Collective Project Research Articles

Importance of the Factors Affecting the Delays in the Projects of Construction of Collective Housing in Algeria - Program Rent-Purchase

Faced with rapid urbanization and increasing demographic pressure on Algerian cities, housing policy in Algeria has evolved considerably over the past twenty years. However, the construction process is subject to many variables and unpredictable factors, which result in delays in project completion. It is therefore essential to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the main factors affecting delays in collective housing construction projects according to the vision of professionals and experts established in Algeria. Indeed, we focus our attention on the point of view of clients, consultants, designers and contractors to assess the relative importance of 67 delay factors. In total, 37 valid responses were analyzed and ranked. The results indicate that the 5 most important causes are Delay in payment of performed work, Shortage in skilled workers, Bureaucracy in public administrations, Delay in the provision of on-site public services and difficulties in financing the project by contractor. This study is hoped to help the practitioners to implement the mitigation measure at planning stage in order to achieve successful construction projects.

Importance of the Factors Affecting the Delays in the Projects of Construction of Collective Housing in Algeria - Program Rent-Purchase

Faced with rapid urbanization and increasing demographic pressure on Algerian cities, housing policy in Algeria has evolved considerably over the past twenty years. However, the construction process is subject to many variables and unpredictable factors, which result in delays in project completion. It is therefore essential to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the main factors affecting delays in collective housing construction projects according to the vision of professionals and experts established in Algeria. Indeed, we focus our attention on the point of view of clients, consultants, designers and contractors to assess the relative importance of 67 delay factors. In total, 37 valid responses were analyzed and ranked. The results indicate that the 5 most important causes are Delay in payment of performed work, Shortage in skilled workers, Bureaucracy in public administrations, Delay in the provision of on-site public services and difficulties in financing the project by contractor. This study is hoped to help the practitioners to implement the mitigation measure at planning stage in order to achieve successful construction projects.

A Magyar Nemzeti Helynévtár Programról

On the Hungarian National Toponym Registry The paper introduces the key antecedents of the Hungarian National Toponym Registry Program supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and presents the main motivations behind the research project and its chief objectives. The prehistory of a comprehensive Hungarian toponym registry goes back to the dictionaries presenting the corpus of common nouns. In the second half of the 19th century, at the time of the creation of the Dictionary of the Hungarian language (A magyar nyelv szótára, CzF.), it was Frigyes Pesty who first organized com¬prehensive toponym collection activities in 1864. In the middle of the 20th century, the publication of the Explanatory dictionary of the Hungarian language (A ma¬gyar nyelv értelmező szótára, ÉrtSz.) coincided with the second major toponym collection project. It was also due to their inefficacy, however, that at the time of the publication of the Comprehensive dictionary of the Hungarian language (A magyar nyelv nagy szótára, Nszt.) those aspirations also appeared that focused on the creation of digital toponym registries that culminated in the plan for the Hungarian National Toponym Registry. This work was carried out in the topo¬nymist workshops of the University of Debrecen and Eötvös Loránd University but practically all toponym scholars have joined the program both from Hungary and the trans-border regions. The fact that this program needs to be carried out now is made even clearer by two circumstances. First, the population decrease of Hungarians outside Hungary and the continuous shrinking of the Hungarian language area. Second, the pro¬cesses of social modernization that significantly modify the ways people use space and thus also affect toponym awareness. Under these circumstances, the collection of toponyms still used today may also be considered as a way of saving linguistic and cultural records and heritage. The toponym registry also containing historical toponyms provides unparalleled resources for a host of academic dis¬ciplines while also enriching Hungarian toponym culture. In line with strict professional requirements, the Hungarian National Toponym Registry is created as a digital database but the material included in it will also be published in print form. Due to the magnitude of the work, hundreds of experts participate in it. The academic basis of the program is provided by universities of the Carpathian Basin offering programs in Hungarian Studies where special activ¬ities are offered primarily for Hungarian majors, also supported by online educa¬tional materials. The Hungarian National Toponym Registry is an exceptional opportunity for Hungarian toponomastics for the creation of a comprehensive toponym registry covering the entire Hungarian language area and representing both contemporary and historical name usage.

