Collagen Supplementation Research Articles

Collagen supplementation - does it bring real benefits?

Collagen is a protein and one of the main building blocks of our skin. It is found in bones, tendons, ligaments, internal organs, blood vessels, and the lining of the intestines. In our body, collagen enables the cohesion of tissues and organs, affects hydration, resistance and elasticity of the skin, reduces the risk of developing degenerative joint diseases. Its production decreases with age. As a result, more and more people are taking collagen supplements. It has been proven that doing so can bring many benefits to the body. Taking collagen orally can be an effective way to improve the quality of the skin, increase hydration and delay the aging process. Collagen peptides are potential therapeutic agents for treating osteoarthritis and maintaining joint health. Collagen supplementation may be an element of preventive medicine in the field of cardiovascular diseases. as it significantly reduces fat mass and increases lean mass, it also leads to lower LDL concentrations. A beneficial effect was also noted on hair and nails, as well as on brain function.

BENEFITS OF HYDROLYZED COLLAGEN TYPE 1 SUPPLEMENTATION ON SKIN HEALTH

Collagen is an important structural protein for the skin, and its oral supplementation has been analyzed to evaluate improvement in health parameters and prevention of skin aging. This article aims to analyze the possible benefits of type 1 hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin health through a systematic literature review. To collect data on the effect of type 1 collagen supplementation on the skin, a search was carried out in the Pubmed electronic database, using the following descriptors: skin, skin aging, collagen. The search resulted in 9 articles, which suggest that it is possible to obtain improvement in some parameters of the dermis, such as elasticity, wrinkles, hydration/moisture and thickness, after supplementation, in people aged 35 years and over, mainly in the female public. However, there is a divergence in the literature regarding the doses used, as well as the time of supplementation, which shows a lack of standardization in order to define what would be the best dosage and for how long the type 1 hydrolyzed collagen supplementation would be necessary. , therefore, it is recommended that further studies be carried out, using a standard dose and time.

Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1721 patients to assess the effects of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) supplementation on skin hydration and elasticity. The results showed that HC supplementation significantly improved skin hydration (test for overall effect: Z = 4.94, p < 0.00001) and elasticity (test for overall effect: Z = 4.49, p < 0.00001) compared to the placebo group. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the effects of HC supplementation on skin hydration varied based on the source of collagen and the duration of supplementation. However, there were no significant differences in the effects of different sources (p = 0.21) of collagen or corresponding measurements (p = 0.06) on skin elasticity. The study also identified several biases in the included RCTs. Overall, the findings suggest that HC supplementation can have positive effects on skin health, but further large-scale randomized control trials are necessary to confirm these findings.

The effect of oral administration of undenatured type II collagen on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in young and old rats

We investigated whether different doses of undenatured type II collagen (undenatured collagen, UC-II) help improve monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced (osteoarthritis) OA in young and old rats. A total of 70 rats were divided into five groups: (1) control; (2) MIA (a single intra-articular injection of MIA); (3)–(5) MIA+ Undenatured Collagen with various oral doses (0.66, 1.33, and 2 mg/kg). The results showed that all doses of undenatured collagen in both age groups reduced knee diameter, while the two higher doses (1.33 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg) reduced the Mankin score and increased most gait measurements as early as day 14 compared to the MIA rats. However, the 2 mg/kg dose showed the best efficacy in improving Mankin score and gait measurements by 28 days post-OA induction. In young but not old rats, all doses of undenatured collagen reduced the Kellgren-Lawrence score compared to the MIA group. Undenatured collagen reduced the levels of most inflammatory and cartilage breakdown markers in serum and knee joint cartilage in both age groups. In conclusion, this data suggests that while all doses of undenatured collagen supplementation may ameliorate MIA-induced OA symptoms, the higher doses showed faster improvement in gait measurements and were more efficacious for overall joint health in rats.

Influences Affecting Consumer Decision-Making Behaviour of Boom Collagen Supplement Product in Chiang Mai Province

The objectives of this research were (1) to study personal influence on purchasing decision behaviour of Boom collagen dietary supplement products of consumers in Chiang Mai province, Thailand, and (2) to study the influence of marketing mix affecting purchasing behaviour of Boom collagen supplement products of consumers in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. This research is quantitative research. The sample group used in this research was 400 consumers in Chiang Mai province using convenient random sampling. Questionnaires were used as a tool to collect information. The statistics used in the analysis were mean, standard deviation, difference, the mean value, one way variance and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient statistic. The results of the study found that influence on marketing mix: product, price, distribution channel and marketing promotion. The opinion level was at a high level in all aspects. The hypothesis testing found that (1) personal influences were different gender, age and occupation. The behaviour of decision to buy Boom collagen products is not different in term of the level of education, and 2) the influence of the overall marketing mix and of each aspect has the decision-making behaviour of the Boom collagen supplement products and the frequency of purchases had no relationship.

