Coliform Bacteria Counts Research Articles

Evaluation of tributyrin supplementation in milk replacer on diarrhoea occurrence in preweaning Holstein calves

Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the most important health challenges in cattle herds causing substantial economic losses and antimicrobial use. Due to the raising problem of antimicrobial resistance, effective alternatives are urgently required, in line with European policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tributyrin supplementation in milk replacer on diarrhoea, performance and metabolic status in preweaning Holstein calves. Twelve newborn calves, after colostrum administration, were randomly allotted in two experimental groups for 42 days: control (CTRL) fed milk replacer, tributyrin (TRIB) fed milk replacer supplemented with 0.3% of liquid tributyrin on milk powder weight. Calves BW was recorded on a weekly basis from day 7 to day 42, and feed intake was recorded daily to calculate zootechnical performance. Faecal consistency was assessed daily through the faecal score (0–3 scale; considering diarrhoea moderate = 2 and severe = 3). Faecal samples were collected weekly from rectal ampulla for microbiological analysis by plate counting method evaluating the number of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria. On day 0 and day 42, individual blood samples were collected from jugular vein for metabolic profile analysis. Serum samples of day 42 were also evaluated for the antioxidant barrier using a colorimetric test, while glucagon-like peptide 2 and diamine oxidase concentrations were measured through immunoenzymatic assays. Tributyrin supplementation did not influence the zootechnical performance of calves over 42 days of trial. Diarrhoea frequency was significantly lower in TRIB compared to CTRL group (27.91 and 38.37%; P < 0.01) considering the whole experimental period. In particular, the major effect was observed for moderate diarrhoea in TRIB group that showed a significantly reduced frequency compared to CTRL (P < 0.01) thus suggesting a preventive effect of tributyrin. Faecal total bacterial, lactic acid and coliform bacteria counts did not show differences between groups. Urea serum concentrations tended to be lower in TRIB compared to CTRL, indicating an efficient utilisation of dietary protein. Antioxidant barrier and glucagon-like peptide 2 were comparable between CTRL and TRIB on day 42. Diamine oxidase concentrations were significantly decreased in TRIB compared to CTRL group after 42 days of trial (P < 0.01), suggesting a higher gut epithelial integrity probably due to lower diarrhoea frequency and the nourish effect of tributyrin on enterocytes. In conclusion, tributyrin could be considered as a valuable bioactive feed additive to decrease the neonatal diarrhoea occurrence and support intestinal integrity in preweaning calves.

Anaerobic fermentation featuring wheat bran and rice bran realizes the clean transformation of Chinese cabbage waste into livestock feed.

Rapid aerobic decomposition and a high cost/benefit ratio restrain the transformation of Chinese cabbage waste into livestock feed. Herein, anaerobically co-fermenting Chinese cabbage waste with wheat bran and rice bran at different dry matter levels (250, 300, 350 g/kg fresh weight) was employed to achieve the effective and feasible clean transformation of Chinese cabbage waste, and the related microbiological mechanisms were revealed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The bran treatments caused an increase in pH value (4.75-77.25%) and free amino acid content (12.09-152.66%), but a reduction in lactic acid concentration (54.58-77.25%) and coliform bacteria counts (15.91-20.27%). In addition, the wheat bran treatment improved the levels of short-chain fatty acids, nonprotein nitrogen, water-soluble carbohydrates and antioxidant activity and reduced the ammonia nitrogen contents. In contrast, the rice bran treatment decreased the levels of acetic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, nonprotein nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and antioxidant activities. Microbiologically, the bran treatments stimulated Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Weissella but inhibited Lactococcus and Leuconostoc, which were the primary organic acid producers reflected by the redundancy analysis. In addition, Chinese cabbage waste fermented with wheat bran at 350 g/kg fresh weight or with rice bran at 300 g/kg fresh weight increased the scale and complexity of bacteriome, promoted commensalism or mutualism and upregulated the global metabolism pathways, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms. Furthermore, the bran treatments resulted in an increase in bacterial communities that were facultatively anaerobic, biofilm-formed, Gram-negative, potentially pathogenic and stress-tolerant. Collectively, the bran treatments inhibited effluent formation and protein degradation and improved nutrient preservation but reduced organic acid production during the anaerobic fermentation, which is linked to the variations in the bacteriome, indicating that the constructed fermentation system should be further optimized.