Insulin Growth Factor Phenotypes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, an INSPIRE Registry and CATHGEN Study

BackgroundThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis emerged as an important pathway in heart failure with preserved ejection (HFpEF). We aimed to identify IGF phenotypes associated with HFpEF in the context of high-dimensional proteomic profiling. MethodsFrom the INtermountain Healthcare Biological Samples Collection Project and Investigational REgistry for the On-going Study of Disease Origin, Progression and Treatment (Intermountain INSPIRE Registry), we identified 96 patients with HFpEF and matched controls. We performed targeted proteomics, including IGF-1,2, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) 1–7 and 111 other proteins (EMD Millipore and ELISA). We used partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to identify a set of proteins associated with prevalent HFpEF, pulmonary hypertension and 5-year all-cause mortality. K-mean clustering was used to identify IGF phenotypes. ResultsPatients with HFpEF had a high prevalence of systemic hypertension (95%) and coronary artery disease (74%). Using PLS-DA, we identified a set of biomarkers, including IGF1,2 and IGFBP 1,2,7, that provided a strong discrimination of HFpEF, pulmonary hypertension and mortality with an area under the curve of 0.91, 0.77 and 0.83, respectively. Using K mean clustering, we identified 3 IGF phenotypes that were independently associated with all-cause 5-year mortality after adjustment for age, NT-proBNP and kidney disease (P = 0.004). Multivariable analysis validated the prognostic value of IGFBP-1 and 2 in the CATHeterization GENetics (CATHGEN) biorepository. ConclusionIGF phenotypes were associated with pulmonary hypertension and mortality in HFpEF.

Drone affective politics against state impunity: The case of 43 disappeared students in Ayotzinapa, Mexico

This article analyzes some implications of new drone aesthetics involved in affective politics against state impunity in social conflicts. Whereas the literature on media, war and conflict has been centered around the war aesthetics of military drones, the author argues that civilian drones can mobilize affective politics – expressed, for example, in the aestheticization of shame, rage and the subversion of fear – as a means of political communication with and against the state. Further, she proposes that the present focus on drone aesthetics should be expanded to also account for the political affects that aesthetic sensory perceptions mobilize. Drawing on actor-network theory and new materialism, the article takes the disappearance of 43 students in Ayotzinapa (Mexico) as an exemplary case of state impunity in the context of the war against drugs and social conflict. By means of a digital ethnography of the social collective project Rexiste, the author analyzes its public interventions deploying a civil drone named ‘Droncita’, which sought to generate an aesthetics of affect against state impunity. The article contributes toward expanding investigation of (civilian) drone aesthetics and the mobilization of affective politics in the literature on war and social conflicts and collective action.

A Discussion On The Effects Of Blockchain Technology Within The Context Of Sustainable Development

The solutions made possible by blockchain technology, and crypto assets, are changing the dynamics of many industries. Blockchain technology, which is the subject of discussion with the constructive destruction and energy consumption it triggers, offers a global and inclusive vision that serves sustainability. In this article, a discussion is presented on the effects of blockchain technology, on the environment, economy and society, which are the three main areas of sustainable development. It can be said that blockchain technology has positive and negative effects on these three main areas. Providing the opportunity to create collective value and support social impact projects with a focus on sustainable society, this technology also enables the democratic management of data. Blockchain technology, which allows the development of new business models with a focus on sustainable economy, has the potential to increase financial inclusion. While blockchains working with proof-of-work method have the potential to harm the environment with high energy consumption, blockchains working with different methods can reduce energy consumption. At the same time, studies that will increase the use of renewable energy resources in mining continue, and it is foreseen that the negative effects of this technology on the sustainable environment can be eliminated.