Tolerability and efficacy assessment of an oral collagen supplement for the improvement of biophysical and ultrasonographic parameters of skin in middle eastern consumers.

Topical skin care products often do not reach the deeper layers of the skin, and oral hydrolyzed collagen is one of the newest and most popular systemic supplementations for skin rejuvenation. However, there are limited information in case of Middle Eastern consumers OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of an oral collagen supplement for improvement of skin elasticity, hydration, and roughness in Middle Eastern consumers. It was a 12-week, before-after clinical study, conducted on 20 participants (18 women and 2 men) aged 44.15 ± 5.36 years with skin type III-IV. Skin elasticity parameters (R0, R2, R5, and R7), skin hydration and friction, as well as the thickness and echo density of the dermis, were measured after six and 12 weeks daily intake of the study product, as well as 4 weeks after stopping its use (week 16). Participants' satisfaction was assessed on the basis of their answers to the standard questionnaire, and tolerability of the product was assessed by monitoring the adverse effects. A significant improvement was detected in R2, R5, and skin friction at week 12 (p-values 0.041, 0.012 and <0.01, respectively). At week 16, the values remained at an increased level, which indicates the persistence of the results. The increase of dermis density in week 16 was also significant (p-value=0.03). Moderate overall satisfaction was reported with the treatment, and a few gastrointestinal complications were reported. The study demonstrated that oral collagen peptides could significantly improve the skin elasticity, roughness, and dermis echo density, and they also proved to be safe and well-tolerated.

Collagen Supplementation for Joint Health: The Link between Composition and Scientific Knowledge.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, generating pain, disability, and socioeconomic costs worldwide. Currently there are no approved disease-modifying drugs for OA, and safety concerns have been identified with the chronic use of symptomatic drugs. In this context, nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals have emerged as potential alternatives. Among them, collagen is being a focus of particular interest, but under the same term different types of collagens coexist with different structures, compositions, and origins, leading to different properties and potential effects. The aim of this narrative review is to generally describe the main types of collagens currently available in marketplace, focusing on those related to joint health, describing their mechanism of action, preclinical, and clinical evidence. Native and hydrolyzed collagen are the most studied collagen types for joint health. Native collagen has a specific immune-mediated mechanism that requires the recognition of its epitopes to inhibit inflammation and tissue catabolism at articular level. Hydrolyzed collagen may contain biologically active peptides that are able to reach joint tissues and exert chondroprotective effects. Although there are preclinical and clinical studies showing the safety and efficacy of food ingredients containing both types of collagens, available research suggests a clear link between collagen chemical structure and mechanism of action.

Collagen supplementation augments changes in patellar tendon properties in female soccer players.

We investigated the effect of collagen hydrolysate supplementation on changes in patellar tendon (PT) properties after 10weeks' training in female soccer players from a Football Association Women's Super League Under 21s squad. We pair-matched n = 17 players (age: 17 ± 0.9years; height: 1.66 ± 0.06m; mass: 58.8 ± 8.1kg) for baseline knee extension (KE) maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) torque, age, height, and body mass, and randomly assigned them to collagen (COL) or placebo (PLA) groups (COL n = 8, PLA n = 9). Participants consumed 30g collagen hydrolysate supplementation or energy-matched PLA (36.5g maltodextrin, 8.4g fructose) and plus both groups consumed 500mg vitamin C, after each training session, which comprised bodyweight strength-, plyometric- and/or pitch-based exercise 3 days/week for 10 weeks in-season. We assessed KE MIVC torque, vastus lateralis muscle thickness and PT properties using isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography before and after 10weeks' soccer training. KE MIVC torque, muscle thickness and tendon cross-sectional area did not change after training in either group. However, COL increased PT stiffness [COL, +18.0 ± 12.2% (d = 1.11) vs. PLA, +5.1 ± 10.4% (d = 0.23), p = 0.049] and Young's modulus [COL, +17.3 ± 11.9% (d = 1.21) vs. PLA, +4.8 ± 10.3% (d = 0.23), p = 0.035] more than PLA. Thus, 10weeks' in-season soccer training with COL increased PT mechanical and material properties more than soccer training alone in high-level female soccer players. Future studies should investigate if collagen hydrolysate supplementation can improve specific aspects of female soccer performance requiring rapid transference of force, and if it can help mitigate injury risk in this under-researched population.

