Collective Mobilization Research Articles

Theorizing power and agency in state-initiated municipal climate change adaptation: integrating reflexive capacity into adaptive capacity

Abstract. Based on a review of existing research on adaptive capacity, we identify a research gap in theorizing institutions, power structures, and agency in municipal climate change adaptation processes. Drawing on sociological institutionalism, governmentality, and communicative planning theory, we use post-structuralist concepts of power to to elucidate the collective (de-)mobilization of existing stocks of capacities within municipal institutions of adaptation with a focus on structural power and agency in participation processes. The concept of reflexive capacity is introduced as the ability of organizations such as municipal administrations to incorporate diverse stakeholders and knowledge into decision-making processes in a local context, which is derived from the relationship of power with with power over. The emergence and transformation of reflexive capacity are illustrated and discussed with one case study municipality in Germany, revealing the potential of this concept for the analysis of participation in adaptation processes and the power structures that are inherent to them. In the paper, we incorporate the concept of reflexive capacity with established concepts of adaptive capacity, creating an integrated framework termed institutional adaptive capacity. The analysis concludes that examining power structures and agency in the context of climate change adaptation explains how capacity stocks and individual psychosocial capacity mobilization are institutionally embedded and influenced by reflexive capacity. We argue that the consideration of power structures and agency can provide a complementary approach to explaining adaptive capacity and call for further transdisciplinary empirical research on this topic in different settings of state-initiated adaptation processes.

“We won't go back home!” Women's Experiences with Deindustrialization and Unemployment at Fiat and LIP, a Comparative Perspective

AbstractThis article stems from a project aiming to investigate women's unemployment in the phase of deindustrialization that affected Western European countries from the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis. Countries such as Italy and France, with both a strong working-class movement and a vibrant feminist movement, have had to face economic crises since the mid-seventies and from the eighties have witnessed how neoliberal capitalism started to heavily reshape the global labor market. The old stereotype of female salary as ‘pin money’ within the household budget was again publicly put forth. How did women experience unemployment? What did it mean in terms of their social status, economic independence, sense of self, relationship to the home? To answer these questions and to understand the reconfiguration of class and gender identities, I focus on two milestone cases of labour struggles that are recognized as turning points in the history of the affirmation of neoliberal dynamics: the crisis of FIAT in Italy and of LIP in France. Despite their being at the center of many academic investigations as fundamental sites of resistance, their outcomes in terms of unemployment and particularly the gender dimension of this phenomenon have been largely overlooked so far. I will delineate a comparison between the two cases by drawing on my past research about trade union feminism in the two countries, on archival sources, published accounts and oral histories of two key activists in these struggles. Key factors that will be analysed are: women's participation in the collective mobilisations in the face of unemployment, their relation to the domestic sphere and to care work, their ability to build female networks within their wounded communities.

Mediated by the materiality of spaces

This commentary considers how the special issue ‘Mobilising Language, Gender and Sexuality Studies’ contributes to recent developments in theories that demonstrate the importance of taking a posthumanist approach to sociolinguistics research. While the papers in the special issue show how mobile communities, including migrants, asylum seekers, sex workers and domestic workers, make sense of and participate in different activities in the world, this commentary shows that people in these communities also make sense of themselves with reference to different spaces – both real and imaginary, and both near and distant. Teasing out these aspects, the commentary suggests keeping research about posthumanism, the Global South and alternative ways of doing sociolinguistics at the core of the exploration of the complexities inherent in language practices, gender, sexuality, and individual and collective mobility, migration and resistance.

Inactive and Quiescent? Immigrant Collective Action in Comparative Perspective, 1960 to 1995

Social movement mobilization by and on behalf of immigrants occurs frequently today, but sociologists have been slow to include immigrant collective action in the canon of social movement or immigration scholarship. Is this because, until recently, immigrant protest was minimal or limited in scope? The authors take a macro-comparative approach, recoding the Dynamics of Collective Action dataset to compare proimmigrant collective action with paradigmatic, well-studied movements from 1960 to 1995. The authors find that immigrant collective action was on par with iconic movements, mobilized similar numbers of people, occurred across the United States, engaged in disruptive action, and encompassed a wide range of origins, thus correcting possible misperceptions that immigrants did not engage in contentious action before the 1990s. The authors conclude by advocating for a population at risk focus for studying the emergence of collective action, decentering the borders of collective mobilization, and illuminating the vulnerabilities of legal status.

