Collar Height Research Articles

The effect of fertilization on early growth of konara oak and Japanese zelkova seedlings planted in a harvested pitch pine plantation

We determined a suitable amount of fertilizer for konara oak (Quercus serrata) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) planted in a harvested pitch pine (Pinus rigida) plantation. Two-year-old bare-root seedlings of konara oak and one-year-old containerized seedlings of Japanese zelkova were planted in April 2011. Three plots were established for each tree species to evaluate each of three fertilization applications. Solid compound fertilizer (N:P:K = 3:4:1) was applied yearly in three amounts (control: no fertilization, F1: 180 kg ha−1, and F2: 360 kg ha−1), every May from 2011 to 2013. We measured the root collar diameter and height, and analyzed the compartmental N and P concentrations. Compartmental N concentrations of konara oak and Japanese zelkova were not consistent based on amount of fertilization. However, the compartmental P concentrations of konara oak and Japanese zelkova were significantly different in the order of F2, F1, and control. Although the differences in growth of konara oak appeared after 3 years of fertilization, Japanese zelkova showed differences after only 2 years of fertilization owing to differences in seedling type. Growth of konara oak was affected by fertilization at F1 and F2 in 2013. However, growth of Japanese zelkova was affected only at F2. Nutrient demand of Japanese zelkova appeard to be higher than that of konara oak, at least during the early growing period. Results from this study could be practically used in harvested pitch pine plantations to determine appropriate fertilization regimes.

Shoe collar height effect on athletic performance, ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during unanticipated maximum-effort side-cutting performance

Side-step cutting manoeuvres comprise the coordination between planting and non-planting legs. Increased shoe collar height is expected to influence ankle biomechanics of both legs and possibly respective cutting performance. This study examined the shoe collar height effect on kinematics and kinetics of planting and non-planting legs during an unanticipated side-step cutting. Fifteen university basketball players performed maximum-effort side-step cutting to the left 45° direction or a straight ahead run in response to a random light signal. Seven successful cutting trials were collected for each condition. Athletic performance, ground reaction force, ankle kinematics and kinetics of both legs were analysed using paired t-tests. Results indicated that high-collar shoes resulted in less ankle inversion and external rotation during initial contact for the planting leg. The high-collar shoes also exhibited a smaller ankle range of motion in the sagittal and transverse planes for both legs, respectively. However, no collar effect was found for ankle moments and performance indicators including cutting performance time, ground contact time, propulsion ground reaction forces and impulses. These findings indicated that high-collar shoes altered ankle positioning and restricted ankle joint freedom movements in both legs, while no negative effect was found for athletic cutting performance.

Character association and path co-efficient analysis in Kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes

Correlation and path co-efficient analysis for bulb yield and its components were estimated in 28 genotypes of Kharif onion ( Allium cepa L.) along with a check i.e. Agrifound Dark Red. The studies indicated that out of 11 characters, total yield (t/ha) showed positive and significant association with plant height, number of leaves/plant, collar height, collar girth, leaf length, equatorial diameter of bulb, average weight of bulb and marketable bulb yield indicating that an intense selection for these characters improve bulb yield in onion. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that marketable bulb yield, average weight of bulb, number of leaves/plant, collar height and leaf length showed positive direct effect on total yield, whereas plant height, collar girth and equatorial diameter of bulb showed positive indirect effect on total yield via marketable bulb yield.

A Systematic Approach to Definitive Planning and Designing Single and Multiple Unit Implant Abutments

With an increase in the availability of implant restorative components, the selection of an appropriate implant abutment for a given clinical situation has become more challenging. This article describes a systematic protocol to help the practitioner more thoughtfully select abutments for single and multiple unit fixed implant prostheses. The article examines the evaluation, planning, design, and fabrication processes for the definitive restoration. It includes an assessment of a variety of factors, namely restorative space, soft and hard tissues, the location of the implant platform, the type of platform connection, platform switching indications, tissue collar heights, emergence profile, implant angulation, and finally the design and esthetic options for the final implant abutment.