Reviewing Collagen Supplements: Independent nurse prescriber Caroline Hall explores the literature around collagen supplementation in aesthetics.

Reviewing Collagen Supplements: Independent nurse prescriber Caroline Hall explores the literature around collagen supplementation in aesthetics.

The Effectiveness of Oral Fish Collagen Supplementation on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Skin Hydration, Skin Elasticity, and Skin Wrinkles

Introduction: Skin aging is a complex biological process with cumulative structural and physiological changes, progressive changes in each layer of the skin, and changes in the appearance of the skin. Human skin undergoes 2 types of skin aging, that are intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging. Skin aging is characterized by a decrease in skin hydration and elasticity, as well as an increase in skin wrinkles. Anti-aging strategies are still being developed. A new anti-aging therapy modality that has been widely used is nutraceutical supplementation, such as fish collagen. Fish collagen is a new alternative source of collagen with a high degree of homology to human collagen structure and high bioavailability. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of oral fish collagen supplementation on skin aging. Methods: This study was an analytic observational study, with systematic review and meta-analysis. Data searching was conducted online at Pubmed-MEDLINE, EBSCO (CINAHL), Scopus, SpringerLink, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cambridge Core, and Google Scholar, as well as hand searching from libraries in Indonesia. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative analysis (systematic review) (n=753 subjects) and 6 of them were included in the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis) (n=426 subjects). Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that the increase in skin hydration in the group given oral fish collagen supplementation was greater significantly than in the placebo group, with standardized mean difference (SMD) (95% CI)=0.56 (0.32 to 0.81), Z=4.47 (p<0.00001), I2=24%. The increase in skin elasticity in the group given oral fish collagen supplementation was greater significantly than in the placebo group, with SMD (95% CI)=0.33 (0.17 to 0.49), Z=4.05 (p<0 ,0001), I2=21%. The reduction in skin wrinkles in the group given oral fish collagen supplementation was greater significantly than in the placebo group, with SMD (95% CI)=-0.47 (-0.74 to -0.19), Z=3.34 ( p=0.0008), I2=49%. Adverse events were not found in the included studies. Conclusion: Oral fish collagen supplementation is effective against skin aging, mainly in increasing skin hydration and skin elasticity, and reducing skin wrinkles.

Exploring dog antler chews as a novel source of collagen supplementation: extraction and characterization of collagen from red deer antlers.

Collagen is the body's most abundant protein and is primarily found in the skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments of animals and fish. As the interest in collagen supplementation grows, new sources of this protein are continually being introduced. We have confirmed that red deer antlers are a source of type I collagen. We investigated the effects of chemical treatment, temperature, and time on the extractability of collagen from red deer antlers. The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest collagen yield were determined to be: 1) removing noncollagenous proteins at 25°C for 12 h in an alkaline solution, 2) defatting at 25°C using a 1:10 grounded antler:butyl alcohol ratio, and 3) acidic extraction lasting 36 h using a 1:10 antler:acetic acid ratio. Under these conditions, we obtained a collagen yield of 22.04%. The molecular characterization of red deer antler collagen revealed typical features of type I collagens, including the presence of three α-chains, high glycine content, and high levels of proline and hydroxyproline, as well as helical arrangements. This report suggests that red deer antlers have significant potential as a source of collagen supplements.

