Abstract
This paper reports the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of 4 objects of cold weapons of the 19th and early 20th centuries, made of iron – bayonet knives and sabers. This makes it possible to establish the signs of authenticity of cold weapon samples made of iron in that chronological period. An authentic procedure has been proposed for examining the chemical composition of the surface of historical objects of cold weapons by rubbing the samples with cotton wool swabs and their subsequent investigation. This makes it possible to explore objects of cold weapons, whose size is large, as well as simplify the very procedure for studying objects of historical and cultural value. Using the X-ray fluorescent chemical analyzer Expert Mobile, chemical elements were found at the surface of samples of cold weapons made of iron. The presence of such elements is the result of the process of re-crystallization and self-purification of metal during a long history of its life. Elements found in almost every rubbing sample were identified: calcium, ferrum, zinc, cuprum, and chlorine. The studies of cold weapons samples testify to the heterogeneity of the composition of patina formations on their surface, which confirms the authenticity of ancient objects. In addition, the studies have shown a difference in the chemical composition of surface layers of different parts of individual samples of antique cold weapons, which may indicate different times or different technology for their manufacture. The fluorescence spectra of the obtained rubbing of individual samples of cold weapons were compared with "pure" material, which made it possible to identify elements removed from the surface of objects. The study results are important indicators to confirm the authenticity of cultural monuments and the technology of their manufacture in the past.
Highlights
Fundamental research in the field of materials science, carried out during the last century, allows us to assert that the physicochemical properties of metals and their alloys have been fully studied
It should be noted that at that time special attention was paid to devising the technologies for metal refining ‒ methods for obtaining pure and ultra-pure metals, which are devoid of the content of chemical and mechanical impurities
The purpose of this study is to devise criteria for the authenticity of historical cold weapons made of iron, based on the X-ray fluorescence analysis of surface examination
Summary
Fundamental research in the field of materials science, carried out during the last century, allows us to assert that the physicochemical properties of metals and their alloys have been fully studied. The energy of the metal crystalline lattice during the growth time of crystals contributes to pushing out (into thermal solutions or melts) of impurity chemical elements, causing deep purification of the crystalline phase of the metal. These technologies involve melting with the gradual cooling of the melt at temperatures close to eutectics. In that case, they proceed very slowly – for hundreds, and sometimes thousands of years This circumstance makes it possible to formulate several important scientific hypotheses for expert activities regarding the possibility of using the results of studying the chemical composition of the surface of cultural monuments made of metals. It is a relevant task to devise criteria for the authenticity of historical artifacts made from metals based on the study of the chemical composition of the surface
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