interaction between the main actors in the chain “science — industry — agriculture” during the period of mass collectivization of the countryside and the first five-year plan. At the same time, the Institute is considered as an actor and an active participant in the implementation of the government course for the machine development of large-scale agricultural production.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЭКСТРАКТА КОРЫ ЛИСТВЕННИЦЫ В КОРМЛЕНИИ СВИНЕЙ

The article presents materials from research on the use of Dahurian larch bark extract in the nutrition of weaned piglets, as an activation of metabolic processes, increasing pathogenetic resistance and preventing diarrhea. The studies were carried out on the pig farm of the collective farm in Kaluga region. on two groups of large white x landrace crossbred piglets during the growing period after weaning until placement for fattening lasting 70 days. Based on the principle of analogues, two groups of weaned piglets were formed: control and experimental. Piglets in the control group received standard complete feed. The piglets of the experimental group received larch bark extract powder, 4 g per head per day, as part of their general diet. The use of larch bark extract in feeding piglets contributed to an increase in the body's adaptive capacity, pathogenetic resistance and correction of metabolic processes, which ensured a higher realization of the genetic potential of pigs. Thus, in the blood serum of piglets receiving larch bark extract. the total protein content was 72.6 g/l, which was higher than that of the control by 5.7%, mainly due to the albumin fraction. In piglets of the experimental group, the serum creatinine content was 6.4% higher. They also significantly improved the functional state of the liver, as indicated by a twofold decrease in the bilirubin content in the blood serum (P<0.01). Changes in metabolism in piglets of the experimental group had a positive effect on the productivity and safety of the livestock. Thus, during the 70-day period of application of Daurian larch bark extract, the gross gain of piglets was 33.1 kg with an average daily gain of 473 g versus 28.1 kg and 416 g, respectively, in the control, which was 13.7% higher.

Fashion issues in the columns of the magazine «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» (1924–1941)

Introduction. The invasion of Ukraine by an aggressor country has emphasized the importance of Ukrainian identity and prompted a reassessment of Soviet Ukrainian fashion journalism, highlighting its distinctiveness and value globally. Relevance of the study. This article examines Soviet women’s press, focusing on fashion, through Ukrainocentric and anti-Bolshevik perspectives. It aims to showcase Ukrainian fashion journalism during the early years of totalitarianism using «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» [«Peasant woman of Ukraine» / «Collective farmer of Ukraine»] as an example and identify unique features in fashion media. Methodology. The study analyzes «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» from 1924 to 1941 using historicism, systematicity, socio-cultural analysis, and historical-anthropological approaches. Results. It has been investigated that materials on fashion in «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» from 1924 to 1941 (52 issues out of 407) were categorized into genres including photo reports, articles, reviews, and practical guides. Topics covered: (1) standards of female beauty in the Ukrainian SSR; (2) handicraft production of clothing/fabrics; (3) clothing models and their manufacturing technology; (4) advice on dressing and caring for clothing; (5) cutting and sewing guides; (6) industrial clothing / fabric production; (7) propaganda of totalitarian fashion; (8) advertising of sewing equipment; (9) schemes for manual embellishment of clothing; (10) schools / courses of cutting and sewing. Conclusions. The peculiarities of fashion coverage in «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» during the period of indigenization, collectivization, and at the beginning of World War II have been clarified. It has been revealed that despite «Selianka Ukrainy» / «Kolhospnytsia Ukrainy» primarily being a party tribune and the most ideologically engaged magazine among other press publications for women in Soviet Ukraine, the fashion issue aimed at the readership of rural areas was covered in small concentrations and filtered through the Bolshevik censorship in the columns of the magazine.