Emancipating ethics: an autonomist reading of Islamic forms of life in Russia

AbstractThis article advances a framework aimed at capturing the political life of ethical intensity by putting autonomist theory in resonance with ethnographic material pertaining to quietist Muslim milieus in post‐Soviet Russia. The emancipatory and prefigurative potential of collective projects of self‐legislation – in this case, ‘halal living’ – are explored through the notions of ethical form of life and Rule/Law. It will be argued that autonomist theory (a) is helpful in conceptualizing the friction between ethical projects (however quietist) and dominant moral/political orders; (b) has the potential to broaden anthropological conversations on virtue beyond existing fault lines (notably between what I call ‘traditionist’ and ‘liberal’ theoretical families) as well as conceptual silos (‘religion', ‘secularity’); and (c) can help us envision a radical, politically engaged anthropology of ethics.

Developing a Minimalist Multilingual Full-text Digital Library Solution for Disconnected Remote Library Partners

The University of Florida (UF) George A. Smathers Libraries have been involved in a wide range of partnered digital collection projects throughout the years with a focus on collaborating with institutions across the Caribbean region. One of the countries that we have a number of digitization projects within is Cuba. One of these partnerships is with the library of the Temple Beth Shalom (Gran Sinagoga Bet Shalom) in Havana, Cuba. As part of this partnership, we have sent personnel over to Cuba to do onsite scanning and digitization of selected materials found within the institution. The digitized content from this project was brought back to UF and loaded into our University of Florida Digital Collections (UFDC) system. Because internet availability and low bandwidth are issues in Cuba, the Synagogue’s ability to access the full-text digitized content residing on UFDC was an issue. The Synagogue also did not have a local digital library system to load the newly digitized content. To respond to this need we focused on providing a minimalist technology solution that was highly portable to meet their desire to conduct full-text searches within their library on their digitized content. This article will explore the solution that was developed using a USB flash drive loaded with a PortableApps version of Zotero loaded with multilingual OCR’s documents.

Becoming Fluent in Fieldwork: (Un)learning What Is Good/Ethical/Responsible Fieldwork

Abstract This running theme’s introduction rethinks fieldwork as an ongoing process. It explores experiences and conceptions of ‘becoming fluent in fieldwork’: the contextual processes through which we do, learn, and unlearn practices of fieldwork. It sees fieldwork as a collective project. Recognising the entanglement of field sites and travelling with fields to certain other fields, we become multiply entangled, and thus we ask: what do these plural relations demand from us? We turn to the concept and praxis of love as it considers the responsibility, care work and thinking-working together that is needed to respect other people’s realities together with them. We foreground the notion of ‘becoming fluent’ that reflects fieldwork as a work in process, and emphasises the processual aspects of fieldwork: the journey that spans the time before, during and after the fieldwork. This process involves engaging meaningfully with relations, relationality and collaboration, ‘ongoingness’ and ethics in motion.

The reconfiguration of twenty-first century Latin American regionalism: actors, processes, contradictions, and prospects

ABSTRACT The introduction to this Special Issue reflects on both the multiplicity of Latin American (LA) regionalism and the theoretically pluralist terrain of contemporary scholarship on LA politics and international relations. The introduction will first outline the complexity of twenty-first century LA regionalism and the challenge this poses for scholars in the field. Secondly, we make the case for an ‘integrative pluralism' approach to unpacking the multiplicity of regionalisation projects, from both above and below. In bringing together diverse perspectives to a common research problem, we hope to contribute to ongoing debates in IR/IPE over the ‘pluralist turn’, and what might be done to push this collective project forward. Thirdly, we briefly explore the multi-scalar nature of region-building, encompassing both various spaces/scales as well as political actors. Finally, we outline the contributions to the Special Issue, that span the terrain of LA regionalism from above (political institutions) and below (transnational movements).