Menaquinone content and antioxidant properties of fermented cabbage products: Effect of different fermentation techniques and microbial cultures

Pickled cabbages (brine-pickling) and sauerkraut (dry-salting) were produced by adding the probiotic mix culture and Lb plantarum culture, as well as spontaneous fermentation. During the fermentation, Lactobacillus spp, yeast-mold count, total coliform bacteria count, pH and total acidity were followed. Total phenolic content, ORAC and TEAC values, ascorbic acid and Menaquinone (MK-4 and MK-7) contents were analyzed in fermented samples. Lactobacillus spp was 7.82–9.70 cfu/g. Lactobacillus spp count was higher in culture-added samples and sauerkraut samples. Sauerkraut samples had higher total phenolic content, ORAC and TEAC values than pickled cabbage samples. It was found that sauerkraut samples produced by probiotic culture and spontaneous fermentation contained higher amounts of MK-4 and MK-7. Color, odor, texture, sourness and overall evaluation scores of sauerkraut samples were higher in sensory evaluation.

Growth Kinetics of Bacteria Isolated from Laboratory Prepared Cheese Made From Different Milk Sources

Background: Dairy food products constitute a major part of our routine diets and it is fundamental to the food industry globally. However, the need for quality control cannot be over-emphasized. A microbiological guideline must be used to define the differences between unacceptable and acceptable food products as food-borne related diseases have been associated with milk and dairy products. Aim of Study: The study aims to evaluate the growth kinetics of cheese prepared in the laboratory from different milk types over a 96 hour period in order to determine its bacteriological quality and assess the effect of storage time on the pH of the various cheeses. Methods: The laboratory cheese was prepared from fresh Goat, cow, sheep and soybeans using the traditional method. Thereafter, 10g of the cheese samples were stored in sterile 250 ml conical flasks at temperature of 28±2 oC for duration of 96 h. The samples were analyzed every 12-24 h interval using Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and De Mann Rogosa and Sharpe Agar for their bacterial, coliform, staphylococcal and lactobacilli load respectively. Results: At 96 h the highest heterotrophic bacterial load, coliform, staphylococcal and lactic acid bacteria counts were observed in sheep milk cheese (8.27 ± 0.02 Log10cfu/g), (7.10 ± 0.33 Log10cfu/g), (7.40 ± 0.34 Log10cfu/g) and cow milk cheese (8.19 ± 0.05 Log10cfu/g) respectively. At 0 h the highest pH was recorded in Soybean milk cheese (5.76±0.01) while the least was cow milk cheese (4.97±0.11). The highest pH at 96 h was Soybean milk cheese (6.96±0.01) while the least pH was recorded in sheep milk cheese (6.12±0.00). Comparing results of this present study with that of the European Union microbiological regulations (EUMR) and the Gulf Standards Organization (GSO) for foods, the bacteria load of all cheese samples at 12 h was within the acceptable or permissible limit. Conclusion: The present study indicates that laboratory prepared cheese contains a repertoire of significant public health microorganisms in numbers above the permissible limit. It is recommended that appropriate aseptic procedures should be strictly upheld by dairy handlers across the entire chess production value chain.

Effect of feeding a diet containing housefly (Musca domestica) larvae extracts on growth performance in broiler chickens

Insects like housefly (Musca domestica L.) are future feed resources for economic animals because insects can improve growth performance by promoting the immune function and gut microbial balance. However, little is known about research reports on housefly larvae extracts containing an antibacterial peptide. This study investigated the effect of feeding diets supplemented with housefly larvae extract (HLE) containing antibacterial peptides on the growth performance of broiler chickens. Nine hundred broilers (Ross 308) were fed diets containing HLE for 35 days. Treatment groups consisted of CON (control without HLE), PC (positive control, 8 ppm of avilamycin), HLE50 (diet containing 50 ppm of HLE), HLE100 (diet containing 100 ppm of HLE), HLE150 (diet containing 150 ppm of HLE), and HLE200 (diet containing 200 ppm of HLE). Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in HLE150 and HLE200 groups compared to those in the CON group. Spleen weights were higher in HLE150 and HLE200 groups than in the CON group. Caecal bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus counts were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in HLE150 and HLE200 groups whereas E. coli and coliform bacteria counts were higher in the CON group. Caecal acetic acid, propionic acid, and total short-chain fatty acid levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in HLE150 and HLE200 groups than in the CON group. These results show that feeding diets containing 150 ppm of HLE containing antimicrobial peptides could replace antibiotics to improve the growth performance of broiler chickens.

