Cold Weapons Research Articles

Trace elements content in the hair of patients at the maxillofacial surgery department

Relevance. The urgency of the problem of traumatism is constantly increasing, which is associated with an increase in road accidents, an increase in the number of interpersonal conflicts, the availability of firearms and cold steel weapon, etc. In addition, the proportion of victims with injuries of the maxillofacial region in a state of alcoholic intoxication is constantly growing. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of trace elements in hospitalized patients with maxillofacial trauma, intoxicated, acute traumatic stress and the study of the effect of trauma on the balance of trace elements in patients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery with various alcohol history. Materials and Methods. The study involved 30 male patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the Moscow city clinical F.I. Inozemtseva hospital located in the city of Moscow. All patients were joined to the department for trauma of the maxillofacial tract and were divided into two groups: 15 of them regularly took alcohol and were in a state of alcoholic intoxication at the time of injury (group 1), 15 - without alcohol history (comparison group 2). All patients carried a general clinical blood test, a biochemical blood test, and the content of essential and conditionally essential elements in the hair were also determined. Results and Discussion. As a result, significant differences were revealed in the content of micro elements between the groups of patients: the content of copper (p = 0.013) and zinc (p = 0.000) in the hair examined of the first group was 1.4 lower than in the comparison group 2. The manganese content (p = 0.05), on the contrary, was also increased by 1.4 times in the hair of group 1 patients. Besides, leukocytosis was detected in the blood in patients with a history of alcohol and an increase in AST levels. Conclusion. The study showed an increase in the content of manganese and a decrease in the content of selenium, zinc and copper in the hair of patients with an alcoholic history. Diselementosis was accompanied by a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Such an imbalance of chemical elements, together with a changes of peripheral blood and an increase in the activity of ASaT, can be reflected on the period the timing and peculiarities of the course of the reparative process.

Trace elements content in the hair of patients at the maxillofacial surgery department

Relevance. The urgency of the problem of traumatism is constantly increasing, which is associated with an increase in road accidents, an increase in the number of interpersonal conflicts, the availability of firearms and cold steel weapon, etc. In addition, the proportion of victims with injuries of the maxillofacial region in a state of alcoholic intoxication is constantly growing. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of trace elements in hospitalized patients with maxillofacial trauma, intoxicated, acute traumatic stress and the study of the effect of trauma on the balance of trace elements in patients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery with various alcohol history. Materials and Methods. The study involved 30 male patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery of the Moscow city clinical F.I. Inozemtseva hospital located in the city of Moscow. All patients were joined to the department for trauma of the maxillofacial tract and were divided into two groups: 15 of them regularly took alcohol and were in a state of alcoholic intoxication at the time of injury (group 1), 15 - without alcohol history (comparison group 2). All patients carried a general clinical blood test, a biochemical blood test, and the content of essential and conditionally essential elements in the hair were also determined. Results and Discussion. As a result, significant differences were revealed in the content of micro elements between the groups of patients: the content of copper (p = 0.013) and zinc (p = 0.000) in the hair examined of the first group was 1.4 lower than in the comparison group 2. The manganese content (p = 0.05), on the contrary, was also increased by 1.4 times in the hair of group 1 patients. Besides, leukocytosis was detected in the blood in patients with a history of alcohol and an increase in AST levels. Conclusion. The study showed an increase in the content of manganese and a decrease in the content of selenium, zinc and copper in the hair of patients with an alcoholic history. Diselementosis was accompanied by a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Such an imbalance of chemical elements, together with a changes of peripheral blood and an increase in the activity of ASaT, can be reflected on the period the timing and peculiarities of the course of the reparative process.