DESIGN OF THE CONTEMPORARY GARMENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF STYLISTIC AND ARTISTIC-COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL DECORATIVE ART

The purpose. This research aims to analyze artistic-compositional characteristics of Ukrainian traditional embroidery and decorative-applied art (using the example of M. Prymachenko’s art) used in the decoration of the actual ethno-styled garments. Methodology. A systematic approach was used in this research to project authorial contemporary garments: literary-analytical, morphological, and comparative analysis of the creative primary source, associative means of its adaptation to the actual fashion trends. The methodology of the research is based on the systematic analysis of the design projects using elements of the cultural heritage of Ukraine. Systematic-informational and visual-analytical methods were used in this research. Systematic-structural analysis was used to analyze the transformation of artistic-compositional elements in the process of shaping contemporary costumes based on associative transformations. Results. In the process of design project of the authorial collection of female Ethno-style clothes, it was found that decorative art and national garments have a high level of authentic symbolism if used for the actual projection image in conditions of contemporary design activity. Characterizations were given to some principles of implementation of the national image in contemporary trends of fashion industry development. Symbolic image of the floral ornament adapted from Prymachenko’s works as well as stylization of her works in ornamental motifs of the collection were used. Based on pre-project analysis and customer survey it was defined that there is significant interest in national motifs. A collection of female clothes targeted at a wide group of customers was designed. Scientific novelty. Principles of design-project of the collection of contemporary garments with authorial embroidery were proposed using an adaptation of national traditions of female clothes embroidery and folk-art decoration as a basis. Usage of different floral motifs and geometric ornament in ethno-style and implementation of this image as popular among contemporary women in their everyday life were justified. Practical significance lies in the development of principles of formation of authorial costume collection project-image, in justification of principles of ethnographically oriented prints and embroidery and the choice of decoration methods of contemporary female clothes.

Teaching Anthropology to Artists: The Challenges of Trans-disciplinarity and Beyond

In this paper, complex issues of education are discussed in relation to research and activism in the humanities and contemporary art, cultural production and politics. The discussion is based on a re-examination of twenty years of teaching anthropology at Greek universities in light of a strengthening engagement in the practices situated between this discipline and art. The context, the content and the mode of this activity are considered, during an epistemologically composite and politically significant process of interchanging teaching and learning positions. The specificity of the conditions of one’s own education needed to be acknowledged in the introduction to this retrospective survey. Teaching anthropology to professionals and students of different disciplines is also described as a period of learning how to place emphasis on practice, re-evaluate anthropological knowledge, combine diverse perspectives and negotiate power relations. Teaching anthropology to artists, however, particularly when the teacher also happens to be an artist, poses these and other challenges. Transdisciplinarity is sought, but only as something to surpass, eventually considering what it might mean to be 'undisciplined'. In any case, it is by now established that when anthropologists meet with artists, common interests become evident and a great potential for the renewal of research and theory is revealed, but diverging priorities and conflicting relations must also be addressed. Teaching and learning in such a context becomes more than an academic habit. It develops as a demanding, research-cum-art making activity, as shown by a number of collective projects that bring together students and teachers, on the fringes of the academy and social life during the difficult period of the so-called 'Greek crisis'.

Feminist struggles against criminalization of digital violence: Lessons for Internet governance from the global south

AbstractWhy have feminists in Mexico been arguing with women's groups and against the state over the criminalization of digital violence, and what do these struggles mean for its governance? This article analyzes the social struggles surrounding passage of the Olimpia Law of 2019, which criminalizes digital violence in Mexico. Although criminalization of digital violence as a means of governing online behavior has recently attracted much attention globally, this study proposes that such measures can, at the same time, put at risk the human rights of women actively participating in the political realm (human rights defenders, activists, and journalists). I further contend that governing digital violence is not so much a regulatory question but should, rather, be understood as a field of struggle among diverse collective projects. Thus, I argue that there is a need to further reconceptualize digital violence against women in politics as a way to address the multiplicity of actors and perspectives involved in internet governance. Following textual analysis of documents from feminist organizations arguing against the criminalization of digital violence, I conclude by proposing public policies to fight this phenomenon beyond criminalization.