What we know about oral collagen supplementation for skin health - a literature review

ABSTRACT Introduction: The efforts to restore lost collagen, regain youthful-looking skin and healthier joints have made collagen oral supplements a huge trend of the last few years. Because collagen is the main building protein of our body, many people may ask themselves - can collagen supplementation have a real impact on our health? Are these nutraceuticals a fountain of youth in a bottle or nothing more than marketing hype?The aim of the study: The aim of this paper was to present the current state of knowledge on the supplementation of collagen and application of collagen in oral nutraceuticals. Material and methods: Literature review available on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar and evaluation of available randomized controlled trials using collagen supplementation in terms of treatment effectiveness in terms of skin quality, anti-aging benefits and potential use in dermatology. Abstracts, comments, and non-English language articles were excluded. Conclusions: Collagen is important for maintaining the structural integrity of every tissue in the body. Despite many studies on collagen supplementation, the literature is still impecunious, but the scientific works so far confirm that supplementation with hydrolyzed collagen can improve various aspects of skin aging.Key words: collagen, collagen peptides, antiaging, skin health, nutraceuticals

Hydrolyzed Collagen Induces an Anti-Inflammatory Response That Induces Proliferation of Skin Fibroblast and Keratinocytes.

Collagen-based products are found in different pharmaceuticals, medicine, food, and cosmetics products for a wide variety of applications. However, its use to prevent or improve the health of skin is growing dizzyingly. Therefore, this study investigated whether collagen peptides could induce fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and activation beyond reducing an inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Human skin fibroblasts (CCD-1072Sk) and human keratinocytes (hKT-nh-skp-KT0026) were seeded at a concentration of 5 × 104 cells/mL. LPS (10 ng/mL) and three doses of collagen peptides (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL) were used. The readout parameters were cell proliferation; expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); expression of pro-collagen-1α by fibroblasts; and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by both cell types. The results demonstrated that all doses of collagen supplementation induced increased proliferation of both human fibroblasts (p < 0.01) and human keratinocytes (p < 0.001), while only the dose of 10 mg/mL induced an increased expression of pro-collagen-1α by fibroblasts. Similarly, only the dose of 10 mg/mL reduced LPS-induced iNOS expression in fibroblasts (p < 0.05) and keratinocytes (p < 0.01). In addition, collagen supplementation reduced the LPS-induced IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-8 (p < 0.01), and TNF-α (p < 0.05), and increased the TGF-β and VEGF expression in fibroblasts. Furthermore, collagen supplementation reduced the LPS-induced IL-1β (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.01), and TNF-α (p < 0.001), and increased the TGF-β (p < 0.05) and VEGF (p < 0.05) expression in keratinocytes. In conclusion, collagen peptides were found to induce fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation and pro-collagen-1α expression, involving increased expression of TGF-β and VEGF, as well as the suppression of an inflammatory response induced by LPS.

Effect of hydrolysed collagen supplementation on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a burden for the modern society. One of the most important inflammatory conditions of the muscle-skeletal system, KOA is characterized by joint pain, crepitus, local inflammation, tenderness, limitation of movement and effusion with no systemic effects. Bjordal et al. (2004) in a meta-analysis, analyzed more than 13,000 patients regarding chronic inflammatory diseases and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including coxibs. In this study, the authors demonstrated that in long-term inflammatory diseases, anti-inflammatory drugs had a slightly superior effect compared to placebo. Oral supplementation with hydrolysed collagen has been proposed as an alternative to treat symptoms. The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects or oral supplementation with hydrolysed collagen in KOA. Methods: Randomized placebo-controlled were searched in different databases, from 2001 to 2021, using the following keywords in titles and abstracts (“knee osteoarthritis” OR “knee arthrosis”) AND (“hydrolysed collagen supplementation”). Results: From 565 articles, only 4 fulfilled the eligibility criteria with variations on the number of subjects, collagen dose and origin, age, and gender of patients, blinding with variation also in the bias criteria. Conclusion The studies are very heterogeneous but reached the same conclusion that oral collagen supplementation may be slightly effective to mitigate KOA symptoms. However, the number of studies is a limitation and no evidence of any possible mechanism is provided. Further studies are needed to investigate the hypothesis.

Oral collagen supplements intake on improving skin structure and function

Introduction: Young and healthy skin is a beauty standard that generates the necessity of acceptance. Collagen supplements have recently grown in popularity and become a trendy product advertised as a remedy for various skin problems. As it turns out, numerous scientific studies have shown the benefits of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation in improving the signs of skin ageing. There are various animal sources of collagen, but marine fish collagen has the best safety profile, biocompatibility and bioavailability and remains the most frequent product used in scientific trials. Among newest randomised-control trials five were researched for this study to evaluate the efficacy of collagen supplementation and its influence of skin appearance with both objective and subjective assessment.&#x0D; State of knowledge: hydrolysed collagen supplementation demonstrated a significant reduction in wrinkles, improvement in skin texture, firmness and appearance. Moreover, studies show significant enhancement of the water content in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Reduction of transepidermal water loss and increased level of natural moisturising factor was observed. &#x0D; Conclusions: hydrolysed collagen supplements can delay and improve the signs of skin ageing by decreasing facial wrinkles and improving skin hydration and elasticity. Supplement intake is effective and safe - analysed studies have not reported any major adverse effects. Since reviewed trials lasted for no longer than 12 weeks, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term use of hydrolysed collagen peptides.