Clarification of the Object and Subject of Examination of Antique Edged Weapons

The problem of conducting a comprehensive examination of antique edged weapons is considered. The formal-logical method is applied; empirical methods: review of regulations and deontological sources; comparison of the norms of substantive law with deontological norms of expert activity; private scientific methods of art history. In order to clarify the subject of a comprehensive examination of antique edged weapons, the subjects of a forensic examination of edged weapons are compared with a forensic art examination. The main contradictions associated with the ambiguity of the definition of the object and subject of this subspecies of forensic examination are highlighted. It is proved that this is based on the inaccuracy of the definitions given in the Federal Law “On Weapons”. On the basis of this, the officially allocated objects are analyzed: cold antique weapons, copy, reconstruction, replica, cultural values. The heterogeneity of these objects is proved. In this regard, the concept of “cultural values” is proposed to be considered as a subject of expertise. Based on the analysis of the basic concepts of Art. 1, 9, 17 of the Federal Law “On Weapons” is proposed to introduce a classification: 1) cold antique weapons (authentic antique weapons); 2) cold antique (authentic) weapons with signs of belonging to cultural values; 3) an antique item that has signs of edged weapons (an antique item that has an external resemblance to edged weapons); 4) edged weapons (copies; reconstruction, replicas) with signs of antiques; 5) edged weapons (copies; reconstruction, replicas) that have signs of belonging to cultural values.

A NEW METHOD OF STUDYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SURFACE OF HISTORICAL MELEE WEAPONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE QUESTION OF ITS AUTHENTICITY

The results of the study of the chemical composition of the surface of 4 items of melee weapons made of iron – bayonets and sabers – are given. This allows us to establish the authenticity of samples of cold steel of one chronological period.The author's method of the research of chemical composition of a surface of historical objects of the cold weapon by rubbing of samples with tampons from cotton wool and their further research was offered. This makes it possible to examine objects of cold steel, large in size, without damaging the surface, as well as to simplify the procedure of research of objects of historical and cultural value.

Возможности использования теории поэтапного формирования умственных действий в обучении курсантов вуза войск национальной гвардии

The paper presents experimental data on the prospects and limitations of effective acquisition of self-defence skills by cadets—specifically, the skills of self-defence against articles with a blade or point (“cold weapons”), which skills may be required by the National Guard (Rosgvardia) servicemen in service and combat settings. The experiment involved a system of tasks designed to teach the cadets the basic techniques of countering a person trying to use cold weapons against a Rosgvardia serviceman. Special conditions were created to enable the cadets to master a specific action by performing it “correctly from the very first time”. The assessment was carried out using the activity criteria based on P. Ya. Galperin’s theory as well as such methods as observation and testing. The training proved effective insofar as the skills acquisition was concerned— specifically, the training effect was close to 100% (60% among the insufficiently well-performing cadets). As a “by-product”, we also obtained data on the developmental effect pertaining to intelligence and will. Studies applying the theory of P. Ya. Galperin and N. F. Talyzina to the material of specialized disciplines are insufficiently presented in the literature. However, the results of such studies may be effectively used in military universities due to the specifics of such universities’ educational environment and the specific conditions in which the Federal Educational Standards are applied. The fundamental provisions according to which students should master a new activity with a quality “not lower than good” and the possibility to intensify the process of skill acquisition make it possible to develop training programmes of different levels of complexity and implement them in a relatively short time. The humanistic attitudes of P. Ya. Galperin and N. F. Talyzina’s theory allow to reduce the “fear of error” and positively influence the attitude of cadets to the new training approach.

СПОСІБ ВЧИНЕННЯ ВБИВСТВ З ОСОБЛИВОЮ ЖОРСТОКІСТЮ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ КРИМІНАЛІСТИЧНОЇ... ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ЦИХ ЗЛОЧИНІВ