INFLUENCE OF PHYTOBIOTIC AND SYNBIOTIC-ACIDIFIER BLEND SUPPLEMENTS ON HEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL INDICES, ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND GUT MICROFLORA OF BROILER CHICKEN

This study examined the effect of phytobiotic (Superliv powder®, SP) and symbiotic-acidifier blend (Bacflora-F®, BF) feed additives on hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidant enzymes, and gut microflora of broiler chicken. A total of 120-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, with three replicates of ten birds per treatment as follows, Diet 1 (basal/control diet), Diet 2 (basal + 0.05 g/kg SP), Diet 3 (basal + 1g/kg BF) and Diet 4 (basal + 0.05g/kg SP and 1g/kg BF). The result revealed significant differences (P &lt;0.05) in values of all haematological parameters except monocyte counts. Broiler chickens fed a diet supplemented with SP and BF had higher packed cell volume, red blood cell, and haemoglobin concentration but lower white blood cells and lymphocyte count compared to the control group. The dietary supplementation of SP and BF did not influence the concentration of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, total protein, and globulin contents (P &gt; 0.05) but significantly reduced cholesterol levels of the broiler chicken compared to the control group. The result further showed that broiler chickens fed the diet supplemented with of SP and BF had higher (P &lt;0.05) concentration of total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in aerobic bacteria, lactic acid-producing bacteria and coliform bacteria (p &gt; 0.05) count across the experimental treatments. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of SP and BF can be used to enhance the antioxidative status, reduce cholesterol levels and maintain the gut health of broiler chickens during production.

Dietary leucine deficiency alters performance, body composition, intestine microbiota, and immune response of female Cobb broilers

Context Leucine (Leu) is one of the branched-chain amino acids that is necessary for muscle protein synthesis. Basically, poultry feed ingredients contain abundant amounts of Leu. But little is known about dietary Leu deficiency in performance and health-attributing parameters of female broiler chickens, which may occur in crude protein-restricted diets. Aims This study evaluates the effect of Leu deficiency in diets on the growth performance, body composition, immunity, and caecum microbiota of female broilers. Methods Female broiler chicks (Cobb 500; 8 days old; n = 540) were randomly divided into six groups with six replicates (15 birds in each replicate) in a completely randomised design. The experimental diets included six concentrations of Leu (80%, 84%, 88%, 92%, 96%, and 100%) fed for 14 days. A basal Leu-deficient diet was formulated at the 80% recommended level, and the experimental diets were created by gradual replacing of crystalline L-glutamic acid with crystalline L-Leu. Average daily intake (ADI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (gain:feed), body composition, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) test to phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), antibody response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and caecum microbiota were investigated. Key results The birds receiving the lowest Leu application level had the lowest ADI (P &lt; 0.05) and a 20% higher fat content (P &lt; 0.01) than did the birds fed 96% Leu. The population of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria count was increased (P &lt; 0.001; by 36% and 10.3% compared with the birds fed 100% Leu in the diet respectively), and Lactobacillus (but not Enterococcus) count was decreased (P &lt; 0.001; by 26.4% compared with the birds fed 100% Leu in the diet) with decreasing concentrations of dietary Leu. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, carcass dry matter, protein and ash percentages, and immunity were not affected markedly by dietary treatments with different Leu concentrations. Conclusions The Leu deficiency influenced the broiler performance, body composition, and caecum microbiota, but not the immune response. Implications This study points to the importance of Leu supplementation in the diet of broilers to improve their growth performance, fat content, and intestine health.