Evaluation of clinical efficacy of undenatured type II collagen supplementation compared to cimicoxib and their association in dogs affected by natural occurring osteoarthritis

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 30 days treatment of undenatured type II collagen(UC-II®), compared to cimicoxib and to their combination, in osteoarthritic dogs. Client-owned dogs were enrolled in a clinical, randomized, controlled and prospective study. Posture, lameness, pain, range of motion and x-ray of affected joint(s) were evaluated and scored based on severity (CLINICAL score). The Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs survey was used to score the owner evaluation of dog's mobility (LOAD score and MOBILITY score). Osteoarthritis (OA) stage was defined through the Canine Osteoarthritis Staging tool (COAST). After diagnosis (T0), all patients were randomly assigned to different treatment groups: C group = cimicoxib 2 mg/kg/day orally OS, F group = UC-II® 1 tablet per day OS; C + F group = cimicoxib-UC-II® at the same previous dosages; CTR group = dogs who didn't received any treatment. All treatments were administered for 30 days. Seventy-six dogs completed the study. LOAD score was recorded significant lower after treatment for each group, with a reduction in percentage of 29.5% for C, 31.4% for F, 21.1% for C + F. LOAD score was lower in C(P = 0.04), F(P = 0.001) and C + F(P = 0.009) group at T30 than CTR group. MOBILITY and CLINICAL scores were significantly lower in all groups at T30, when compared to T0. MOBILITY score was lower than CTR in C(P = 0.02) and F(P = 0.01); CLINICAL score was lower in C + F(P = 0.016). The present findings prove that the treatment with UC-II®, cimicoxib and their combination provide significant reduction in clinical signs associated with OA.

Is collagen supplementation friend or foe in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? A comprehensive systematic review.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) both are chronic diseases affecting joints. Immune response against collagen in both diseases may have a role in the initiation and progression of the disease. There is a hypothesis that suppression of immune response vs collagen could be a therapeutic approach in RA and OA. Exposure of gut immune system to collagen is a way to suppress immune response against collagen in the joints. So, the current systematic review is aimed to evaluate the effects of collagen supplementation in OA and RA patients. In the current systematic review, online electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences and Scopus were searched and finally 19 articles were included. The enrolled articles evaluated the effects of collagen supplementation on treatment of OA (n=9) and RA (n=10). Intact (n=4) and hydrolyzed (n=5) collagen were used to treat OA. All of the studies on RA used intact and type II collagen in their intervention. The last trials on collagen supplementation in RA and OA patients were performed in 2011 and 2016, respectively. High adverse effects of collagen supplementation and its low efficiency compared to routine treatments were reported by several included studies. Also, risk of bias assessment showed that most of the studies had poor quality. Therefore, it is not possible to definitely decide on the beneficial or detrimental effects of collagen supplementation on OA and RA patients. Further studies are needed to reach a final decision.