Does Abutment Collar Length Affect Abutment Screw Loosening After Cyclic Loading?

A significant vertical space that is corrected with vertical ridge augmentation may necessitate selection of longer abutments, which would lead to an increased vertical cantilever. This study investigated the influence of different abutment collar heights on single-unit dental implant screw-loosening after cyclic loading. Fifteen implant-abutment assemblies each consisted of an internal hexagonal implant were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Group1, consisting of 5 abutments with 1.5 mm gingival height (GH); Group2, 5 abutments with 3.5 mm GH; and Group3, 5 abutments with 5.5 mm GH. Each specimen was mounted in transparent auto-polymerizing acrylic resin block, and the abutment screw was tightened to 35 Ncm with an electric torque wrench. After 5 minutes, initial torque loss (ITL) was recorded for all specimens. Metal crowns were fabricated with 45° occlusal surface and were placed on the abutments. A cyclic load of 75 N and frequency of 1 Hz were applied perpendicular to the long axis of each specimen. After 500 000 cycles, secondary torque loss (STL) was recorded. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to evaluate the effects of abutment collar height before and after cyclic loading. One-way ANOVA showed that ITL among the groups was not significantly different (P = .52), while STL was significantly different among the groups (P = .008). Post-hoc Tukey HSD tests showed that STL values were significantly different between the abutments with 1.5 mm GH (Group1) and with 5.5 mm GH (Group3) (P = .007). A paired comparison t-test showed that cyclic loading significantly influenced the STL in comparison with the ITL in each group. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that increase in height of the abutment collar could adversely affect the torque loss of the abutment screw.

Does abutment collar length affect abutment screw loosening after cyclic loading?

Abstract Background: Significant vertical space which has not been corrected with vertical ridge augmentation, may necessitate selection of longer abutments which would lead to an increased vertical cantilever.Purpose: This study investigated the influence of different heights of abutment collar on screw loosening of single-unit dental implants after cyclic loading.Material and methods: Fifteen implant-abutment assemblies each consisted of an internal hexagonal implant were randomly assigned to three groups. Three groups were arranged, Group1 consisted of five abutments with 1.5 mm gingival height (GH); Group2, five abutments with 3.5 mm gingival height, and Group3 consisted five abutments with 5.5 mm gingival height. Each specimen was mounted in transparent auto-polymerizing acrylic resin block and abutment screw was tightened to 35 N.cm with an electric torque wrench. After 5 minutes, Initial Torque Loss (ITL) was recorded for all specimens. Metal crowns were fabricated with 45oocclusal surface and were placed on the abutments. A cyclic load of 75 N and frequency of 1HZ was applied perpendicular to the long axis of each specimen. After 500000 cycles, Secondary Torque Loss (STL) was recorded. One way ANOVA analysis was used to evaluate the effects of abutment collar height before and after cyclic loading.Results: One-way ANOVA showed that ITL among the groups was not significantly different (P=.52), while STL was significantly different among three groups (P=.008). Post Hoc Tukey HSD Tests showed that STL values were significantly different between the abutments with 1.5 mm GH (Group1) and with 5.5 mm GH (Group3) (P=.007). Also, Paired comparison t-test showed that cyclic loading significantly influenced the STL in comparison with the ITL in each group. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that increase in height of abutment collar could adversely affect the torque loss of abutment screw.