The article is devoted to the study of the method of committing murders with particular brutality as one of the most important elements of the forensic characteristics of these crimes. On the basis of a systematic analysis of scientific forensic literature, criminal, criminal procedural legislation and the results of investigative and judicial practice, as well as the results of a survey of practical workers (investigators, prosecutors), it was concluded that the method of committing the crime as an element of the forensic characteristics has a significant impact on the qualification, as well as on the methodology of the investigation of the specified criminal offense. The method of committing murders with particular brutality has been considered by us from the point of view of its classic in criminology system of interrelated actions of preparation, direct commission and concealment of traces of the crime. The results of the systematic analysis of criminal proceedings opened on the grounds of the crime provided for in Clause 4, Part 2, Art. 115 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, convincingly testifies that murders with particular brutality are almost never committed with preliminary preparation for the commission of the crime. As a rule, the criminal immediately implements the criminal intent that has arisen. It has been established that the only preparatory action carried out by a criminal and which can be considered preparation for the commission of a murder committed with particular cruelty is the selection and bringing to the scene of the crime of the instrument of its commission. In isolated cases, there was also a place for the criminal to wait for a favorable moment to start his criminal activity, namely the moment when the criminal and the victim (or victims) were alone. It has been established that murders with particular brutality are most often committed in the following ways: striking with hands and feet, jumping with feet on the victim’s body and head; inflicting barbed-cutting blows with a knife, including a hunting knife that belongs to cold weapons, with another sharp object (screwdriver, etc.); an object of chopping action (axe, shovel, etc.); amputation of body parts with a knife; striking with a blunt object (hammer, metal stick, etc.); strangulation with hands, object (wire, rope, etc.); arson of the victim and others. There have been several cases where various methods of committing murder with particular brutality are consistently used. The correlations between the elements of forensic characteristics are established: the way the crime was committed and the person of the criminal, the place of the crime and the victim.

Грозы безопасности образовательных организаций (криминологическое исследование по результатам анонимного интернет-опроса обучающихся)

The aim was to assess the scale and manifestation of security threats in educational institutions in Russia, the Republic of Abkhazia and the Republic of South Ossetia. For this purpose, an anonymous Internet survey of 1,075 students was conducted between March and June 2019. The questionnaire included 2 sets of questions - about some of the characteristics of the interviewees (gender, age, place of residence, type of educational institution where they study) and about various security threats in educational organisations. The answers given by students in different territories were compared, and a correlation was established between security threats and the level of juvenile criminal activity. More than 40 per cent of the students were inclined to believe that a situation could occur in their educational institutions where the actions of the students could lead to death or serious harm. Over 60 per cent of respondents said that they would be able to bring weapons or explosive devices into their educational institutions. More than half of the students had encountered the display of cold weapons in educational institutions. Respondents also noted that they had seen gas, pneumatic, traumatic, hunting, military firearms, and explosive devices in educational institutions. About 6% of those surveyed believe that there are those among the students at their educational institutions who admire teenagers who have killed people in schools and colleges, consider them their idols, and seek to emulate them. Students are interviewed about the tragedies of homicide and serious harm to health in educational establishments. Class teachers are the most active in conducting such discussions, followed by law enforcement officials, psychologists, and representatives of the administration of educational institutions. Almost every fourth Russian respondent answered that his or her educational institution had not conducted talks about tragedies related to homicide and serious harm to health in educational institutions. One in five respondents answered that there had been conflicts in their educational institution as a result of which someone had been killed or seriously injured. Over 37% of respondents said that there were students who were mocked and humiliated in their classes (groups), with over 23% believing that they could avenge humiliation by killing or causing serious harm to their health. More than 37% of respondents believe that there are those who live by the thieves' ideology among the students in their educational institutions. About 4% of respondents met students in their educational organisations who collect money from others "for the common fund", "to warm up the area", i.e. for criminals. The results of the study can serve as a means of criminological monitoring of the security of the educational environment, become the basis for selecting objects of prevention, and be used as a methodological basis and source of empirical information for criminological research and law enforcement activities. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Devising criteria for the authenticity of historical cold weapons based on X-ray fluorescence analysis of their surface

This paper reports the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of 4 objects of cold weapons of the 19th and early 20th centuries, made of iron – bayonet knives and sabers. This makes it possible to establish the signs of authenticity of cold weapon samples made of iron in that chronological period. An authentic procedure has been proposed for examining the chemical composition of the surface of historical objects of cold weapons by rubbing the samples with cotton wool swabs and their subsequent investigation. This makes it possible to explore objects of cold weapons, whose size is large, as well as simplify the very procedure for studying objects of historical and cultural value. Using the X-ray fluorescent chemical analyzer Expert Mobile, chemical elements were found at the surface of samples of cold weapons made of iron. The presence of such elements is the result of the process of re-crystallization and self-purification of metal during a long history of its life. Elements found in almost every rubbing sample were identified: calcium, ferrum, zinc, cuprum, and chlorine. The studies of cold weapons samples testify to the heterogeneity of the composition of patina formations on their surface, which confirms the authenticity of ancient objects. In addition, the studies have shown a difference in the chemical composition of surface layers of different parts of individual samples of antique cold weapons, which may indicate different times or different technology for their manufacture. The fluorescence spectra of the obtained rubbing of individual samples of cold weapons were compared with "pure" material, which made it possible to identify elements removed from the surface of objects. The study results are important indicators to confirm the authenticity of cultural monuments and the technology of their manufacture in the past.

