Collect Temperature Data Research Articles

Photogate Timing with a Smartphone

In a previous article we demonstrated that a simple, passive external circuit incorporating a thermistor, connected to a mobile device through the headset jack, can be used to collect temperature data.1 The basic approach is to output a sine wave signal to the headset port, through the circuit, and input the resulting signal from the headset microphone. By replacing the thermistor with other variable resistors, the circuit can perform other data measurements. A photoresistor in the circuit will change the amplitude of the returning signal by varying the resistance, depending upon the intensity of light reaching it. The circuit used is shown in Fig. 1 (a discussion of alternative circuits is given in Ref. 2). Two or more photoresistors can be placed in series to form multiple photogates, as shown in Fig. 2. The photoresistors used here have a resistance of about 120 kΩ in the dark and 5 kΩ under lamp light. Ordinary household lamps were used as light sources.

Characterization of Transparent Soil for Use in Heat Transport Experiments

Heat transport in the geosphere is important in applications of geothermal energy systems, thermal remediation technologies, and design of energy foundations. The study of these applications would benefit significantly from the ability to collect temperature data from within the porous media system, and at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Temperature measurements made using conventional probes have high temporal resolution but are limited in their spatial resolution. Higher-resolution methods, such as thermal imaging, are limited to measurements of an exposed face of an experiment. This paper presents the development of a technique for measuring temperature using transparent soil. In typical transparent soil, the refractive indices of the soil particles and the pore fluid are matched, creating invisible soil particles when saturated. However, because the refractive indices of the soil particles and pore fluid are different functions of temperature, the degree of transparency decreases as the temperature increases or decreases from the transparency temperature. As such, changes in transparency are detected by digital photographs and can be calibrated and used to measure temperature. This paper presents relationships between temperature and normalized pixel intensity for two oil-fused silica combinations. One combination used an oil mixture with a transparency temperature of 25°C and the other, which was constructed using one of the oils in the mixture, has a transparency temperature of 4°C. The results show that there must be at least a 10°C differential from the transparency temperature to ensure a linear relationship between temperature and normalized pixel intensity. The capabilities of transparent soil constructed with the second oil are displayed in two laboratory experiments, which provide direct comparisons between transparent soil, conventional temperature probes, and thermal imaging. The results show the transparent soil provides reliable temperature fields across the experimental domain at high spatial and temporal resolutions.

How should forensic anthropologists correct national weather service temperature data for use in estimating the postmortem interval?

This study examines the correlation between site-specific and retrospectively collected temperature data from the National Weather Service (NWS) over an extended time period. Using iButtonLink thermochrons (model DS1921G), hourly temperature readings were collected at 15 sites (1 validation; 14 experimental) from December 2010 to January 2012. Comparison between the site-specific temperature data and data retrieved from an official reporter of NWS temperature data shows statistically significant differences between the two in 71.4% (10/14) of cases. The difference ranged between 0.04 and 2.81°C. Examination of both regression and simple adjustment of the mean difference over extended periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 9 months) suggests that on the timescale typical in forensic anthropology cases neither method of correction is consistent or reliable and that forensic anthropologists would be better suited using uncorrected NWS temperature data when the postmortem interval is extended.

Design of Water Heating and Temperature Control System Based on STC89C52

An intelligent system for water temperature control is designed in this paper based on STC89C52 single-chip microcomputer, in which temperature sensor DS18B20 is used to collect temperature data. This system adopts successive approximant algorithm and incremental PID control algorithm to change PWM pulse outputted by single-chip microcomputer and thus can realize heating and cooling function within a range between 30 °C and 100 °C as well as automatic control on constant temperature randomly set in the whole process. Result of experiments and tests indicated that this system can function stably, which can realize satisfactory control result and meet design requirements.

Design of the ZigBee Technology-based Wireless Sensor Network for Earth Temperature Monitoring

Aiming at the application of the experimental system of earth temperature monitoring, this study designed a ZigBee technology-based wireless sensor network (WSN) and designed the network topology according to actual demand. The system adopted a tree network model and used the CC2430 as the core chip of the wireless communication network of temperature measuring system. Moreover, DS18B20 temperature sensor was used to collect temperature data. According to the preset routing protocol, the temperature data obtained were uploaded to the coordinator node via the router node by multiple hops. The temperature data collected by coordinator node were transformed to the host after being processed. Applying the Cluster-Tree and AODVjr optimized routing algorithm, this system showed the advantages of low complexity, easy deployment, high efficiency, good real-time performance, low power consumption, and convenient for long-time work. In addition, it provided powerful support for the real-time monitoring of farmland experiment system.