Contaminations in Wild and Farmed Fish and Influence of Traditional Cooking Methods

Due to the increasing concern of consumers about farmed fish contamination, in this study, different wild and farmed fish species (Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), gray mullet (Mugil cephalus), and thin lip gray mullet (Liza ramada) commonly consumed in Egypt, were chemically analyzed for the presence of heavy metals, antibiotics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides residues, hormones and microbiologically evaluated for total counts of aerobic and coliform bacteria. Moreover, the influence of traditional cooking methods (i.e., grilling, frying, and baking) on these parameters were estimated. The results revealed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hormones were not detected in the fish species. However, heavy metals; cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and mercury) were found in ranges of 0.014-0.35, 0.064-0.358, 0.027- 0.875, 0.058-0.750, 0160-1.345 and 0.062-0.426 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the organochlorine pesticides residues (p,p1 -DDE, p,p1 -DDT, and Chlorpyrifos) in the studied fish samples ranged between 0.02-2.13 mg/kg in the marine sites only. The thermal treatments via grilling were the most effective cooking method followed by baking to decrease the heavy metals concentrations in the fish species. Also, all detected pesticide residues and antibiotics in different fish species were decreased by cooking methods. Generally, the studied cooking methods significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the total bacterial count and coliform counts in all treated samples by %. The frying method was the most effective cooking method in decreasing bacterial counts. In addition, neither Escherichia coli nor Vibrio spp was detected in the fish samples. Moreover, the studied cooking methods seemed to be suitable for decreasing the studied contaminants. Consequently, the farmed and wild fish species in the studied sites in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, were safe and suitable for human consumption. Periodical monitoring of all sites for pollutants is highly recommended to ensure consumer protection.

Türkiye’nin kuzeyinde ova ve kentsel alanlardan geçen bir akarsuyun mikrobiyal kirlilik göstergelerindeki mekânsal-zamansal değişimlerin değerlendirilmesi

The degradation of watersheds due to urban development increases the vulnerability of surface waters to pollutants of anthropogenic origin. Urban streams draining near swimming waters can contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality. In the study, the microbial quality of the Terme River was investigated seasonally by collecting samples from four different stream sites. Microbiological analyzes were performed using standard methods with membrane filtration. The colony-forming unit (CFU) method determined fecal contamination in samples. The mean number of colonies in Terme River water samples was determined as 712 CFU/100 mL, 278 CFU/100 mL, and 64 CFU/100 mL for total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens, respectively. This situation indicates that there was fecal contamination in the stream. According to the bacteriological parameters in the Water Pollution Control Regulation, Terme River was found to be of class II water quality in terms of total coliform bacteria count. The Research results determined that the Terme River is not much polluted in terms of microbiological quality but has values under the pressure of pollution. To not increase the pollution level, the direct mixing of domestic wastes/wastewater, animal wastes, and drainage channels from the settlements and agricultural areas around the river should be prevented. The public should be made aware of the necessary precautions.

Microbial and Physicochemical Quality of Kurdish Soft Cheese in Retail Markets in Erbil

Dairy products is considered the most complete foodstuff that provide human with most of their vital needs. The aim of this study to evaluate some chemical parameters and bacteriological quality of traditional white soft cheese. Our finding indicates that, the pH ranged between 5.72 to 7.25 with an average of 6.53, moisture percentage ranged between 37.76 % to 54.95 % with an average of 45.03%, fat percentage between 1.2 % to 4.3 % with an average of 2.36 %, protein percentage ranged between 16.3 % to 23.16 % with an average of 19.55 %. Ash percentage ranged between 1.7% to 2.8% with an average of 2.20. Total solid percentage ranged between 25 % to 37.7 %with an average of 31.26 %. Acidity ranged between 1.3 % to 2.5 % with an average of 1.70 %. Salt percentage ranged between 1.4 to 4.3 with an average of 2.89 %. The standard plate count of soft cheese was detected to be the interval of 1.2 x 104 - 4.7 x106 cfu/g. In the all cheese samples the coliform bacteria count was detected to be between 4.0 x103 to 8.6 x105 cfu/g. The yeast and mold count was found to be 9.6 x10 to 3.2 x105 cfu/g. The results found 20 % of Staphylococcus aureus contaminations, 13.33 % of Salmonella spp. contaminations. Cheese produced in Erbil are not agree with the Iraqi Standard.