Caravan trade of Central Asian merchants with Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century

The article analyzes the everyday business activity of Asian entrepreneurs who participated in caravan trade with the Russian Empire through the cities of Orenburg region in the first quarter of the 19th century. The specifics of foreign trade operations of merchants from Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand during this period were almost completely ignored by Russian historians in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods. The source base of this article consists of unpublished archival documents that shed light on the details of the business activities of merchants from Asia. Letters to the regional and Imperial administration made by Asian entrepreneurs, as well as personal letters from foreign merchants are particularly valuable in this regard. Traders had to deal with a long list of tasks. Before the caravan could go along the required route, it was necessary to hire responsible guides, which was not always possible (guides often turned out to be unreliable, which led to additional expenses for the cargo owners), acquire pack animals, take care of security and prepare a considerable amount of money for various road tolls for travelling through the Kazakh steppe. The merchants who were successful in the caravan trade were characterized by moral and psychological stability, the ability to restrain themselves, not succumbing to momentary desires, and even the skills of using cold weapons and firearms. To resolve issues that were exclusively within the competence of representatives of the Russian regional or central administration, Asian merchants had to possess certain communication skills.

TRADITIONAL WEAPONS ART OF DAGESTAN: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MASTER R. G. AKHMEDOV’S WORKS

The article attempts to highlight the traditional art of arms in Dagestan. A generalizing analysis of the arms trade is given; on the example of the author's works of the master of cold weapons Ramazan Akhmedov, the degree of influence of the author's works on the further development of modern arms art in Dagestan as a whole (for the period of the late XX – early XXI centuries) is determined. The innovative technologies and the characteristic ornamental style of compositions of the author's edged weapons are described.

Legal bases of circulation of cold weapons in Ukraine.

The scientific article determines the current state of legal regulation of the circulation of cold steel in Ukraine and also analyzes the latest bills to regulate this issue. A study of the social climate and opinions of Ukrainian citizens on the free possession of cold steel is conducted. The study identified the concept of «cold steel» and its qualifications. The analysis of normative documents in which the classification of types of cold steel and methods of forensic research are considered is carried out. The main criteria the category of cold steel are defined. The articles summarize the lack of certain means of cold steel, as well as the methodology itself, which determines which weapon belongs to the category of cold steel, and this language presupposes the presence of certain technical parameters. This situation creates a huge space for abuse both by experts, which can distort the results of the examination and by unscrupulous sellers, which can lead to a false phenomenon of possession of completely legal weapons and as a consequence may lead to criminal prosecution of Ukrainian citizens for part 2 of Article 263 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Illegal handling of weapons, ammunition or explosives». To resolve this controversial issue, our own methodology and criteria for classifying certain means as «cold steel» as well as decriminalization of liability for carrying a cold weapon are proposed, because the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine contains certain articles that already provide for liability for improper acquisition and storage of cold steel. Thus, today in Ukraine it is urgent to adopt a law on arms, which will clearly define such concepts as cold steel, research methods that will be simple and clear to anyone, whether he is a citizen of Ukraine or not, because many abuses by police officers who demand bribes in connection with this issue or take away items of historical or simply material value. There is no legal regulation of civil armaments in Ukraine, and therefore it cannot categorically raise the issue of criminal liability for committing certain actions in the absence of legal regulation of public relations in response to these issues. Criminological research has long and convincingly proven that punishment has never and nowhere been among the main deterrents to committing crimes. The existence of absurdly strict laws has never had a positive effect on the crime situation in the country.