Operations of the thermal control system for Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer electronics following the beta angle of the International Space Station

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) has been running and measuring cosmic rays on the International Space Station (ISS) since May 19, 2011. The thermal control system (TCS) plays an important role in keeping all components and equipment working in an operational temperature range. Since the AMS started working on the ISS, AMS thermal engineers have been monitoring the on-orbit status of the TCS. During normal operation, the local temperature of AMS components regularly varies along with the β angle of the ISS. Based on the collected temperature data, the general characteristics of local temperature variations of TCS for AMS Electronics following the β of the ISS are discussed with the statistics of the orbit-averaged temperature and the orbit standard deviation of temperature. Furthermore some temperature anomalies at specific β are also studied.

The Design of Automatic Control Temperature System for Greenhouse

In modern agriculture, greenhouse environment implementation of automatic detection and control is necessary. The key technology of greenhouse facilities is the temperature control. The microcontroller is core processor and the temperature sensor is used to collect temperature data, and transmitting the data to the single chip microcomputer, the data collected will be sent to the digital display, so that operator could observe the current temperature. It can adjust the temperature environment inside the greenhouse in the system and flexible to meet the plant growth habits.

A Design for Electric Heating Thermostat System Based on ZigBee in Intelligent Building

The system uses DS18B20 as a temperature sensor to collect temperature data on spot, uses ZigBee as wireless transmission module, and uses C8051F020, a single chip as a processor. The temperature control module issues instructions to achieve real-time control of the indoor temperature so as to control the temperature under established standard. The system can effectively reduce energy consumption.

Softwood Pallet Stringer Temperature Estimation

Monitoring temperature inside a pallet specimen during a test could be challenging. In this study, two methods were used to estimate temperature in a softwood pallet stringer at the time of testing based on the initial temperature of when it was removed from a temperature chamber and the duration of when it was removed from a chamber until the time it was tested. Five cooling down and three warming up temperature profiles were collected using thermocouples. In the first method, an artificial neural network was developed based on the collected data. In the second method, a mathematical model was suggested based on heat transfer principles. Collected data was used to validate the model. Both methods yield satisfactory results. The heat transfer model allows temperature estimation for specimens with different thickness and species, while the neural network is more precise but limited to the specimen used. Both methods allow other researchers to estimate the temperature without having to collect temperature data.

Substation Equipment Temperature Monitoring System Based on Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

According to the records that the too-high temperature rise of equipment leaded to accidents easily, the temperature monitoring system based on ZigBee and GPRS, RS232 technology is designed. The perception layer uses the heterogeneous network topology by adding appropriate heterogeneous nodes to ordinary ones, which are much better than the ordinary in computing power, storage capacity, etc, and this topology structure extends transmission distance. Both of them use CC2530 chips, and the heterogeneous nodes are not only responsible for collecting temperature data, but also responsible for forwarding data from ordinary nodes. The sink nodes send alarm messages to staff by GPRS, and forward data from heterogeneous nodes to a PC via RS232. The system uses Visual Studio for software design to realize the function of data processing, display and storage, in order to achieve real-time monitoring of substation equipment and early warning.

Urban Warming in Benin City, Nigeria

The study examined urban effects on the temperature of Benin City. The data used for this study were generated from archives of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency Benin City and the Agrometeorological Station of NIFOR, and mobile transverse method of collecting temperature data at different land use types in the urban canopy for one year. Paired t-test and analysis of variance were used to determine the differences in temperature in the area. The findings revealed an urban bias of 4.4°C, and variation of 5.5°C in temperature within the urban canopy, which confirmed the concept of urban heat island. It also showed an urban-rural temperature differential of 0.5°C, which indicated an urban warming of 2% over its rural areas. Daily temperature revealed that the working days are warmer than the weekends. High rate of anthropogenic activities, which act as drivers of heat island in the urban area accounted for the increase in temperature. The study therefore recommends urban planning with green city-green roof approach.