Relation between Stem Growth Processes and Internode Length Patterns in Sorghum Cultivar ‘Kazetachi’

Sorghum cultivar ‘Kazetachi’ has a unique internode length pattern, with a wavy shape that changes depending on the cultivation environment. It is regarded as a suitable material for analyzing the environmental factors affecting internode elongation. This study was conducted to clarify the relation between the final internode length at harvest and the increment of stem growth to establish a method to elucidate stem growth during the growing season. To confirm the internode elongation pattern, we sampled plants when each leaf had just expanded. The leaf number, plant length, and collar height of plants in the field were measured during the growing season. The internode elongation pattern of ‘Kazetachi’ resembled that reported in sweet sorghum, indicating that the elongation period of each internode can be estimated by recording the leaf number during the growing period. By measuring the plant length and the collar height as an index of stem growth, we can easily estimate the rapid elongation period of internode, which can be a peak or a trough in the internode length pattern during the growing period. The collar height during the growing period can be estimated by measuring the leaf number in the growth stage and recording the length of internodes and leaf sheaths at harvest. Even the plant length can be estimated by adding the leaf blade length to these traits. However, the collar height seemed to be a better index of stem growth than the plant length.

Effects of Hydrogels on Soil Moisture and Growth of <i>Cajanus cajan</i> in Semi Arid Zone of Kongelai, West Pokot County

Studies on the effects of hydrogels on soil amendments, moisture conservation and growth of Cajanus cajan in arid and semi-arid lands were carried out. Seedlings of C. cajan were established both in the nursery and in the field with and without hydrogels. In the field, three replications were used with three levels of hydrogels concentration (7 g, 11 g, and 15 g). Control seedlings were established in soils without hydrogels. In the nursery, root collar diameters and heights were measured every two weeks up to eight weeks. Seedlings established without hydrogels in the nursery were transplanted into field soils with none, 7 g, 11 g and 15 g of hydrogels. Root collar diameters and heights were again measured every month for three months. In addition, soil was collected randomly once every month from the base of each seedling and analyzed for soil moisture using standard laboratory procedures. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. The results show that growth in both the height and root collar diameter of the species was significantly different at the three levels of hydrogels. This suggests that use of hydrogels retards plant growth in nursery soils but improves growth in the field. Hydrogels increased soil moisture volume from 8.3% to 10% in H15g level of hydrogels under C. cajan after transplanting. It was concluded that hydrogels do not contribute to growth of seedlings in the nursery but they do so after transplanting. Hydrogels increase soil moisture in the soil, so they are recommended for use in semi-arid lands to boost the survival and growth of seedlings.

The effect of high‐top and low‐top shoes on ankle inversion kinematics and muscle activation in landing on a tilted surface

BackgroundThere is still uncertainty concerning the beneficial effects of shoe collar height for ankle sprain prevention and very few data are available in the literature regarding the effect of high-top and low-top shoes on muscle responses during landing. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of high-top and low-top shoes on ankle inversion kinematics and pre-landing EMG activation of ankle evertor muscles during landing on a tilted surface.MethodsThirteen physical education students landed on four types of surfaces wearing either high-top shoes (HS) or low-top shoes (LS). The four conditions were 15° inversion, 30° inversion, combined 25° inversion + 10° plantar flexion, and combined 25° inversion + 20° plantar flexion. Ankle inversion kinematics and EMG data of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and peroneus brevis (PB) muscles were measured simultaneously. A 2 × 4 (shoe × surface) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to examine the effect of shoe and landing surfaces on ankle inversion and EMG responses.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the various types of shoes in the maximum ankle inversion angle, the ankle inversion range of motion, and the maximum ankle inversion angular velocity after foot contact for all conditions. However, the onset time of TA and PB muscles was significantly later wearing HS compared to LS for the 15° inversion condition. Meanwhile, the mean amplitude of the integrated EMG from the 50 ms prior to contact (aEMGpre) of TA was significantly lower with HS compared to LS for the 15° inversion condition and the combined 25° inversion + 20° plantarflexion condition. Similarly, the aEMGpre when wearing HS compared to LS also showed a 37.2% decrease in PL and a 31.0% decrease in PB for the combined 25° inversion + 20° plantarflexion condition and the 15° inversion condition, respectively.ConclusionThese findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that wearing high-top shoes can, in certain conditions, induce a delayed pre-activation timing and decreased amplitude of evertor muscle activity, and may therefore have a detrimental effect on establishing and maintaining functional ankle joint stability.