Огневой бой и удар холодным оружием в пехотной тактике начала XVIII века

The author analyses the European infantry tactics at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries paying special attention to the use of firearms and cold weapon. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the military science of that epoch is considered through the lens of confrontation between supporters of the volley firing doctrine and the bayonet doctrine, which largely determined national specifics of some European armies. The conducted research allows concluding that, despite common trends in the West European military theory, the problem of using firearms and cold weapon was approached differently. The Russian military officials had negative perception of the European military science and adhered to the principle that the European military strategies should be introduced only after their approbation in field conditions.

Культовые предметы из сборов Приполярного этнографического отряда ИАЭТ СО РАН

Since the mid-80s of the 20th century, the ethnographic detachment of IAET SB RAS has been conducting research in the areas of compact residence of the Ob Ugrians in the Circumpolar Urals. The purpose of the study is to research changes in the traditional spiritual culture due to the intensity of civilizational processes. This year, the expedition route took place in the Berezovsky District of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Shuryshkarsky District of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, in the locations of traditional settlement of Khanty and Mansi. During the expedition, an extensive collection of cult and ritual objects, beaded jewelry worn on the chest, unique samples of the Mansi embroidery on the fabric made artistically from local vegetable fiber, counting tokens were collected. The article presents a detailed description and systematization of the objects of the collection found during a survey of abandoned houses and places of worship. The author pointed out the presence of products testifying to the tradition of making leadzoomorphic helper spirits and the rite of substitution of spirits, the use of cold weapons in the ritual practice, the custom of creating ittarmafigures as a receptacle for the soul of the deceased people with an anthropomorphic core, wooden for the Mansi and lead for the Khanty, cult attributes confirming the presence of the cult of Heavenly Horseman. The presence of cult attributes—sacrificial mantle and “heroic helmet”—confirm the cult of Heavenly Horseman. The heroic helmet is interesting due to the inclusion of a new plot—the image of a bird and the sun, the presence of an inner pocket with 7 coins of the 1920s in it, which testifies to the presence of a solar cult and worship of ancestors presented as a bird. Numerous sacral examples prove stability of a fishing cult with the indigenous population.

КОНСЕРВАЦИЯ И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ТРАДИЦИИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ БЕРЕСТЫ В КОНСТРУКЦИИ НОЖЕН САБЕЛЬ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ПОЛЬШИ И СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА В XVI-XVIII ВВ

The use of birch bark in the design of knife sheaths and sabers have become the subject of our research more than once. These theses are no exception. Research carried out in recent years in the Black Sea region, and the study of museum collections, allow us not only to identify new pieces of cold steel weapons of the 17th-18th centuries, with the scabbard made of birch bark, but also to identify common technological traditions with earlier samples of cold weapons from the archaeological sites of medieval nomads in the south of Western Siberia. One of the topical issues in the study of the design features of the sheath of bladed weapons of the 16th -18th centuries. In the North Caucasus and Eastern Poland, there are issues of continuity in the use of birch bark in their design. Keywords: Saber-chechugi, Armenian saber, scabbard, birch bark, medieval nomads, western Siberia, Eastern Poland, north Caucasus, Black Sea region

The Armament Complex of the Early Cossack Era According to the Materials of Excavations on the Island of Baida

The complex of Cossack armament of the 16th century is much less known than the weapons of 17th –18th centuries. This gap can be filled by excavation materials on the island Mala Khortytsia (Baida). The wooden fortifications with clay mud were found on the island. They are typical for the fortification of the 15th – 16th centuries. They were built in the same system as in princely times. There is an opinion that the basis of the Cossack weapon became the processed peasant tools: a battle sickle, a battle scythe, an axe, a morgenstern, etc. The finds on Baida Island do not confirm the thesis about the rural weapons of the first Cossacks. The weapons found on Baida makes it possible to assert that the typical complex of Cossack weapons, well known in the 17th century, had not yet been formed at an earlier time. However, the main signs of the armament of the European armies are also present in the Cossack armament complex on the island. During the years of the monument research, two samples of cannons, four samples of firearms, and numerous tools for firearms (bullets, rifle flints, wick locks, ramrods) were found. Cold weapons are represented by spears, sulitsas, knives, axes. The fragments of protective armor and numerous arrowheads were also found. The presence of sabers is evidenced by belt buckles and a fragment of a saber blade. Thus, the main weapon of the Cossack were muskets and pistols. Axes were in second place. The rest of the weapons can be classified as singular. At least two types of cannons were used.