Impact of supplemented undenatured type II collagen on pain and mobility in healthy Labrador Retrievers during an exercise regimen.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of undenatured type II collagen supplementation on inflammation and pain using gait analysis and industry-accepted pain and mobility questionnaires during an exercise regimen in healthy dogs. Forty healthy Labrador Retrievers (20 male/20 female; range: 5 to 12 yr) were sorted into two groups: undenatured type II collagen group receiving 40 mg UC-II product (10 mg total collagen and ≥3% undenatured type II collagen) and placebo group receiving 40 mg maltodextrin daily by capsule. After 2 wk loading, all dogs began an 11 wk endurance exercise regimen consisting of two weekly runs, starting at 5 km and increasingly incrementally to 8 km, with one final 16 km run. Gait analysis was performed at baseline; before, 24 and 48 h after the first 5 km run; and before, 24 and 48 h after the final 16 km run. Gait analysis was calculated to obtain a Four Rivers Kennel (FRK) Inflammation Index score. Dogs were scored according to the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD) and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) assessments at baseline, before and after the first 5 km run, and before and after the final 16 km run. On the LOAD questionnaire, undenatured type II collagen group had improved “how active is the dog” (P = 0.03) and less “stiffness after a lie down” (P = 0.041) compared with placebo at pre 5 km. Undenatured type II collagen appeared to mitigate the development of pain after exercise compared with placebo, as related to the CPBI assessment. Undenatured type II collagen dogs had lower “pain at worst” pre 5 km (P = 0.021), “pain at least” post 5 km (P = 0.015), “pain at average” post 5 km (P = 0.046), and “pain as it is now” post 16 km (P = 0.006) compared with placebo dogs. Undenatured type II collagen was more effective than placebo at mitigating inflammation on gait analysis per the FRK Inflammation Index. Undenatured type II collagen dogs had a 6.42 lower FRK Inflammation Index score at 24 h post 5 km (P = 0.032) and 6.3 lower score at 24 h post 16 km (P = 0.029), indicating the mitigation of inflammation on gait analysis. When considering the change between timepoints, undenatured type II collagen had a lower increase in FRK Inflammation scores compared with placebo for baseline to pre 5 km (P < 0.001), pre 16 km to 24 h post 16 km (P = 0.028), and pre 16 km to 48 h post 16 km (P = 0.027). Undenatured type II collagen supplemented Labrador Retrievers improved pain assessment variables and improved FRK Inflammation Index on gait analysis.

Collagen Structure, Synthesis, and Its Applications: A Systematic Review

Resorbable collagen has been utilized to treat wounds, close graft, and tooth extraction sites, and enhance recovery. Collagen-based membranes are also used as barriers in periodontal and implant therapy to limit epithelial migration and allow cells with the regenerative capacity to fill the problem area. This systematic review was carried out to analyze the studies focusing on collagen structure, synthesis, and its applications. A detailed and extensive search was performed with the help of the keywords "collagen structure", "collagen synthesis" and "collagen applications". There was extensive literature search in reliable and authentic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Ovidsp, and Cochrane library to obtain papers focusing on collagen structure, synthesis, and applications. During the systematic review, data were obtained concerning the following parameters. Type of study, nature of aim of the study, size of the sample in the study, gender and age of the subjects included in the study, prevalence of skin diseases where collagen was used for treatment, dose of collagen used, form in which collagen was used, the origin of collagen used, analysis of different variables, structure, and synthesis of collagen. Twenty-two studies were included in this systematic review. The studies discussed the structure, synthesis, and applications of collagen in treatment. In studies focusing on the application of collagen supplements, most of the study subjects were females (68.3%). The study subjects included both healthy and unhealthy subjects. The study subjects were divided into two categories. One category was the intervention group, while another group was the placebo group. Collagen was administered in hydrolysate form (90%) in some studies, bovine form (2.3%), and porcine form (3.4%) in other studies. Collagen supplementation was found to provide better results in both healthy and unhealthy effects in improving the health of skin, cornea, bone, periodontium, face, etc. It can be concluded that collagen is an integral part of the body. The application of collagen supplements can be pretty effective in maintaining the proper health of several important structures of the body like skin, face, cornea, nails, periodontium, etc. Thus, a detailed study of the molecular structure of collagen and genes associated with each type of collagen is essential for further research and treatment of collagen-associated disorders.

Novel Hydrolyzed Porcine and Fish Collagen Beverage Improved Collagen, Elasticity, Moisture, Spots: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Background: As the population ages, oral hydrolyzed collagen supplements are gaining traction. However, few clinical studies on the skin health of hydrolyzed porcine collagen combined with fish collagen. Objective: This study investigates whether TripleUp collagen beverage has skincare and anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: Using collagen beverage to treat epidermal keratinocytes and examine ROS, HA, inflammatory factor, and moisturizing-related gene expressions (Tgm1, Krt14, FLG-F, GBA, HAS3). Fifty subjects were recruited into a placebo and collagen beverage group for four weeks and then examined skin condition at 0, 2, 4 weeks. Results: TripleUp collagen beverage decreased IL-8 and ROS expression and increased moisturizing-related gene expressions. In addition, collagen beverages increase skin collagen, elasticity, moisture, and decreased spots. Conclusions: Thus, TripleUp collagen beverage included hydrolyzed porcine, and fish collagen and vitamin C can improve skin condition.