Evidence for two different morphotypes of Difflugia tuberspinifera from China

Difflugia is a morphologically diverse genus of testate amoebae, which are common components of freshwater ecosystems. We observed a new morphotype similar to Difflugia tuberspinifera but without spine in four Xiamen reservoirs, Fujian Province, southeast China. We investigated its morphology and biometry using light and scanning electron microscopy. The linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of biometric characters revealed that the spiny and spineless forms of D. tuberspinifera differed only in the presence or absence of spine. Shell height, shell diameter, aperture diameter and collar height did not differ significantly between the two morphotypes. The number of conical spines varies from 0 to 8. However, the distribution of spine numbers showed two main modes at 0 (spineless form 45.1% of individuals) and 4–6 (38.9%), suggesting the possible existence of two genetically distinct lineages. Spines may have ecological and evolutionary significance. Our results suggested that the spiny and spineless morphotypes of D. tuberspinifera represent either a single variable taxon with different ecotypes or sibling species. Further morphological studies on clonal variations and molecular approaches are needed to clarify if the spineless morph represents an independent species or not.

Antenna angle and height influence GPS fix success and fix type in captive grizzly bears

GPS collars have greatly increased the number of locations obtained for individual animals during telemetry studies, but missed location attempts (missed fixes) may create bias in habitat analyses unless appropriately modeled. We placed GPS collars on captive grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and observed their behavior while the collars attempted to obtain locations. Bear behavior influenced indices of GPS signal attenuation, the angle of the GPS antenna to the horizon, and collar height above the ground, but because bears sometimes rotate their collars, antenna angle varied within a behavior, particularly when collars fit snugly. We used a model selection approach to evaluate the influence of the angle of the GPS antenna to the horizon, collar height above the ground, and bear behavior on fix success. The model with both antenna angle and collar height was most parsimonious. We recommend fitting GPS collars such that the GPS antenna is opposite the battery pack (i.e., oriented up) for greatest fix success. Because collars sometimes rotate, sensors recording the antenna's angle to the horizon and bear height would help researchers model missed fixes related to signal attenuation caused by behavior. Although captive bear behavior may differ from wild bears, we provide a first look at the relative influences of antenna angle, antenna height, and bear behavior. When antenna angle and height information is not available, using activity sensors and bear movement rates to identify resting behavior should be considered to reduce bias in habitat analyses of GPS collar data.

Fracture load of zirconia crowns according to the thickness and marginal design of coping

The opaque color of zirconia copings may compromise esthetics, especially in the facial cervical area. A collarless zirconia coping can be an alternative. However, the strength of zirconia crowns with collarless copings is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture load of zirconia crowns according to coping thickness and facial collar design. Forty-eight zirconia crowns were fabricated and divided into 4 groups: standard coping group (0.5 mm coping thickness, 0.2 mm facial collar height); collarless coping group (0.5 mm coping thickness, no facial collar); modified thicker coping group (0.7 mm coping thickness, 0.2 mm facial collar height); and thicker coping group (0.7 mm coping thickness including collar height). The fracture load for the crowns was measured in a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test for post hoc analysis were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). Ten additional zirconia crowns were fabricated to test the effect of cyclic loading on fracture resistance between the standard coping group and the collarless coping group, and data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The fracture load in the collarless coping group (2329.1 N±948.3) was not significantly different from that of the other groups. The thicker coping group (3179.3 N±1137.7) resulted in significantly greater fracture load than the standard (2126.9 N±576.9) and modified thicker coping groups (2112.7 N±623.9) (F=4.193; P=.011). The fracture load after cyclic loading did not differ significantly between the standard coping group and the collarless coping group. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the thicker coping group had the highest fracture strength, but the collarless coping group using a 0.5 mm thickness coping was not significantly different from the standard coping group.