Intention to use patient portal and its predictors among patient with diabetes in Amhara region referral hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023: UTAUT-2 model.

Patient portal technology is increasingly utilized in the health care system for diabetes management as a means of communication and information-sharing tools, and it has the potential to improve access, quality, and outcomes for patients with diabetes. However, its adaptation is very low, and patients' intention toward the patient portal is unknown. This study aims to fill this gap by determining the intention to use the patient portal and its predictors among patients with diabetes in Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with diabetes from April 3 to May 8 in eight referral hospitals in the Amhara region, Ethiopia 2023. Samples were proportionally allocated for each hospital, and participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling method. The data were collected by using an interviewer-administered questionnaire using the Kobo collection mobile app. Descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS version 26. The degree of association between exogenous and endogenous variables was assessed and validated using structural equation modeling using AMOS version 21. A total of 1037 (96.2% response rate) patients with diabetes participated in the study. Of them, 407 (39.25%), 95% CI: [36.4-42.2] were found to have an intention to use the patient portal. Digital literacy (β = 0.312, 95% CI: [0.154-0.465], p < .01), performance expectancy (β = 0.303, 95% CI: [0.185-0.420], p < .01), effort expectancy (β = 0.25, 95% CI: [0.131-0.392], p < 0.01) facilitating condition (β = 0.22, 95% CI: [0.081-0.36], p < .01) and habit (β = 0.111, 95% CI: [-0.009 to 0.227], p < .05) were significantly associated with the intention to use patient portals. Effort expectancy and facilitating conditions were positively moderated by gender. This study found that patient with diabetes' intention to use patient portals was low. To increase patients with diabetes' intention to use the patient portal, interventions in digital literacy, performance expectations, effort expectations, facilitating conditions, and habits are required.

Collective mobility power: Grassroots unionism in the Italian meat-processing sector

In the last decade, several sectors of the Italian labour market have witnessed a rise in conflictual union activities carried out mostly by subcontracted migrant workers. Taking two grassroots unions in the North Italian meat processing sector as case studies (SICobas and ADLCobas), this paper investigates why and how migrant workers organise themselves through rank-and-file unions. In particular, the paper aims at understanding whether and how migrant workers' mobility power interplays with and influences their associational power, shedding light on the nexus between labour mobility and its mobilisation. After illustrating how grassroots unions develop in the Italian context, the paper analyses how migrant workers enhance their mobility power through rank-and-file unions and how these unions, in turn, utilise members' mobility as a resource to broaden their organisations. In conclusion, the paper argues that the presence of a highly mobile labour force does not weaken and could even strengthen mobilisations. Consequently, mobility power can be conceptualised not only as an individual strategy but also as a collective resource.

Social-emotional curricula and leadership: from collective mobilization to self-motivation

Resumo Contextualizar os processos que instrumentalizam os afetos no currículo escolar hodierno, investigando como a liderança tem sido significada diante de um catálogo de emoções, constitui o objetivo deste estudo. Historicamente, a liderança compôs os movimentos sociais e tinha a escola como um de seus espaços de referência, mas essa afecção parece ter adquirido novos sentidos em programas específicos de educação socioemocional. Para desenvolver a argumentação, articulam-se referenciais teóricos críticos (como Dardot e Laval, Illouz, Collet e Grinberg, e Safatle) com uma análise documental (desenvolvida por meio das orientações de Cellard), por meio do exame de duas iniciativas singulares, em busca de compreender como a liderança tem figurado no cotidiano escolar, problematizando o que se entende como um redirecionamento de seus sentidos históricos a partir dos remanejos do neoliberalismo. Na discussão, percebe-se que a hierarquização desse afeto não tem mais se pautado unicamente na motivação de uma comunidade para a participação em uma pauta pública (sentido tradicionalmente atribuído), mas tem se reconfigurado, em contextos singulares, em uma mobilização de si mesmo. A liderança passa a ser concebida como um pilar para o empreendedorismo de si na constituição de uma conduta engajada do sujeito com seus objetivos pessoais, favorecendo a lapidação de seus próprios afetos em busca de se mostrar competitivo e flexível, exigências do capitalismo em sua face atual. De um líder carismático e comprometido com o coletivo erige-se um líder de si conformado a partir de um design psicológico que tem na escola (dualista e hierarquizada) seu espaço de formação.