ДЕПОРТИРОВАННЫЕ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЫ В ЛИЦЕ КАЗАХСТАНА ОБРЕЛИ СВОЮ ВТОРУЮ РОДИНУ

The author of the article uses various sources to depict the reception and settlement of deported ethnic groups in the Zhambyl region. The article highlights that, despite some local resistance, the inherent kindness and hospitality of the Kazakhs generally prevailed, overshadowing the regime's ideological dictates. This occurred in a context where local collective farmers often did not receive adequate food for their labor, and their children faced starvation. The conclusion of the article underscores that, despite enduring severe hardships, the deported peoples managed to overcome these challenges. With the support of the Kazakh community's tolerance, they not only secured an education but also improved their social and economic status, ultimately finding a new homeland in Kazakhstan.

Adaptation of a Central Ukrainian Village to the Post-Soviet Reality (Exemplified by the Villages of Dmytrivka and Potaptsi in Kyiv and Cherkasy Regions)

The Ukrainians have always been distinguished by an active social position and initiative. But the collective farming network (kolhosps) imposed by the USSR communist authorities have brought the hardworking Ukrainians into a heavy distress. Country people have recovered from it until recently. After Ukraine has been announced an independent state it takes a long time for the villagers to release their typical traits of having an active social position and taking an initiative. Thus, in 1990s the so-called farmers’ movement has abated and country people stuck habitually to the almost disabled collective and state farms (kolhosps and radhosps). Finally, in the second decade of modern independence, suddenly the situation has started changing fundamentally in a rapid pace. This article is based on the field material collected in 2022–2023 and analyzed according to the guidelines of the neoevolutionists (Marshal Salins, Serhii Arutiunov, etc.) regarding the adaptability of culture. Two cases of at least the Ukrainian village beginning to revive are considerd. These are the large village of Dmytrivka (not far from Kyiv) and the small village of Potaptsi (100 km far in Cherkasy region). Even these two examples illustrate a real recovery of the Ukrainian village from the Soviet regime, with its destructive collective farming network. Thus, in the first case (the village of Dmytrivka) transformation of the village into a province in Kyiv region, albeit without the corresponding status is described. The residents have been no longer involved into an agricultural activity, instead they are employed at enterprises, small businesses and institutions in Kyiv and Dmytrivka. Only some of them have small vegetable gardens and homestead lands, so no one can call them peasants. In case of Potaptsi, here the concept of village is preserved completely as it is. The residents lease their plots of land to the two farmers, as well as cultivate large vegetable gardens and run fairly large homesteads. Country people no longer keep cows, instead they prioritize poultry and bee keeping and rabbit breeding. Two farms in the neighboring villages of Pii and Chernyshi are specialized in the production of dairy goods. In Dmytrivka, which is the center of the amalgamated territorial community, the village head Taras Didych, has taken a great effort to preserve, reform and develop most of the services and institutions that have been operating since the Soviet times (school, House of Culture, medical institution, etc.). Unfortunately, all the issues haven’t survived in the village of Potaptsi practically. However, despite this fact, the village is reviving, albeit on modern grounds, people revive ancient Ukrainian country practices, such as rural homesteading, beekeeping, fish farming, as well as farming at least. It is facilitated by the general rise of living standards in the state, the availability of various farming and household appliances, motor vehicles, and information technologies. The residents are coming back to the village, first of all, those who were born there. They leave apartments for their grown up children in Kyiv and Cherkasy and move to Potaptsi. Their relatives, as well as their children, often follow them. Even the war started by the Russian descendants of the creators of the Soviet collective farming network cannot hinder the process. The initiative and hardworking Ukrainian peasantry having an active social position is being revived.

The Historian of Everyday Life and Household Activities, Organizer of Science and University Education: on the 85th Anniversary of V. A. Balashov