Modular prosthesis replacement for comminuted and unreconstructable radial head fractures

Objective To analyze the results of modular prosthesis replacement for treatment of comminuted and unreconstructable radial head fractures associated with other elbow fractures and sof-tissue injuries. Methods From November 2009 to March 2011,22 patients with comminuted radial head fracture of Mason type Ⅲ were treated with Acumed modular prosthesis replacement. Repair of collateral ligaments and associated elbow fractures was carried out simultaneously.They were 16 men and 6 women,with an average age of 41.5 years (from 21 to 62 years).The left side was involved in 9 cases and the right in 13.One patient was associated with posterior olecranon fracture-dislocation of Monteggia type Ⅱ,13 with elbow terrible triad,one with elbow dislocation but without coronoid process fracture,3 with Essex-Lopresti injury and 4 with medial collateral ligament injury.The coronoid process fracture was fixated with Kirschner wire and the proximal ulnar fracture with plate and screw.Hinged external fixators were used in 2 cases of elbow terrible triad.Patients were evaluated by the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Results The follow-ups averaged 12.95 months ( range,6 to 22 months ).One patient had disturbed elbow flexion of less than 90° due to prosthesis overstuffing,one patient had elbow instability in spite of full range of motion gained due to prosthesis understuffing,and one patient had elbow ankylosis at elbow flexion of 70° with a heterotopic ossification bridge.The results in the other 19 patients were good to excellent. Their average flexion was 131.5°±4.4° (from 130° to 140°),average extension 5.4°±6.3° (from 0 to 20°),average range of extension-flexion motion 126.1 ° ± 7.7° ( from 120° to 140°),average pronation 81.6° ± 6.4° ( from 70°to 90°),average supination 85.6° ± 3.1° (from 80° to 90°),and average range of rotation 167.2° ± 8.2°(from 150° to 180°).Their mean postoperative MEPS score was 94.2 ± 5.1 points (from 85 to 100points). Conclusions The Acumed modular radial head prosthesis offers 200 standard combinations (10left and 10 right stem options with 5 diameters and 4 collar height options) to accommodate different sizes and provide proper restoration of the overall length of the radius,replicates natural radial head geometry,provides improved articulation with the capitellum,prevents loosening and maintains the proper relationship between the radial neck and the plane of the head.Consequently,it is a fine treatment option for radial head fractures of Mason type Ⅲ complicated with additional elbow fractures and soft-tissue injuries,but it can also lead to complications. Key words: Elbow joint; Fractures; Surgical procedures, operative; Arthroplasty, replacement

ジルコニアコーピングのカラーの高さが前装陶材の破折強度に及ぼす影響

目的：近年，前装陶材の破折防止のためにジルコニアオールセラミック修復物のコーピングにカラーを付与するようになったが，理想的な機械的強度を得るカラーの高さは明確でない．本研究の目的は，カラーの高さが前装陶材の破折強度に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである．方法：カラーなし（CH0）および高さ1 mm（CH1）と高さ3 mm（CH3）のカラーを付与したコーピング3種類を10個ずつ，計30個のジルコニアコーピングをCAD/CAMシステムによって作製した．陶材をプレス築盛し，円柱型クラウンをセメント合着した後，コーピングの咬合面から軸面への移行開始部直上を負荷ポイントとした破折強度試験を行った．破折強度（最大破折応力）と破折面形態を3群間で比較した．結果：CH1群（2,340±189 N，p＝0.048）とCH3群（2,440±210 N，p＝0.004）の破折強度はCH0群（2,110±215 N）と比べて有意に高い値を示し，CH3群の破折強度はCH1群と比べて高いが有意ではなかった．CH0群とCH1群ではコーピングの咬合面から軸面への移行部が露出し，それより下方は陶材がコーピングに付着していたが，CH3群ではコーピングが下方のカラーに至るまで露出していた．結論：ジルコニアコーピングへのカラーの付与は前装陶材の破折強度を増加させ，カラーの高さの増加は破折強度を有意ではないが付加的に増加させる可能性を示唆した．