Modelling the interaction between physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of oilfields produced water from a waste management facility

Bacteriological quality of oil and gas-related produced water is a function of the interaction of a complex set of factors, which invariably determine the ease with which this waste material may be treated effectively. Hitherto, only few studies have examined the interplay of these sets of factors on the incidence of coliform bacteria. The American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods for the examination of wastewater were used to assess levels of 20 physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. Subsequently, negative binomial regression models were fitted to the coliform bacteria counts in the produced water data obtained from a waste treatment facility in Ghana. Zero-order relationships indicated that temperature, turbidity, BOD, COD, oil and grease, total phosphorus and nitrates were significant predictors of total coliform count unlike pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids and chloride. Except oil and grease, the relationships between incidence of coliform bacteria and BOD, COD and nitrates were not robust and disappeared in the organic, nutrients and demand model at the multivariate level. However, the significant relationships were restored when physical parameters were subsequently accounted for indicating that the latter suppressed the relationship in the organic, nutrients and demand model. pH was a significant predictor of coliform bacteria incidence only when physical and chemical parameters were taken into account in the multivariate model. Both sets of factors mediated the relationship between BOD and coliform bacteria incidence. Given the complex interactions between bacteriological and physicochemical quality of oilfields produced water, it is imperative to adopt a holistic and nuanced approach in managing waste emanating from oil and gas production. • There is a complex interactions between bacteriological and physicochemical quality of oilfields produced water • Among the physical parameters, an increase in temperature, turbidity and total suspended solids decrease the incidence of coliform bacteria in oilfields produced water • At the bivariate level, as biochemical oxygen demand increases, the incidence of coliform bacteria decreases. Similarly, an increase in chemical oxygen demand reduces the incidence of coliform bacteria • The multivariate analyses shows an inverse relationship between biochemical oxygen demand and incidence of coliform bacteria in oilfields produced water

The antibacterial effect of silver anode treatment on raw milk

Silver has been used as an indirect antibacterial method by the food sector. In this study, the antibacterial effect of silver on raw milk was examined using the silver anode method. The samples were divided into two groups comprising silver-containing and non-silver-containing samples. Then, the two groups were stored at 5 °C, 10 °C, and 25 °C. The changes in the bacterial flora of the raw milk samples were observed at hours 0, 12, 24, and 36. The antibacterial effect of the silver anode treatment on both groups was observed after 12 h. The antibacterial effect increased with increasing storage time. The decreases in the Pseudomonas spp., coliform bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria counts of the silver-containing group were significantly different than those of the control group after 36 h (p < 0.05). The decreases in the Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria counts were greater than the decrease in the lactic acid bacteria count. The Pseudomonas spp. count decreased during the storage period depending on temperature while the growth rates of coliform and lactic acid bacteria decreased with decreasing storage temperature in the silver anode-treated group. The strongest antibacterial effect was observed at 25 °C for Pseudomonas spp. and at 5 °C for coliform and lactic acid bacteria. The results of the study revealed that the silver anode method had a strong antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria and a poor antibacterial effect on lactic acid bacteria. Silver ion release into the milk samples was consistently below the legal limits at all storage temperatures.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fillets Marinated with Rosemary and Laurel Essential Oils

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effects of rosemary and laurel essential oils added into marination formulas of common carp. All analyses were carried out on the 1st, 4th, and 7th days of marination. During marination, TAMB count was in the range of 3.78–6.16 log cfu/g, while TAPB count was 3.62–5.90 log cfu/g, total coliform bacteria count was 0.00–4.86 log cfu/g, LAB count was 3.37–5.06 log cfu/g, and the total yeast and mold count was 3.68–5.61 log cfu/g. The pH values of the samples varied between 3.65 and 5.64. TBARS values were determined between 0.214–0.556 mg MA/kg fish. The differences both in the color values and the textural properties of the samples were significant. When all the data was considered, the marination process with rosemary and laurel essential oils positively affected the microbiological and physicochemical properties of common carp fillets.

Association of the efficiency of hemodialysis instruments in the removal of microbial and chemical pollutant.