Relationships between sepulchral caves and dolmens during the Neolithic in the Western Pyrenees (France)—abridged version

This contribution aims to evaluate the state of our knowledge about Neolithic burials in natural cavities and in stone-built monuments within a geographic area limited to the southern part of the Adour river basin. Particular emphasis was placed on shared concepts of funerary spaces and sanctuaries. This research is mainly based on the excavations and studies carried out over the last 30 years and within the ongoing collective research project dedicated to the investigation of dolmen features and territories in the north-western Pyrenees (PCR “Structures dolméniques et territoires dans les Pyrénées nord-occidentales”). Data from the Early Neolithic period are scarce. Documentation relating to the Middle and Late/Final Neolithic shows that the practices are linked to modalities observed more widely within an Atlantic tradition, but that they were also influenced by traditions in the eastern part of the Pyrenean chain, particularly during the Late/Final Neolithic. Two features turned out to be significant: burial mounds – built as early as the Middle Neolithic period, including or not including megalithic architecture, were real territorial markers still erected in the Bronze Age but also reused up to Antiquity; and, less monumental, sepulchral caves – used and sometimes re-used several decades or centuries later by the same community.

Promoting Organizational Justice In Cross-Cultural Data Collection, Analysis, And Interpretation: Towards An Emerging Conceptual Model

Human performance improvement (HPI) practitioners, including Instructional designers (IDs), typically strive to inform inclusive, equitable, and socially just organizational development, workplace learning, and performance improvement decisions when working across cultures. The intention behind these types of decisions is to avoid causing harm to organizational members and the larger societies they serve. One way researchers, IDs, and HPI practitioners can support inclusive, equitable, and socially just organizational decision-making is by operating under organizational justice theory. In this work, we describe how organizational justice theory can be applied by practitioners in cross-cultural data collection, analysis, and interpretation project work.

Fighting Fascist Spain: Worker Protest from the Printing PressWriting Revolution: Hispanic Anarchism in the United States

Fighting Fascist Spain: Worker Protest from the Printing PressWriting Revolution: Hispanic Anarchism in the United States

Bleeding in Patients with Clinically Severe Von Willebrand Disease: Interim Analysis of Athn 9: A Natural History Study for People with Severe Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)