Microhabitats reduce animal's exposure to climate extremes

Extreme weather events, such as unusually hot or dry conditions, can cause death by exceeding physiological limits, and so cause loss of population. Survival will depend on whether or not susceptible organisms can find refuges that buffer extreme conditions. Microhabitats offer different microclimates to those found within the wider ecosystem, but do these microhabitats effectively buffer extreme climate events relative to the physiological requirements of the animals that frequent them? We collected temperature data from four common microhabitats (soil, tree holes, epiphytes, and vegetation) located from the ground to canopy in primary rainforests in the Philippines. Ambient temperatures were monitored from outside of each microhabitat and from the upper forest canopy, which represent our macrohabitat controls. We measured the critical thermal maxima (CTmax ) of frog and lizard species, which are thermally sensitive and inhabit our microhabitats. Microhabitats reduced mean temperature by 1-2°C and reduced the duration of extreme temperature exposure by 14-31times. Microhabitat temperatures were below the CTmax of inhabitant frogs and lizards, whereas macrohabitats consistently contained lethal temperatures. Microhabitat temperatures increased by 0.11-0.66°C for every 1°C increase in macrohabitat temperature, and this nonuniformity in temperature change influenced our forecasts of vulnerability for animal communities under climate change. Assuming uniform increases of 6°C, microhabitats decreased the vulnerability of communities by up to 32-fold, whereas under nonuniform increases of 0.66 to 3.96°C, microhabitats decreased the vulnerability of communities by up to 108-fold. Microhabitats have extraordinary potential to buffer climate and likely reduce mortality during extreme climate events. These results suggest that predicted changes in distribution due to mortality and habitat shifts that are derived from macroclimatic samples and that assume uniform changes in microclimates relative to macroclimates may be overly pessimistic. Nevertheless, even nonuniform temperature increases within buffered microhabitats would still threaten frogs and lizards.

The Design of Temperature Measuring System Based on ARM

t gives a new type of Temperature Measuring System equipped with Samsung S3C2410. Chip DS18B20 is responsible for collecting temperature data, which was transmitted to the chip of S3C2410 in the way of digital signal. The hardware composition and software design of the system were discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the design improves the system stability and reliability.

Heat flow data from the southeast of South Australia: distribution and implications for the relationship between current heat flow and the Newer Volcanics Province

This paper presents the results of 34 new heat flow estimates taken in 2004 from 16 water bores and 18 petroleum exploration wells in the western Otway Basin. The average estimated heat flow measured across the study area is 65.6 ± 9.4 mW/m2, with a range of 42–90 mW/m2. There are three recognisable sectors within the study area where heat flow is slightly elevated relative to the background levels. These sectors can be broadly classified as Mount Schank (73.5 ± 0.5 mW/m2), Mount Burr (71.2 ± 7.6 mW/m2) and Beachport (78.3 ± 10.4 mW/m2). Thermal conductivity values for each unit involved in heat flow estimation were determined from laboratory measurements on representative core using a divided bar apparatus. Borehole thermal conductivity profiles were then developed in this study by assigning a constant value of conductivity to each geological formation. The process of collecting temperature data involved measuring temperature profiles for 16 water bores using a cable, winch and thermistor, and compiling well completion temperature data from 18 petroleum wells. The precision of temperature data was higher in the water bores (continuous logs) than in the petroleum wells (largely bottom-of-hole temperature estimates). Inversion heat flow modelling suggests heterogeneous heat flow at 6000 m depth, with two zones where vertical heat flow might exceed 90 mW/m2, and several zones where vertical heat flow might be as low as 40 mW/m2. Therefore, while slightly higher surface heat flow does coincide with some of the volcanic centres, heterogeneous basement heat production is a more likely explanation, as there are no heat flow anomalies greater than 5–10 mW/m2 associated with the Pleistocene–Recent Newer Volcanics Province. The distribution of heat flow in south-east South Australia is most simply explained by non-volcanic phenomena.

Heat budget for a waste lift placed under freezing conditions at a landfill operated in a northern climate

A landfill operated in Ste. Sophie, Québec, Canada was instrumented to better understand the waste stabilization process in northern climates. Instrument bundles were placed within the waste to monitor temperature, settlement, oxygen, moisture content, total load, mounding of leachate and electrical conductivity. A finite element model was developed to simulate the heat budget for the first waste lift placed in the winter months and was calibrated using the first 10.5months of collected temperature data. The calibrated model was then used to complete a sensitivity analysis for the various parameters that impact the heat budget. The results of the analysis indicated that the heat required for phase change to thaw the liquid fraction within frozen waste had a significant impact on the heat budget causing sections of waste to remain frozen throughout the simulation period. This was supported by the data collected to date at Ste. Sophie and by other researchers indicating that frozen waste placed during the winter months can remain frozen for periods in access of 1.5years.