MICROTRACES IN THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORIST NATURE CRIMES

The article is devoted to study of problems of microtraces classification at the general theoretical and scientific forensic level with subsequent extrapolation to microtraces which form a typical trace evidence picture of forensic characteristics in terrorist nature crimes. The analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of microtrace allows us to identify and outline main features typical for this definition, namely: small size; small amount of substances and materials: invisible or faintly visible under normal conditions of observation; peculiarities of their detection, record, seizure and research. The classification of microtraces based on various grounds is provided. Thus, according to organization of matter (form of physical embodiment), microtraces (microparticles) are divided into: single physical formations (individual physical bodies with a stable form); substances (materials) that do not take the from of an individual body (liquids, powdered substances). In accordance with immediate source of origin, micro-objects are classified into two large groups: parts of natural origin (from natural objects); parts separated from objects that are largely processed or man-made. In the first group, four subgroups must be distinguished: microtraces that have separated from the human body; micro-objects from animal; microparticles from plants; micro-objects of mineral nature. When considering micro-objects in conjunction with carrier objects, they are differentiated by a trace-forming object and the type of contact with the carrier: overlay; inclusion; layering.
 It is noted that the most typical ways of committing terrorist nature crimes are the use of firearms, cold weapons and the use of explosive weapons and / or explosives.
 Taking into account the fact that manufacture, possession and use of explosive weapons or explosives for the investigation of crimes of this category affects the criminal law qualification, tactics of individual investigative actions (eg site inspection, search, etc.). Microtraces can be classified according to conditions and time of their formation into the following groups: formation of microtraces that are associated with illegal manufacture, acquisition, storage, sale of explosive weapons or explosives; microtraces of preparation of explosive weapons directly before the explosion; microtraces of explosive weapons. The analysis of the essence of these situations allowed the author to establish and provide an appropriate list of typical microtraces in investigation of terrorist nature crime.

Formation of the Professionally Significant Skills and Competencies of Future Police Officers during Studying at Higher Educational Institutions

. The analysis of the activity of police officers, who had to deal with armed and aggressive offenders, was analyzed. The conducted research substantiated the original methodology of the preparation of future police officers for contact with an offender, armed with a cold weapon, and tested its efficiency. The essence of the original methodology is to form the future police officers’ professionally significant skills and competencies to apply coercive measures on the basis of the acquired special theoretical knowledge, introduced into the educational process of tactical and special training of simulated situational tasks and to develop professionally important psychological qualities. The study involved cadets, having entered educational institutions in 2016 (n=227), who were studying at the National Academy of Internal Affairs (Kyiv, Ukraine). The experimental (EG, n=111) and control (CG, n=116) groups were formed. The efficiency of the original methodology was evaluated by the indicators of theoretical and practical readiness of cadets and by the psychological qualities’ development level. The results of the experiment showed the efficiency of the original methodology in comparison to the traditional one: theoretical preparedness of the EG cadets was improved by 46.8%, CG – by 2.4%; practical readiness of the EG cadets was increased by 37.3%, CG – by 5.1%. The high level of cadets’ professionally significant skills acquired during studying contributed to the improvement of the efficiency of their future professional activity.