Dialysis water is vital because of various harmful contaminants for patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of hemodialysis instruments in the removal of microbial and chemical pollutant in educational hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of medical sciences, Iran during 2018–2019. This cross-sectional descriptive research studied the microbial and chemical water quality of hemodialysis instruments in Razi, Sina, and Golestan hospitals in Ahwaz, Iran. 72 samples of microbial parameters and 24 samples of chemical parameters were collected from water used in hemodialysis instruments, including microbial characteristics (the total coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic bacteria counts) and chemical characteristics (pH, turbidity, PO4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC) at Razi, Imam, and Golestan educational hospitals on all weekdays during 2018-2019. In this study, experiments were done according to the current standard methods, EPA from hemodialysis instruments. Finally, using SPSS18 software and descriptive statistics, the relationship between results at the removal of toxic, microbial, and chemical pollutants in different months and hospitals was investigated. this study showed that the average concentration of chemical characteristics during the warm season at Razi, Imam, and Golestan educational hospitals for pH, Turbidity, PO4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC were (6.867, 6.4475, 6.53); (2.985, 3.035, 1.226); (0.075, 0.245, 0.195); (38.5, 21.965, 144.87); (1.552, 1.657, 39.445); (8.6, 4.5, 21.5), (2.09, 3.187, 78.975); (0.0082, 0.038, 0.155), and (125.25, 70.35, 78.35), respectively during 2018. Also, during 2019, results showed that the average levels of amounts for pH, Turbidity, PO4, Cl, Mg, So4, Ca, NO2, and EC in Razi, Imam, and Golestan educational hospitals were (7.077, 7.252, 6.435), (1.725, 0.595, 4.16), (0.0775, 0.0597, 0.0297), (52.33, 138.81, 20.92), (23.52, 18.227, 8.767), (35, 27.25, 4.05), (14.58, 28.152, 9.25), (0.0067, 0.0045, 0.0032), and (210.52, 121.62, 29.16), respectively. According to the results, hemodialysis instruments in Razi and Imam have a 90% efficiency in removing heterotrophic bacteria counts (HPC). Based on these findings, educational hospital hemodialysis equipment effluent in Ahvaz, Iran was mitted to Iran environmental standards for use in hemodialysis machines. The result showed that the removal percentage level of microbial and chemical pollutants by the hemodialysis process is comparatively suitable. It should be mentioned that in the proper operation and reconstruction, hemodialysis systems can have an increased rate of removal of microbial and chemical pollutants.

Effects of epiphytic and exogenous lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and microbial community compositions of paper mulberry silage.

This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from various sources and evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial compositions of paper mulberry (PM) after 60 days of ensiling. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from Phalaris arundinacea silage, pickle, and fresh PM leaves; three of these strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, YC1; Levilactobacillus brevis, PC3; and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, BP17) and one commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GFJ) were subsequently used. Compared with other treatments, PC3 and BP17 increased (P < 0.05) the LAB count and crude protein content and decreased (P < 0.05) the molds and coliform bacteria counts, pH, and ammonia-N content of PM silages. BP17 and PC3 increased the relative Lactiplantibacillus abundance and decreased that of Lelliottia and Cladosporium, improving PM silage quality. Therefore, PC3 and BP17 can improve the fermentation quality of PM silage and could be used as silage starter cultures.

Effects of bacteriophage supplement on the growth performance, microbial population, and PGC-1α and TLR4 gene expressions of broiler chickens

Bacteriophages (BP) are viruses that invade bacteria and propagate inside them, leading to the lysis of the bacterial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding BP to the broiler’s diet and its effect on the performance, morphology and bacterial population of the gut, some immune responses and expression of some intestinal genes. Accordingly, dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control), and control + 0.3 g/kg colistin or 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g BP/kg of diet. BP increased the body weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR), as compared to the colistin treatment, in the finisher and overall period (P < 0.05). European efficiency factor was significantly higher in 1.5 g BP-fed birds, as compared to the control and colistin treatments. meanwhile, bacteriophage and colistin-fed birds had higher Lactobacillus and lowered coliform bacteria counts, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Cecal concentrations of propionate in the 1.5 g BP-fed birds were higher than those in the control treatment (P < 0.05). BP-fed birds had a significantly increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, as compared to the control treatment. BP increased the serum concentrations of the total antibody, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, and IgG, as compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). In the ileum, the expression of the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) gene was decreased by dietary BP supplementation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression was down-regulated in the BP-fed birds, whereas Interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene expression was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Overall, the use of BP may be a promising alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics in broilers by altering the gastrointestinal tract microbiota, enhancing immunological responses and improving the gut's morphology.