Relating hyporheic fluxes, residence times, and redox-sensitive biogeochemical processes upstream of beaver dams

Small dams enhance the development of patchy microenvironments along stream corridors by trapping sediment and creating complex streambed morphologies. This patchiness drives intricate hyporheic flux patterns that govern the exchange of O2 and redox-sensitive solutes between the water column and the stream bed. We used multiple tracer techniques, naturally occurring and injected, to evaluate hyporheic flow dynamics and associated biogeochemical cycling and microbial reactivity around 2 beaver dams in Wyoming (USA). High-resolution fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing was used to collect temperature data over 9 vertical streambed profiles and to generate comprehensive vertical flux maps using 1-dimensional (1-D) heat-transport modeling. Coincident with these locations, vertical profiles of hyporheic water were collected every week and analyzed for dissolved O2, pH, dissolved organic C, and several conservative and redox-sensitive solutes. In addition, hyporheic and net stream aerobic microbial reactivity were analyzed with a constant-rate injection of the biologically sensitive resazurin (Raz) smart tracer. The combined results revealed a heterogeneous system with rates of downwelling hyporheic flow organized by morphologic unit and tightly coupled to the redox conditions of the subsurface. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the variability of all redox-sensitive species, and results indicated that hyporheic water varied from oxic-stream-like to anoxic-reduced in direct response to the hydrodynamic conditions and associated residence times. The anaerobic transition threshold predicted by the mean O2 Damkohler number seemed to overestimate the actual transition as indicated by multiple secondary electron acceptors, illustrating the gradient nature of anaerobic transition. Temporal flux variability in low-flux morphologies generated a much greater range in hyporheic redox conditions compared to high-flux zones, and chemical responses to changing flux rates were consistent with those predicted from the empirical relationship between redox condition and residence time. The Raz tracer revealed that hyporheic flow paths have strong net aerobic respiration, particularly at higher residence time, but this reactive exchange did not affect the net stream signal at the reach scale.

A Wireless Solution to Collecting and Displaying Oil Temperature Data Based on Zigbee Network

Abstract - In some oil fields of China, monitoring oil temperature during producing almost relies on manual operation. According to this, we designed a solution based on Zigbee network and sensor technology. In our design of sampling nodes, with JN5139 module as the core, uses sensor PT100 to collect temperature data and LCD module LCM141C-01 to display the final result. The whole solution has an advantage of a simple structure, low power consumption etc, therefore, it has a positive meaning in improving monitoring work efficiency in oil fields.

Research of Multi-Channel Hygrothermoscope Acquiring System

The paper introduces a multipoint remote Hygrothermoscope monitoring system based on the MAX485 bus. The system of remote multipoint temperature control is composed of the host machine and slave machine; the host system for display and control, the slave system is responsible for collecting temperature data. Between master machine and slave machine communicate through the RS-485 bus, can realize the distant control room of the scene monitoring. The STC89C54 MCU is used as the controller and DHT11 is used as the temperate and humidity transducer. The hardware and software of the system are outlined. The system has realized multiple measuring points, easy expansion, and high reliability, anti-interference. The whole system has the advantages of simple circuit, reliable, and can be used for measuring temperature, humidity, temperature of building air conditioning control temperature and humidity monitoring and other fields.

Online monitoring of transformers using gas sensor fabricated by nanotechnology

Power transformers are key elements in a power system. Hence, their maintenance is essential for uninterrupted power supply. In line with this demand, a portable, online diagnostic analyzer is designed which is able to collect temperature data and quantify the concentration of some of the dissolved gases in transformer oil with the help of a non-invasive sensor fabricated by nanotechnology methodology. After conditioning the signals appropriately, the data are transmitted to the substation for storage. The computer also has the ability to remotely access the data for analysis and assess the health of the transformers. From the data of three gases, different faults, if they are occurring inside the transformer, can be predicted. The fault diagnosis is done by dissolved gas analysis, which is one of the proven methods widely used during the last two decades. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Green Roof as a Green Material of Building in Mitigating Heat Island Effect in Taipei City

A large amount of research has been published in Taiwan on the reduction of the urban temperature for different strategies. The most important strategy for reducing ambient temperature is increasing green space in city. For analyzing the effect of the vegetation on the thermal environment, this paper collects temperature data from one green roof and one normal roof which are belong to a same office building to analyze the thermal influence of vegetation. The result of this research shows that in summer the maximum cool effect of green roof was -1.60 oC and -0.26 oC in average. Therefore, it can also provide useful data to governments for calculating the environmental benefit if they carry out a green roof policy in mitigating heat island effect in the future.