THE EMERGENT R/ANTIWORK REVOLUTION AND MANAGERIAL ALLIES

The subreddit r/Antiwork and the eponymous movement it launched has introduced phrases like ‘Quiet Quitting’ and ‘Act your Wage’ into the media lexicon and garnered the attention of businesses from Goldman Sachs to Kellogg’s for its threat to labor force participation. Heralded by some as the successor to #OccupyWallSt, Antiwork is the other side of the Great Resignation for those who cannot afford to leave their livelihood. Yet it differs from #OccupyWallSt in its scope, which critiques capitalism as a whole rather than money in politics; its scale, with 2.7M members globally on Reddit alone; its longevity, ongoing for ten years; and its varied demographics whereas Occupy protesters tended to be educated white men. As Occupy sought collective mobilizations at government buildings, Antiwork fosters individual, less public forms of resistance to capitalism. James Scott referred to such ‘infrapolitics’ as weapons of the weak, as the lack of capital of the oppressed in all its forms often precludes more direct forms of protest. In this paper, drawing from digital ethnography and interviews, I examine the potency of r/Antiwork for impacting workplace behaviors among community members who are managers in their professional lives. In doing so, I explore the possibility of a broader class consciousness with an historically unlikely ally that transcends the traditional Marxist proletariat-capitalist binary and portends greater efficacy for the American labor movement than in the past 50 years.

Artisanal and small-scale mining through a “labour regime” lens: Consolidating a research agenda on labour exploitation

This article examines the way the notion of labour regime in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) research can contribute to new ways of conceptualising this sector's challenges. It starts by reviewing how the phenomenal expansion of ASM over the last decades has been problematised, and highlights the need to better understand what drives artisanal miners to operate under extremely precarious work conditions, and the role they play in shaping the conditions of the sector they evolve in. ASM labour has generally been approached in research from two main lines of debates, namely livelihoods and agrarian change, and as embedded in global commodity frontiers and networks. The former perspective played an important role in highlighting the diversity of forms of production, and the heterogeneity of labour comprising ASM. This body of work showed that these emerge from strategies adopted mainly by smallholders facing subsistence challenges who diversify their source of income by either branching out into mining or combining it with agricultural activities. The second line of enquiry approaches ASM as emerging from the complex interactions of actors and factors across scales in global commodity frontiers and competing territorialisation projects. Both perspectives highlight the importance of better conceptualising value extraction and ASM labour exploitation dynamics, and the article draws on recent work on “labour regimes” to suggest ways to move in this direction. At this juncture, we emphasise three areas of work that we suggest are worth pushing forth, namely the role of social reproduction dynamics underlying ASM work, the intersecting production of social difference and ASM labour control across supply chains, and the role of ASM resistance, collective mobilisation and agency. Through these, we hope to advance future research on exploitation dynamics in ASM labour regimes, in ways that may also have policy relevance, as labour has rarely been the latter's focus.

Resource Mobilisation, Utilisation and Wellbeing of Social and Solidarity Groups In The Assin Fosu Municipality, Ghana.