Introduction. In 2022, the 85th anniversary of the birth and the 25th anniversary of the passing away of the Soviet and Russian historian Viktor Andreevich Balashov, who made a significant contribution to the study of everyday life of the peasantry in the pre-collective farm and collective farm periods: the conditions of their personal and social life, work and leisure, the transformation of material culture, economic factors influencing the formation of consciousness and norms of behavior. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the biographical method. The use of general scientific methods made it possible to present the studied problem as a process within the framework of a concrete historical situation, the tasks being solved, to analyze the essence and content of V. A. Balashov’s scientific, pedagogical and organizational activities. The article introduces the materials of the archives of the Ogarev Moscow State University and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia into scientific circulation. Results. The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Mordovia State University Viktor Andreevich Balashov. The study provides biographical information about the scientist, considers the scientific, educational, methodological, administrative activities of the scientist-historian, focuses on the analysis of the main scientific works. Discussion and Conclusions. V. A. Balashov’s contribution to the history of the region is significant and has not been forgotten. V. A. Balashov devoted his whole life to science. From 1967 until the last days of his life, he worked at the Mordovian State University, went through a difficult path from a graduate of a small pedagogical college to the first vice-rector of Ogarev Mordovia State University, became an Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. V. A. Balashov is the author of major works on the study of everyday life of the peasantry, ethno-cultural processes in the Volga and Ural regions, including the Mordovian people. His role as an organizer of science and university education is important.

Practices of Formation of Managerial Personnel in Collective Farms of the Middle Urals in 1965–1982: on the Issue of Preserving Collective Farm Democracy

Introduction. In the article, on the basis of archival materials on the example of the Middle Urals, the issue of the practices of the formation of managerial personnel in collective farms is considered. The authors of the study question the widespread thesis that collective farms more and more resembled state farms – that is, managers were mainly appointed by higher authorities, and ordinary collective farmers could not influence this in any way. Results. We have identified at least three mechanisms for the formation of collective farm chairmen. The first mechanism assumed that the candidate for the position of head was an independent figure from the district committee, and was elected by the collective farmers at the meeting. In another case, the candidate was approved by the district committee or the city committee of the party and at the collective farm meeting only the candidate was approved for office. It is worth noting that such a statement was not always passed unanimously, and sometimes with the most severe resistance on the part of ordinary members of the collective farm. The third option of election is a compromise: if the collective farmers needed to leave one or another chairman of the collective farm, the district or city authorities could not offer their candidate, but agree with the opinion of the collective farmers. Discussion and Conclusion. Thus, the authors came to the conclusion that elements of democracy in the collective farms of the Middle Urals still existed in the above-mentioned period.

Application of praziquatel and ivermectin suspension when treating dictyocaulosis in sheep

Dictyocaulosis in sheep is widespread and causes significant economic damage. Currently, albendazole and fenbendazole are widely used in sheep farming. They have shown high effectiveness against nematodes and cestodes simultaneously. However, a long period of use of the same anthelmintics, led to the expected phenomenon – resistance of helminths. In the Stavropol Territory, ivermectin preparations are used to control the nematode of the gastrointestinal tract and sheep gadfly (June-July) and in rare cases to treat sarcoptoidosis of sheep. The purpose of the work was to determine the effectiveness of the suspension we prepared, which contained 2.5% praziquantel and 0.5% ivermectin for treating sheep dictyocaulosis. The experiment to determine the therapeutic dose of praziquantel 2.5% and 0.5% ivermectin suspension was carried out in the APC collective breeding farm “Russia” on lambs with a live weight of 24-25 kg. For each group of sheep (n=20), the suspension was used in doses of 0.3; 0.4; 0.5 ml/10 kg of animal weight. It was found that the suspension of praziquantel 2.5% and 0.5% ivermectin at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight was 100% effective against dictyocaulosis in sheep. The experiment to determine the effectiveness of the suspension against dictyocaulosis in sheep under production conditions was carried out in the collective farm “Rodina” in Apanasenkovsky District of the Stavropol Territory. 120 lambs with a live weight of 24-25 kg were selected, 100 lambs of which received the drug at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight. The drug was administered individually, orally. The remaining 20 lambs served as control group. In production tests, the effectiveness of the suspension at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight turned out to be slightly lower and amounted to individual performance = 98.0% and economical effectiveness = 92.5%.