Allometric biomass equations for young broadleaved trees in plantations in Romania

The possibility of estimating young trees biomass is rather limited because forest yield tables are constructed starting from higher thresholds of proxy, such as diameter or height, and lack of availability of allometric equations. The aim of this study is to provide species-specific and general biomass equations for young plants often used for plantations on marginal lands in southern and eastern Romania. Power functions based on log-transformed data were applied to seven tree species ( Robinia pseudoacacia (L.), Quercus sp., Populus alba (L.), Gleditsia triacanthos (L.), Elaeagnus angustifolia (L.), Salix alba (L.) and Fraxinus excelsior (L.)), one shrub ( Rosa canina L.) and to the overall dataset with all the species pooled together (406 plants), using the diameter at collar height ( D ch ), diameter at breast height ( D bh ) or height ( H) as single predictor. D ch resulted as being the best predictor for each compartment for very young trees, but H also proved to be a promising individual predictor both for species-specific or general equations. D bh could satisfactorily predict the aggregated aboveground biomass, but generally could not adequately estimate all biomass components (i.e., belowground biomass or foliage). The goodness of regression was lowest for the foliage and highest for the stem and aggregated biomass compartments. The scaling coefficient ( a) and exponent ( b) of power functions were influenced both by species-specific factors and by the growth stage of the trees. Parameters to be used for a general equation were also provided for each biomass compartment and predictor. Using D ch as independent variable, we observed that the value of the general scaling exponent estimated to predict total aboveground biomass was the same as the value (2.66) predicted by the WBE functional model. Using D bh as predictor for the general allometric equation, the resulting value of b (2.36) coincided with the values empirically estimated by previous studies. Equations were finally compared against three independent datasets. Parameters provided by the general equation highlighted permanent overestimation for aggregated biomass compartments and underestimation for branches or roots, but always fell into the range provided by the upper and lower values estimated for a and b. This suggests that, at least for young trees, our equation could be applied without regard for local fertility conditions or plantation management.

공군 정비파카의 기능성 개선을 위한 실태조사

This study is designed to understand current wearing conditions of air force mechanic parkas and evaluate their functionality by examining the wearing conditions and wearers' subjective assessment. By doing so, it also intends to identify issues that require improvements; and to provide basic data for future development of air force mechanic parkas. A survey was conducted as a study methodology, and the collected 1,628 questionnaires were analyzed. Findings of this study are as follows. 1. In the usability assessment, it was found that visibility of body sides was needed to be enhanced since reflective tapes were attached only to the front and back of the body; pockets were too big, but not convenient to keep mechanic tools; the design of hiding hood was not suitable for water-proof clothing; and a new design of size-controllable hood was called for since the hood blocked eye sight. With respect to the fabric, dissatisfaction was identified with durability, cold-proof and fire-proof features. 2. In the mobility assessment, respondents showed low satisfaction with collar heights and neck girths. Mobility score was over moderate level on average, except the parka length that obstructs wearers' movement, and neck and collar size. 3. In the wearability assessment, respondents presented moderate satisfaction with pleasantness, weight, pressure and dampness. However, insulation was found unsatisfactory. Based on the result, this study proposed improvement plans on design, pattern and fabric; and is expected to serve as basic data for developing more effective and functional air force mechanic parkas.