Background:Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, occurring in ~0.1% of the population. VWD results from either a quantitative (Type 1 or 3) or qualitative (Type 2) defect in von Willebrand Factor (VWF), a multimeric plasma protein involved in platelet adhesion and aggregation at the vascular injury site. Accurate diagnosis of VWD is complex due to pre-analytical variables, a wide coefficient of variation in testing, and incomplete penetrance. Though individuals with mild VWD and bleeding symptoms are common, less is known regarding persons with VWD and a clinically severe bleeding phenotype.Aims:To characterize the bleeding phenotype and safety of treatment regimens in participants with clinically severe VWD in the United States (US).Study Design and Methods:ATHN 9 is sponsored by the American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network (ATHN) and is being conducted at 25 ATHN-affiliated sites across the US. Participants are identified by the site investigators with a projected goal to enroll 130 individuals. Patients with severe VWD defined as type 3 VWD, or a VWF:RCo, VWF:GPIbM or VWF:Ag ≤ 30%, or persons with “clinically severe VWD” defined by VWF:RCo, VWF:GPIbM or VWF:Ag ≤ 40% and requiring recurrent use of factor concentrates and prior enrollment in the ATHNdataset national surveillance data collection project are included. Participants with platelet-type or acquired VWD are excluded. Laboratory assessments including a standardized diagnostic battery, VWF genetic analysis (Next-gen sequencing), and inhibitor testing, performed by a central laboratory. Bleeding tendency is assessed by International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) Bleeding Assessment Tool (BAT) (abnormal BS is ≥4 in adult males, ≥6 in adult females and ≥3 in children) and the Pictorial Bleeding Assessment Chart (PBAC; heavy menstrual blood loss ≥100) if applicable.Results:Initial data on 81 participants was analyzed. Given that the enrollment occurred during the pandemic, the completion of data varied as follows: Baseline Demographics Forms 81 completed, Baseline History Forms 73 completed, and VWD Diagnostic Testing Results Forms 38 completed. Most were adult (53%), female (58%), Caucasian (82%) and non-Hispanic (82%). Approximately half (38/81, 47%) have undergone central lab diagnostic testing (Table 1) while the remaining had previous diagnostic studies. About half of the patients had Type 1, a quarter have Type 3, and the remaining had Type 2 VWD or unknown. The majority of patients (91%) had VWF:GPIbM activity <30IU/dL and (61%) had a VWF:Ag <30IU/dL. One participant had an inhibitor (1/22, 4%) to VWF. Of the participants with a baseline history form submission (73 in total), more than half (42/73, 57%) had undergone surgery, the most common being nasal cautery (11/42, 26.2%) and dental extraction (11/42, 26.2%); complicated by bleeding most commonly during or following dental extraction (2/11, 18.2%) and endoscopy/colonoscopy (2/4, 50%). Few participants (6/73, 8%) reported the presence of a target joint at enrollment, ankle being most common. The bleeding phenotype was variable with a mean ISTH BAT score of 10 (range 0-39) with the first bleeding event commonly occurring prior to age 10 years (51%), with 20% occurring prior to age 12 months (20%). The PBAC was performed on 6 of the 47 female participants in reference to their last period and was abnormal(mean 247; range 0-754). The majority (70 participants, 96%) utilized factor concentrates for prophylaxis or on-demand treatment; 27 participants (39%) were on continuous prophylaxis, while 8 (11%) were on event-based while less (10%) were on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) prophylaxis, and the remainder (40%) received episodic treatment. Participants used plasma derived VWF concentrate most commonly (64.3%) with the remainder using recombinant VWF or DDAVP/antifibrinolytics.Discussion: Initial evaluation of 81 participants with clinically severe VWD were diagnostically determined to be type 1 VWD with a majority having a bleeding phenotype (mean (ISTH BAT 10) and HMB (mean PBAC 247). In contrast to patients with mild disease where antifibrinolytics and desmopressin are frequently used, factor replacement was the most common treatment modality. Future analysis will focus on response to factor replacement therapy, genotype-phenotype correlation and quality of life. DisclosuresWeyand: Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy. Friedman: Siemens: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Alexion: Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Consultancy; Instrumentation Laboratories: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy. Haley: American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network: Research Funding. He: ATHN: Ended employment in the past 24 months. Roberts: Takeda; Speakers Bureau: Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Sanofi, Takeda.: Research Funding; Genentech, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, uniQure: Consultancy. Wynn: Sanofi: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding. Sidonio: Sanofi, Takeda, Octapharma, Bayer, Biomain, Grifols, Kedrion, Genentech. Catalyst, Guardian Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Hema Biologics, Uniqure.: Consultancy, Honoraria. OffLabel Disclosure:Vonvendi (recombinant VWF) does not have a product indication for prophylaxis

Pen Pals

Pen Pals

Pierre Schill, Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale: Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)