AGRICULTURAL TAXATION OF URAL INDIVIDUAL FARMERS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF COLLECTIVIZATION

The problem of taxation of peasants during the years of collectivization still remains relevant for researchers. Scientists in the field of historical, economic and legal sciences turn to the study of certain aspects of the tax policy of the Soviet government in the 1930s. However, there is still not enough research on this problem covering the largest regions of the country, such as the Greater Urals. The conclusions obtained as a result of the study allow us to identify the peculiarities of taxation of the Ural peasantry. The author continued a series of articles devoted to the implementation of the agricultural tax in the Urals, but within new administrative-territorial boundaries from 1934 to the early 1940s. The purpose of studying the problem is to identify, on the basis of historical and legal analysis, the features of the implementation of tax legislation in the Urals. The object of study was the individual peasantry. The use of both general scientific and historical methods (comparative, statistical, historical-genetic and others) made it possible to solve the problems. The scientific novelty of the research was manifested in the use of new documentary material, the development of a dynamic table, and the systematization of data from various sources. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis about non-economic methods of influencing the farms of individual farmers, which in the pre-war years led to their virtual disappearance from the economic life of the village. The agricultural tax, coupled with other cash payments and natural food compulsory deliveries, forced individual farmers to join a collective farm or migrate to the city, move to state farms and other production structures.

К вопросу становления и организации социалистических соревнований и ударничества в колхозах Юга России в 1930-х гг. (часть 1)

The article analyzes the practice of the formation and introduction of socialist competitions and shock-work in the labor sphere of the Soviet peasantry in the South of Russia. The aim of the study is to analyze the docu-mentary evidence of socialist competitions and shock-work, which took place in the collective farms of the Don and Kuban in the 1930s, to trace the presence of positive and negative factors that influenced these labor movements. The review of archival documents, publications, monographs and statistical data together allows to identify all the subjects of labor involved in this process, as well as to evaluate more closely the forms of so-cialist competition, highlighting a clear class line and political dictate. The relevance of the study is caused by the growing attention to the traditional values of Russian society, among which creative labor occupies an im-portant place.

Development of Agriculture, Hunting, Fishing and Reindeer Herding in Magadan Region in 1954–1957

The article, based on archival materials, examines the development of agriculture and commercial sectors in the Magadan Region during the crucial transitional period of 1954–1957, when the region coexisted with Dalstroy after the establishment of the Magadan Oblast. It analyzes measures taken by authorities to stimulate, modernize technologically and support financially the agricultural sector and commercial sectors in the region, as well as dynamics of key production, economic and social indicators in such vital areas of rural economy as reindeer herding, fur farming, crop production, animal husbandry, fur trapping, marine and river fishing and sea mammal hunting. Despite undertaken efforts and achievements, the development of the industry was hampered by insufficient financing, lack of equipment and infrastructure, and shortage of qualified personnel. The leading sector remained reindeer herding, which provided up to a third of all cash income of collective farms. However, this sphere also saw declining productivity and performance indicators. The volumes of fur trapping and sea mammal hunting decreased substantially. Problems in many areas of agriculture and commercial sectors were associated with the elimination of Dalstroy's organizational units. The transitional period was characterized by stagnation in the development of agricultural and commercial sectors in the region.

Belarusization in the Smolensk Region from the Pages of the Newspaper «Rabochiy Put’», 1920–1930s

The article presents the practice of Belarusization in the Smolensk region in the 1920s – the first half of the 1930s in the format of its reflection on the pages of the newspaper «Rabochiy Put’», as the press organ of the Smolensk Gubernatorial Committee of the RCP (b) – the CPSU (b) and the Gubernatorial Executive Committee, and since 1929 – the main printing body of the Western region with the administrative center in Smolensk.
 The materials of the «Rabochiy Put’» do not form the reader's holistic perception of the policy of Belarusization in the Smolensk region, as in one of the Russian regions with a compact Belarusian population. There were no Belarusian collective farms or Belarusian village councils in the province, as was the case, for example, among Latvians and Jews. Therefore, the main direction of Belarusization has become the education system, i.e. the introduction of the Belarusian language and the course of Belarusian studies in individual schools, as well as attempts to transmit a number of schools into the Belarusian language.
 At the same time, even fragmentary data from newspaper materials of different genres and volumes indicate that neither the provincial authorities (virtually at all levels up to village councils), nor the titular and even the Belarusian
 population itself have become active supporters of the policy of Belarusization, only formally participating in this process, as in one of the many socio-political campaigns of thаt period.