Erzurum Piyasasında Tüketime Sunulan Mahalli ve Endüstriyel Dondurmaların Bazı Mikrobiyolojik ve Fizikokimyasal Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması

In this research, a total of 20 plain ice-cream samples, including 10 local and 10 industrial plain ice-cream samples presented for consumption in Erzurum province, were collected from the market and microbiological, physical and chemical analyzes were carried out on these samples. As a result of the microbiological analyzes, the average total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (TAMB), yeast and mould count, number and group of coliform bacteria count in local ice cream samples have been calculated as 5.89 log cfu/g, 4.22 log cfu/g and 2.26 log cfu/g, respectively. Identical analyzes have also been performed for industrial ice-cream samples, and all data mentioned for local samples have been calculated. These values are determined as 4.72 log cfu/g,

Farklı Çiftliklerden Elde Edilen Keçi Sütlerinde Sütün Bileşimi ve Mikrobiyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Goat milk has a great importance for human nutrition considering its nutrient content. In addition, the demand for goat milk and products derived from goat milk has increased in recent years. However, the microbiological properties of milk can directly affect human health. In this study, it was aimed to determine the nutrient content and some microbiological properties of goat milk obtained from different farms. In the study, hand milking farms were determined. After milking, a sufficient amount of milk sample was taken and brought to the laboratory at +4°C. In the milk samples, the composition of the milk, the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the number of yeast-mold and coliform bacteria were determined. The highest protein, lactose and solids ratio (%) was obtained in milk samples taken from farms 2 and 4. The highest fat content in milk was determined in the sample taken from farm 4. It was observed that the milks of farms 2, 3 and 4 had similar mineral substance amounts. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (PCA) count (191×104), yeast-mold (PDA) count (42×103) and coliform bacteria (VRBA) count (710×102) were determined in farm 2. As a result, in terms of some milk components were determined statistical differences between farms. The main difference is in terms of milk hygiene. However, it was determined that the milk showed significant changes in terms of microbiological properties according to the farms from which they were obtained. It can also be said that these changes may affect the health of people who directly or indirectly consume these milks.

Quantification of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus and in the production of fresh cheese in a rural community in Brazil

Cheese is a milk derivative widely consumed in Brazil, having a great nutritional importance. The microbiological quality of food is of vital importance, as existing microorganisms, especially in products of animal origin, can cause serious diseases, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of Minas Frescal cheese produced in a rural community in Brazil. Twenty samples of Minas Frescal cheese were analyzed, these samples were submitted to analysis for counting mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total coliform bacteria, coliform bacteria at 45°C and Staphylococcus aureus. Brazilian legislation was used as a parameter for the evaluation of the analyzed cheese samples. All samples analyzed showed high counts of mesophilic aerobic, bacteria total coliform bacteria, coliform bacteria at 45°C and Staphylococcus aureus. The high count of total coliform bacteria, coliform bacteria at 45°C and Staphylococcus aureus observed in the analyzed cheese samples suggests that this product may pose a health risk to consumers.

E. coli-expressed human lysozyme supplementation improves growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbiota in weaning pigs

The E. coli-expressed human lysozyme (EHL), a new source of lysozyme that is different from egg white lysozyme and the human lysozyme expressed in the milk of transgenic animals, has not been investigated extensively. We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of EHL on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, fecal score, and hematology indicators in weaning pigs. A total of 150 21-day-old weaning pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to three treatments according to the initial body weight (6.73 ± 0.01 kg) for a 35-day trial (phase 1, days 1-7; phase 2, days 8-21; phase 3, days 22-35). Each treatment had ten replicate pens with five pigs (three barrows and two gilts) per pen. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (CON), and a basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg/kg antibiotic growth promoter complexes (AGP) or 1 g/kg EHL. Body weight on day 35 (P = 0.001), average daily gain during days 22-35 (P < 0.001) and 1-35 (P = 0.001), gain to feed ratio during days 22-35 (P < 0.001), growth rate during days 22-35 (P < 0.001) and 1-35 (P = 0.002), and apparent dry matter digestibility (P = 0.044) were higher, whereas fecal score during days 1-7 (P = 0.002) and fecal coliform bacteria counts (P = 0.022) were lower, in pigs fed with AGP or EHL containing diet in comparison to those fed with CON diet. Moreover, weaning pigs fed the diet supplemented with EHL had a higher gain to feed ratio during days 1-35 (P = 0.030) than the CON group. Supplementing AGP to the diet of weaning pigs led to a decrease of fecal lactic acid bacteria counts (P < 0.001) compared with those fed with EHL containing diet or the control diet. However, hematology indicators did not differ among groups. Therefore, EHL has the potential to be used as an alternative to antibiotics due to the comparable effects with AGP on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematology indicators, fecal score, and fecal coliform bacteria counts, however, unlike AGP, EHL supplementation did not inhibit fecal lactic acid bacteria counts