Purpose: The study focused on farm-based cooperatives in the Assin Fosu municipality and examined resource mobilisation as well as the factors that determine resource utilisation and the wellbeing of social and solidarity organisations.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: 180 respondents from six registered farm-based cooperatives in the Assin Fosu Municipality were chosen for the study using a mixed research design and a multi-stage sample method that included purposive, proportional, and simple random sampling procedures. The Focus Group comprised cooperative chairpersons and was further expanded to include the Municipal Co-operative Officer, who was specifically chosen as a key informant. In addition to narratives drawn from qualitative data, descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to examine the data.&#x0D; Research Implications/Limitations: The limitation of this study is the measurement of farm size and income which were based on the mental construct of farmers because most of the cooperative members did not keep records. This tended to distort the reality related to farm size and income which were included in the construct of wellbeing and collective resource mobilisation.&#x0D; Findings: We discovered that, except for cooperatives based on cocoa, resource mobilisation was low across all the cooperatives. The study found that the mobilisation of resources and the collective purchase of agricultural equipment and supplies, which reduced production costs, were the driving forces behind resource utilisation. The main wellbeing indicators were longer membership durations and group resource mobilisation and utilisation.&#x0D; Practical Implications: The findings of the study will help contribute to the management of social and solidarity groups in Ghana and broaden the understanding of how this development approach affects livelihoods. It is also hoped that the findings will contribute to the mitigation of the cost of neoliberal policies by providing a path to wellbeing at the micro and informal levels through group resource mobilisation and utilisation.&#x0D; Social Implications: Social and Solidarity organisations serve as an alternative to economic organisations that are based on neoliberal principles. This is because the latter favours the dominant few in developing economies culminating in widespread poverty, inequalities, and a decline in wellbeing. To maximise wellbeing, cooperatives should intensify resource mobilisation, and utilisation whilst maintaining their membership.&#x0D; Originality/Value: The novelty of this paper lies in its contribution to the literature on social and solidarity economies. It provides information on the missing link on how farm-based cooperatives mobilise and utilise resources for the wellbeing of their members.

Opting out of the ‘near abroad’ and moving towards eurointegration: A postfunctionalist analysis of Ukraine’s regional integration dynamics in the early 2010s

This article examines the utility of a revised postfunctionalist theory in explaining regional (dis)integration dynamics. The case study employed to test the theoretical framework is based on Ukraine’s regional integration processes with respect to Eurasian and European regional organizations in the early 2010s. The principal research question posed is: what factors contributed to Ukraine’s decision to opt out of deeper integration with Eurasia in the early 2010s and pursue integration with the European Union insead, and how can this case study move the postfunctionalist theory forward? Three assumptions proposed by postfunctionalism, enriched with insights from social constructivism, were applied to the (dis)integration processes: salience, politicization, and collective identity. The analysis suggests that the revised postfunctionalist framework is indeed instrumental in explaining both integration and disintegration, providing insights into the role of collective identity mobilization once public discussion reaches a critical juncture in the politicization process.

Prosocial Interventions and Health Outcomes

Prosocial interventions encourage voluntary actions that benefit others. Community solidarity in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, expanding mutual aid programs, and health workforce issues have accelerated prosocial health interventions. To investigate the association of prosocial interventions with health outcomes in clinical trials and observational studies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis informed by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 5 databases (MEDLINE [via PubMed], Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Scopus) were searched from database inception through February 23, 2023. The search included terms for altruism and prosocial behaviors, health outcomes, and study type. Included studies, determined by multiple reviewers, compared health outcomes in a prosocial intervention group with a nonintervention group. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline, data extraction and synthesis captured quantitative and qualitative data. To pool data from quantitative studies, random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate the impact of prosocial interventions. To combine data from quantitative and qualitive studies, data were transformed into qualitative narratives using meta-aggregation. The main outcome was whether prosocial interventions were associated with improved health outcomes. Barriers to and facilitators of implementation of these interventions were assessed. The search identified 5229 citations; 30 studies were included in the synthesis. Studies indicated that prosocial interventions were associated with positive health outcomes for givers (17 studies [56.7]) and recipients (8 [26.7%]). Prosocial interventions included acts of kindness (12 studies [40.0%]), cash gifts (7 [23.3%]), pay-it-forward approaches (6 [20.0%]), and expressions of kindness (5 [16.7%]). Improvements were reported in depression, testing for sexually transmitted diseases, vaccine uptake, physical activity, and individual biomarkers. Data from 6 studies (20.0%) demonstrated that pay-it-forward approaches were associated with increased uptake of diagnostic tests or vaccines among vulnerable groups (moderate certainty of evidence). Data from 14 studies (46.7%) suggested that community connectedness facilitated prosocial interventions. Shared vulnerabilities among groups (eg, sexual minority individuals, older adults) may provide a context for collective mobilization to improve health in local communities. This systematic review and meta-analysis found that prosocial interventions were associated with improved health outcomes among vulnerable groups and have been useful for addressing health disparities. Further research is needed to develop and evaluate prosocial interventions.