Growth response of container-grown red pine and black pine seedlings at different types of fertilization

We examined the growth, carbon and nitrogen response of container-grown 2-0 red pine (Pinus densiflora) and black pine (P. thunbergii) seedlings at different types of fertilization. Red pine and black pine seedlings were treated with 0.3% or varying rates of water-soluble foliar fertilizer and a slow-release solid compound fertilizer. Root collar diameter and height of both pine seedlings were not significantly different among fertilizer types, while significantly higher in the fertilization than in the control treatments (P < 0.05). The greatest dry mass of the seedling was observed in the varying rates of foliar fertilization. Carbon concentration among the seedling components was generally higher in foliage or stem than in roots, but that of seedling components was not affected by fertilization types. Nitrogen concentration of seedling components was not significantly different among fertilization types, but significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the fertilization than in the control treatments. These results indicate that morphological characteristics and carbon and nitrogen status of container-grown red pine and black pine seedlings responded similarly between slow-release solid compound fertilizer and water-soluble fertilizer.

The Garment Fashionable Shape Prognosticating Based on Manufacture Database

Based on the research about outside shape of woman warm jacket more than twenty years, fashion variables that were representative and can describe the fashionable shape were discussed. Experiment was designed to achieve data of large numbers of female body. Body size variables were statistically analyzed to decide the module that was the basement for achieving data from historical photos. Fashionable characteristic diagrams of garment length, front chest width, shoulder length, collar height and their error bar charts were drawn for discussing the change of fashionable shape. The fashion trends in the future were also prognosticated scientifically. At the same time, a historical database was developed for manufacture and designing, which it is the basement for automatic pattern designing. This new method for fashion trend research was introduced by data mining technology, which it opens our minds for garment science research and offers a new database for improving garment CAD system.

Sodium Safens Saflufenacil Applied Postemergence to Corn (Zea mays)

Saflufenacil is a PRE herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds. Field and growth room studies were conducted to explore the tolerance of corn to POST treatments of saflufenacil and BAS 781. Additionally, the potential use of sodium as a safener for saflufenacil was evaluated. Crop injury caused by saflufenacil or BAS 781 was 8 and 38%, respectively, when applied at twice the recommended dose at the spike to two-leaf stage of crop growth. This injury increased to 28 and 65%, respectively, when applied at the three- to four-leaf stage. This level of crop injury resulted in yield loss, particularly when applied at the three- to four-leaf stage. The addition of Na-bentazon to saflufenacil reduced this injury and increased crop dry weight under both field and laboratory conditions. In the field, Na-bentazon also increased corn collar height and yield compared with saflufenacil applied alone. Na-bentazon reduced injury through a reduction in foliar uptake of saflufenacil. Sodium derived from baking soda also provided a safening effect, but only at the lowest dose of saflufenacil tested.

Tree Response to Substrate and Grading Treatments on Quarry Overburden

Rock quarries are often in close proximity to residential areas. Consequently the re-establishment of forest vegetation is desirable. However, reclamation methods for the eastern US have been developed primarily for the coal mining industry, on overburden which differs in chemical and physical properties from quarry overburden. The objective of this study was to test the material placement technique used for reforestation in coal mine reclamation, and to determine whether lime or nitrogen application will enhance early tree growth on this overburden material. Twelve rectangular plots were constructed of overburden materials from a limestone quarry. Six of the plots were lightly graded with a single pass of a bulldozer, and the other six remained ungraded. Liquid lime was applied to one half of each plot, and fertilizer (20:20:20) was applied at a rate that provided 100 Kg/ha or 400 Kg/ha N to randomly selected plots in a manner that created three replicates of all lime, fertilizer, and overburden placement treatment combinations. Monocultural blocks of Castanea dentata (American chestnut), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) and Quercus alba (white oak) nursery seedlings were planted on 1 x 1 m spacing in all treatment combinations. All three species showed a positive growth response to the higher fertilizer application rate. This response to fertilizer was pronounced in both chestnut and white oak, but these species showed no growth response to lime application. Shortleaf pine showed reduced growth in root collar diameter and height in response to lime, although the reduction in diameter growth was overcome by the addition of more fertilizer. The growth of both chestnut and pine was negatively affected by single-pass grading and interactions between grading and soil amendment treatments were found. At this stage of the study, it can be concluded that interactions between pH, nutrients, and material placement can have an important influence on the post-planting performance of different tree species.