LIMITER – CONSTRUCTIVE COMPONENT, NECESSARY FOR DETERMINING A SUBJECT SHORT-POINTED WEAPONS

The systematic analysis of the world experience of civilian use of knives not as cold weapons showed that at present the knife did not become the main attribute of equipping tourists, fish men and even hunters. In particular, today there are very few types of hunting, during which the knife is used to finish off the beast or to protect against it. At the same time, as the practice of hunting management proves, during hunting there are many uses for the knife, even without considering it as a means for cooking. This, in particular, sharpening various stakes (for a tent, a hut, a campfire), skinning a game, preparing chips for a fire, scraping ice from skis or marsh mud from shoes. To do this, in accordance with current state technical standards, any folding knife must have a lock, and the blades of all knives must be of sufficient thickness so as not to break from the load. Handles of hunting knives should be comfortable to hold so that your hand will not get tired during long-term work. For all knives, according to the technical requirements, the length and thickness of the blade must be consistent, as well as the angle of inclination of the tip relative to the axis of the blade. With regard to the above, an interesting example is the collection of knives by the Swedish company Eriksson, consisting of four models, made in the configuration of the Swedish finca. The knives have a handle and a blade of a classic Finnish knife, but with a one-sided stopper. Their blades, depending on the color of the handle, are made of different types of steel. Knives with blue plastic handles have stainless steel blades, and knives with red handles are made of carbon steel. It is believed that in Sweden almost every construction worker walks with such a knife in his pocket. It should be noted that according to the current method of forensic investigation of cold weapons and structurally similar products in it, these knives can be attributed to cold weapons by the size of the blade. It is also interesting an urban-type knife, which is not a cold weapon of the Worden Tactical Medium Company. Renowned wizard Kelly Warden, an instructor for American Rangers, designs this knife. Since 2001, Kelly Warden has been the main consultant on impact and blade weapons of Detachment 1 of the US Special Forces. He trains Special Forces hand-to-hand combat with the use of a knife, machete, baton, sticks, as well as the method of forceful detention. The blade length of the knife described is 74 mm, thickness – 3.8 mm; the handle has a sub-finger protrusion to prevent the arm from slipping on the blade. The knife does not have a standard stopper, which, in addition to protecting it from slipping the hand on the blade, must prevent the hand from sinking into the victim’s body. By all measures, this knife is not a cold weapon in accordance with the requirements of the criminal law of Ukraine. Kelly Warden believes that the knife as a means of self-defense levels the difference in weight, height and physical strength, but its main drawback is its damaging ability. The proposed article is devoted to this circumstance, the definition of the role of the restrictor in classifying a knife as a cold weapon.

Homicide of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Travestis, Transexuals, and Transgender people (LGBT) in Brazil: a Spatial Analysis.

Violence against LGBT people has always been present in our society. Brazil is the country with the highest number of lethal crimes against LGBT people in the world. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of homicides of LGBT people in Brazil using spatial analysis. The LGBT homicide rate was used to facilitate the visualization of the geographical distribution of homicides. Public thoroughfares and the victim's home were the most common places of occurrence. The most commonly used methods for killing male homosexuals and transgender people were cold weapons and firearms, respectively; however, homicides frequently involved beatings, suffocation, and other cruelties. The large majority of victims were aged between 20 and 49 years and typically white or brown. The North, Northeast and Central-West regions, precisely the regions with the lowest HDI, presented LGBT homicide rates above the national rate. LGBT homicides are typically hate crimes and constitute a serious public health problem because they affect young people, particularly transgender people. This problem needs to be addressed by the government, starting with the criminalization of homophobia and the subsequent formulation of public policies to reduce hate crimes and promote respect for diversity.

Characteristics of the site selection and the layout of the Great Wall of the Ming dynasty from a military perspective: Xiaohekou section as an example

As a great engineering work for the purpose of military defense in the time of Cold Weapon, the Great Wall's military function is of the most importance. This study takes the Xiaohekou section of the Great Wall in Mount. Zhuizi constructed in the Ming Dynasty in Liaoning Province as the research object. In addition, this study discusses the relationship between the terrain and its site selection and layout from the military perspective. This research analyzes the trend and the grade of the terrain, the distance, the view range, and the effective firing range between the main body and the subsidiary establishments through GIS software. The GPS data collected in the on-site investigation were used, applying the theories of military geomorphology. Furthermore, this study concludes the characteristics of the site selection and the layouts of the city walls, the hollow watchtowers, the Ma'mians, and the signal towers on different terrains and the reasons behind.