Informal social group and Lok Sangharsh Samiti (LSS): informal collaboration of Dalits for resistance and ‘land rights’

ABSTRACT Dalits, as ex-untouchable caste groups, are at the bottom of India’s hierarchical social structure and are on the margin in the social, educational, cultural, political, and economic spheres of society. Land is one of the vital resources which does not merely determine one’s socio-economic condition but also regulates social position in society. The historical marginalization and exclusion of Dalits denied them land ownership, which affects their socio-economic well-being. Therefore, the denial of Dalits from access to land ownership is not merely visible in their measurable socio-economic condition but also in their social position in society. However, over the period, the social and political mobilization of Dalits has emerged as a tool against structural discrimination and social exclusion, which contributed to their social and economic well-being. Therefore, drawing upon the experience of Lok Sangharsh Samiti (LSS) – an informal social group of Dalit community which was formed in 2002 for land rights in the District of West Champaran, Bihar, the article argues that collective struggle, informal collaboration, and social mobilization of Dalits contributed enormously to their land rights; and thus, Dalits are making a claim for social justice.

Virtually united: The role of the internet in building social capital

This article examines the transformation of social capital in the context of the digital era, highlighting the significant role of the Internet in this process. Three main areas of impact are identified: the increase in online community participation, enabling people to overcome geographic and temporal barriers to engage in civic and cultural activities; the strengthening of personal social networks through digital platforms, crucial during periods of physical isolation; and the diversification of social capital, facilitating the inclusion of marginalized groups and access to a wider range of support networks. This study highlights how the Internet has served not only as a tool to maintain and expand interpersonal relationships, but also as a means to promote equity, social inclusion and collective mobilization. However, it emphasizes the need to address challenges such as the digital divide and online privacy concerns in order to maximize the positive potential of the Internet. It is concluded that the Internet represents an invaluable resource for building a more robust and diversified social capital in the 21st century.

America before 1787: A Review Article

Abstract America before 1787: The Unraveling of a Colonial Regime, is the second volume in Jon Elster's trilogy analyzing the processes leading up to the American (1787) and French constitutions (1791). This article explores the toolbox the book provides for social scientists. Based on a study of the American case, the book examines the mental tendencies, mechanisms, and strategies useful for investigating other cases, such as interstate relations within federations or collective mobilization. Among the book's many themes, this article focuses on the tension between freedom of choice, fear, and constraint and the mechanisms by which such tension can be analyzed. Generally speaking, the book reflects a desire to unite history and psychology and is characterized by an original epistemology in the field of contemporary social sciences that cautions social scientists against the temptation to see intentions and strategies where there are none and to formulate predictions despite the indeterminate nature of social behavior. Additionally, in line with Elster's earlier work, the book emphasizes the role of emotions in beliefs and choices and offers tools for examining emotions.

Test method for vapor collection and ion mobility detection of explosives with low vapor pressure.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used for on-site detection of explosives. Air sampling method is applicable only when the concentration of explosive vapor is considerably high in the air, but vapor pressures of common explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are very low. A test method for analyzing the vapor detection efficiency of explosives with low vapor pressure via IMS was developed using artificial vapor and collection matrices. Artificial explosive vapor was produced by spraying an explosive solution in acetone. Fifteen collection matrices of various materials with woven or nonwoven structures were tested. Two arrangements of horizontal and vertical positions of the collection matrices were employed. Explosive vapor collected in the matrix was analyzed using IMS. Only three collection matrices of stainless steel mesh (SSM), polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (PFS), and lens cleansing paper (LCP) showed the TNT and/or RDX ion peaks at an explosive vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. There was no collection matrix to detect PETN vapor at or lower than 49 ng/L. For the PFS, TNT and RDX were detected at a vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. For the LCP, TNT and RDX were detected at vapor concentrations of 14 and 49 ng/L, irrespectively. The difference in the explosive vapor detection efficiencies could be explained by the adsorption and desorption capabilities of the collection matrices. The proposed method can be used for evaluating the vapor detection efficiency of hazardous materials with low vapor pressure.