Reviewed by: Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale: Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italoturc pour la Libye (1911–1912) by Pierre Schill Arthur Asseraf Pierre Schill. Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale: Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italoturc pour la Libye (1911–1912). Paris: Créaphis, 2018. 480 pp. €35. ISBN: 978-2354281410. In 2008, the historian Pierre Schill, whilst researching coalminers in Southern France, found an unusual archival box containing photographs of the Italian-Ottoman War in Libya. These photographs of colonial violence turned out to be the work of Gaston Chérau, a French reporter sent to Libya by the newspaper Le Matin. In Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale, Schill has reproduced this archive as well as brought together a variety of approaches to understanding it in an original and complex collective project. The resulting book is both an in extenso publication of Chérau's work in 1911, both textual and visual, as well as an analysis of his activities from a variety of disciplinary and artistic perspectives. It is a beautiful object, highly attractive and graphically sophisticated, that has been produced by Créaphis Éditions. In 1911, as conflict exploded in Libya, Gaston Chérau was thirty-nine years old, and already a successful popular writer and novelist. Though he had a vague desire for adventure and to go to "Africa," Chérau did not travel to Tripoli out of any particular interest for Libyan affairs. Rather, what he sought was more recognition. At the time, war reporting (reportage de guerre) was emerging as a particularly prestigious form of literary writing. The commission by Le Matin, one of the most highly published newspapers not just in France but in the world at the time with 700,000 daily copies, seemed like an ideal way to achieve greater recognition. Tripoli at the time was full of foreign journalists, who were brought in and controlled by the Italian government. Chérau himself stopped in Rome on the way to Tripoli to meet Italian Prime Minister Giolitti to receive instructions, as Le Matin received subsidies from the Italian government in exchange for favorable coverage. Correspondents like Chérau were invited to be "embedded," as we would now say, within Italian regiments, and the information they reported was entirely controlled by the Italian army. However, on the ground, this control was not as effective as planned. By the time Chérau arrived, Italians encountered unexpected resistance at Shar [End Page 482] al-Shatt in October 1911 (spelt in Italian as Sciara-Sciat). Italian soldiers who had been taken prisoner were tortured and massacred. In retaliation, Italians executed men accused of leading this revolt in the streets of Tripoli. Chérau's photographs documented both the gruesome mutilation of Italian soldiers' bodies and the haunting sight of dangling rows of hanged Libyan bodies. The first section of the book reproduces these photographs of astounding violence, along with an essay by Schill contextualizing them. This includes some interesting details on the technicalities of photographic journalism at the time. For instance, as only text could be sent on telegraphic cables, images would be printed with several days or weeks' delay compared to articles. The second section moves to text to deal with Chérau's articles sent back to Le Matin, here again with a contextualization by Schill. This is then followed by Chérau's correspondence, which allow for an interesting comparison among which of his impressions made it into published form, and which remained confined to the private sphere. Finally, a later, literary text from Chérau from 1926, "Sur le trésor des caravans" (on the treasure of caravans) is reproduced, showing a retrospective memorialization of this North African adventure, and the emerging genre of the war reporter's memoir. The second, shorter section of the book deals with a number of multidisciplinary perspectives on this archive. Schill worked alongside artists to produce an exhibition, À fendre le coeur le plus dur (Enough to break the toughest heart), which was presented in several locations in 2015 and 2016...

Surrealist Nuance and Postcolonial Subjectivity

In its origins, surrealism transpired as a radical subversive culture within advanced capitalist societies in Europe during the first few decades of the twentieth century. In colonial and postcolonial societies, however, surrealism variously assumed a quintessence of a protracted struggle between, on the one hand, the old and neocolonial cultural hegemony and, on the other hand, the subversive resistance by the neocolonized, with all the paradoxical elements that are part and parcel of that struggle. One of the few manifestations of a surrealism-inspired cinematic work in the Arab world during the last century is Youssef Chahine’s Alexandria, Again and Forever (1990). This critically acclaimed film is a rich example of Arab cinema that celebrates non-normative personal identity while simultaneously rethinking traditional notions of nation under colonial rule. This third installment of Chahine’s autobiographical film quartet, which he intermittently drew over the course of his thirty-year career, indulges a complex exposé of Chahine the man, the artist, and the political activist. It also draws on mostly imagined, and partly real, episodes in the filmmaker’s life. As such, and rather than using a typically grand anticolonial metanarrative, the film favors the depiction of multiple surrealist proliferations of difference, juxtapositions, dislocation, and distortions seen not as embodiments of a single truth but rather as energized political and aesthetic forms of a collective project for revamping Egyptian and Arab identity and reality.