Prevalence of vector-borne diseases among reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundr

The purpose of the research is to establish the prevalence of vector-borne diseases in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2022–2023 on domesticated reindeer living in the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic. Stabilized blood was obtained from animals by random sampling and PCR studies were performed for the presence of genetic material of pathogens of the genera Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria.Results and discussion. The DNA of the causative agent of anaplasmosis was isolated from 14.3% of reindeer from Malozemelskaya (family-tribal community «Vy Tu» (VTU) and «Opseda» (OPS)) and 30.6% of Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Аgricultural production cooperative «Harp» (HARP) and Collective Farm «Izhemsky olenevod and Co» (IZHM)). To a greater extent, vazhenki and calves were infected with anaplasmosis, to a lesser extent – choirs. Genetic material of Babesia pathogens was found in 53.1% of VTU and OPS deer and 36.7% of HARP and IZHM, while babesiosis was most often observed in the chorus group. Teileriosis was found in 10.2% and 4.1% of animal samples among the herds of the Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundra, respectively. The genetic material of the causative agent of teileriosis was isolated mainly from the blood obtained from calves. The causative agent of theileriosis was not found in the biological material of the choirs. The presence of DNA Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. in one sample, the proportion of deer from Malozemelskaya tundra herds was 2.4%, from Bolshezemelskaya – 26.5%. The combined course of babesiosis and teileriosis was found to be 8.2% only in VTU and OPS deer. Thus, studies have shown that vector-borne diseases is widespread among the reindeer of the studied farms of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra.

Agricultural Development in Kuzbass in 1981–1985

The article describes the agricultural sector of the Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass). The author used it as an example to identify the main stages of agricultural development of Western Siberia in 1981–1985. The study relied on the theory of modernization, which links economic and political changes with agricultural reforms. According to archival documents and regional statistics, the new tools of economic development and the favorable investment climate allowed the industry to overcome the agrarian crisis in the early 1980s, improve the state of affairs on collective and state farms, and increase the agricultural production. The new measures included producing for profit, labor contracts, and elements of land lease as the economic independence of agricultural enterprises continued to grow. The regional agricultural sector developed much faster in the 1980s than in the late 1970s. However, non-production costs, crop waste, and cattle mortality remained high while irrational utilization of state resources was quite common. In general, Kuzbass showed average agricultural indicators for the West Siberian economic region.

Features of the modern institutional environment of land relations in the agricultural sector

The article presents the results of research into the characteristics of the institutional environment of land relations in the agricultural sector under the influence of such institutions as the state and property, which determine the current model of land use. Among the selected elements of the institutional environment, the formation and negative consequences of the institution of land shares are considered in more detail – a kind of “institutional trap”, the influence of which is still difficult to overcome. The negative effect of consolidating this undesirable institution is shown, which has led to the preservation to this day of a large proportion of ownerless agricultural land, as well as other negative processes during their use. For example, by the beginning of January 2022, more than 40 % of the land area of collective and state farms, distributed among rural residents in the 90s, was in common shared ownership. Moreover, the area of land shares in the status of unclaimed reached over 11 million hectares, despite the fairly active activity of local governments in this matter. It is noted that one of the modern characteristics and consequences of the institutional environment is the presence of more than 30 million hectares of unused agricultural land, including due to unfavorable rent relations. A conclusion is drawn about the great role of digitalization as a critical element in improving the institutional environment, primarily based on the formation of the necessary database of complete and reliable data on land resources. It has been determined that the solution to the large-scale tasks set for the development of the agricultural sector and the return of abandoned land to circulation will help overcome the negative impact of dysfunctional institutions. Hence the importance in the implementation of priority directions of state agricultural policy of such principles as involvement and partnership, differentiation, systematic measures and strategies.