Singled Out and Mocked: Intersection of (Hetero)Sexism and Ableism and Mobilization of Anti-Discourses in Online Hatred towards Hypervisibilized Youth Activists

This article contributes to the relatively scarce research on the intersection of various anti-discourses in online hatred by focusing on online verbal attacks on publicly active, nonmature actors of diverse genders. It reveals that patterns of the discursive rejection of youth political actors are similar to the more extensively described hatred against activist women. It also documents that these violent expressions are no longer limited to the realm of extreme or far-right political circles, the typical focus of previous studies, but have penetrated mainstream civic discussions across the media sphere. Youth actors are vulnerable, the article argues, because their individual characteristics are singled out, made hypervisible and mocked as abnormal in the online sphere, or because they are associated with ideologies which the discussants reject as dangerous in their construction of imagined collective identities and mobilization of anti-discourses.

South Asian Canadian Digital Archive:: Fostering Knowledge Diversity and Equity Through Multilingual Knowledge Infrastructures

Knowledge and its production is informed by the availability of and access to existing knowledge infrastructures. Historically, both the production of knowledge and knowledge infrastructures have been dominated and dictated by western1 schools of thoughts that elided, erased, neglected, and negated the existence of multiple epistemologies. This paper explores ways to understand the depth and breadth of global colonial legacies and epistemic coloniality—and locate the pathways out in the archives. Using South Asian Canadian Digital Archive (https://sacda.ca) as a case study, the paper questions ways to rethink, redefine, and refine the methodologies of traditional archives to enable spaces for open and inclusive scholarship. It further frames SACDA (1897 to present) as an open tool for building multilingual knowledge infrastructures and to bring the larger community into the process of collective knowledge mobilization, creation, and dissemination.

Enhancement of water collection efficiency by optimizing hole size and ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area on hybrid surfaces

The scarcity of freshwater resources has had a significant impact on human life and wildlife survival. Fog harvesting has emerged as one of the most effective solutions to alleviate water scarcity in arid areas. At present, researchers have focused on optimizing hybrid surface designs to capture fog from the air and convert it into water droplets. Here, we prepared a hybrid surface for fog harvesting by a combination of chemical etching and surface modification with mechanical drilling. By adjusting the hole size and the ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area of the hybrid surfaces, the water collection efficiency was improved. The results indicated that the hole size affected the critical size of sliding water droplets, and the ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area affected the water droplet sliding speed and water collection frequency, thereby affecting the water collection efficiency per unit time. Therefore, by matching a specific hole size and ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area, the water collection volume and mobility of water droplets on the hybrid surfaces reached a dynamic equilibrium, achieving the optimal water collection efficiency. When the hole size was 1.0 mm, and the ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area was 1:4, the highest water collection rate was 805 mg/cm2/h, and the water collection efficiency was 17.5 %. By optimizing the hole size and the ratio of hydrophilic-superhydrophobic area, the water collection efficiency of the hybrid surface was maximized. This lays a solid foundation for promoting the practical applications of hybrid surfaces for fog harvesting.

Revealing the fractal and self-similarity of realistic collective human mobility

Revealing the fractal scaling laws of collective human mobility is benefit to understand the complexity of collective human mobility behaviours and has broad application prospects, such as infectious disease prevention, because fractal networks are potentially more robust against targeted attacks than non-fractal networks. Although many statistical indicators of individual human mobility had been observed in power-law distributions, there is still no evidence so far to verify the fractal or self-similarity of collective human mobility behaviours. This study uncovered the fractal and self-similarity properties on realistic weighted human mobility networks at world-, nation-, and city-wide scales. After observing the necessary conditions of network fractal, i.e., the evident power-law probability distributions of weight-related metrics, the fractal dimensions of weighted human mobility networks were measured to be about 0.67∼0.88. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrated their distinct statistical self-similarity and approximately structural self-similarity. These exciting findings can enhance the fire-new understandings of collective human mobility behaviours, and provide novel solutions for many real-world applications.