Agrarian Economy of Siberia and Emergency Legislation during the Great Patriotic War

The article deals with the peculiarities of agricultural development in Siberia during the war. An assessment of the main losses of labor resources and material base of the region is given. The role of emergency laws in the field of labor and the consequences of their application are described. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the government decree on the minimum of collective farm labor and the scope of application of criminal liability for its non-compliance. The significance of the use of Article 61 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR about the failure to fulfill the state burdens is also revealed. The problem of mass starvation during the war years as a consequence of the destruction of the foundations of the agrarian economy is touched upon. It is noted that the famine in the rural areas of Siberia had already spread on the eve of the war, but most widely affected the population of the village in 1943-1944. A number of new historical facts and statistical data characterizing the situation of agriculture and the peasantry in Siberia during the war are introduced into scientific circulation. Concludes that measures of judicial threat did not play a decisive role during the war, and that motivation to work was determined by personal and collective responsibility of rural toilers. Keywords: Great Patriotic War, World War II, agriculture, livestock, Siberia, resources, peasantry, emergency laws.

ВИНОГРАДАРСТВО ГУДЕРМЕСКОГО РАЙОНА ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ В ПЕРИОД РАСЦВЕТА ОТРАСЛИ

The article reveals the main factors and moments that characterize the develop-ment of viticulture in the Gudermessky district of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR in the 80s of the XX century. It is emphasized that this area is more suitable for viticulture than the "old" areas – Naursky, Shelkovskoy and Nadterechny. In confirmation, emphasis is placed on more favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, the possibility of introducing a non-covering and semi-covering grape culture, a higher adaptability of the population to the industry, due to the proximity to the Khasavyurtovsky District, where the population was engaged in viticulture much earlier. It was found that by the mid-1980s 8 specialized farms (wine collective farms) operated in the district, which are part of the production and collective farm association "Checheningushvino". The area of vineyards was systematically growing, the wine collective farms achieved high results in terms of gross production of grapes and grape yield capacity. A special place was given to securing vineyards for mobile groups of wine-growers (family contract) and tenants. The culture of grapes in the region occupied a prestigious place among other branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was especially noted that the processes of intensification of production were launched. High-value grape varieties with increased frost resistance were tested, allowing them to switch to a non-covering crop; the bushes were transferred to more advanced pruning, which were distinguished by a greater capacity in terms of load with shoots, etc. After the release of the Anti-Alcohol Decree and subsequent negative processes that led to the collapse of the country (and to military operations in Chechnya), the industry began to curtail. However, the experience accumulated by generations of growing grapes finds its application.

IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION OF CENTRALIZED RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT PARTS

Effective use of machines largely depends on timely and high-quality maintenance and repair. Due to the increase in the volume of restoration of units and aggregates at specialized enterprises, an opportunity was created in the workshops of farms and collective farms to more widely apply the aggregate method of restoration and repair. Improving the organization of centralized restoration of damaged parts makes it possible to restore tens of millions hryvnas worth of parts in a year. The organization of centralized delivery of material and technical means to farms is applied using the services of equipping farms with the necessary equipment in assembled, adjusted and run-in form. Increasing the level of concentration of repair production, deepening its specialization will allow to significantly improve the quality of repair, to bring the resource of repaired machines, tractors, combines and aggregates up to 80%. Before repairing driven discs of clutches of tractors, cars, combines, to replace friction linings, it is necessary to carry out operations of drilling, riveting and knocking off old linings. These operations require a lot of labor and the use of additional tools, which leads to significant capital investments. The paper proposes a device for cutting the fastenings of the friction linings of the driven clutch discs. Taking into account the conditions of agricultural enterprises, which have repair workshops, and the presence of vertical boring and milling machines, it is proposed to organize their use for the operation of removing worn friction linings. For riveting of friction linings of driven clutch discs, the development of a hydraulic stand is proposed, which can be made from standard units in the workshops of agricultural enterprises. Using this stand will make it possible to increase labor productivity when performing this operation and reduce its time.