Soaking In Cold Water Research Articles

Effect of soaking and inositol phosphate content on in vitro mineral availability in edible seaweeds

Seaweeds are an ideal food-safe natural source of minerals with a potential use in human nutrition. However, the presence of phytate and different treatments before consumption could modify mineral availability. The content and in vitro mineral availability after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion of wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), nori (Porphyra spp.), sea salad (Ulva lactuca, Palmaria palmata, Undaria pinnatifida, Porphyra spp., Laminaria spp.), and sea spaghetti (Himanthalia elongata) were studied. Experiments were assessed after a soaking treatment of seaweeds with cold (20 °C) or hot (70 °C) water, as usually processing before eating. Moreover, inositol phosphate content was determined in the edible macroalgae and the molar ratio phytate/mineral was used as a predictor of the relative availability of minerals. Overall, edible analyzed seaweeds showed a high Ca, Fe, P, and K contents, highlighting wakame for all the studied minerals. In all cases, soaking in cold water showed the highest soluble and dialyzable mineral fractions. High content of phytic acid (IP6) was observed in sea salad (≈ 25 mg (100 g)−1); meanwhile, sea spaghetti showed the lowest IP6 content (3.9 mg (100 g)−1). The low molar ratios Phy/Ca and Phy/Zn obtained in seaweeds could indicate an adequate availability. However, ratios Phy/Fe could compromise the iron availability in wakame, nori, and sea spaghetti. Results obtained confirm that external factor such as soaking, gastrointestinal digestion, and inositol phosphates can affect the mineral availability. Consumption of edible seaweeds can be recommended for the necessary intake of available minerals and trace elements.

Effect of Soaking Techniques and Pasteurization with and Without Acids on Some Quality Attributes of Chili Puree Prepared from Capsicum annuum Variety Kulai

Dried chilies (Capsicum annuum Variety Kulai) were reconstituted using two different soaking techniques (cold water and boiled water soakings), crushing and stone-grinding into a fine puree and pasteurized with and without citric and acetic acids. The quality attributes of chili puree were evaluated regarding pH, moisture, Hunter surface color (L, a, b and hue angle and chroma), extractable color (ASTA units) and capsaicinoid content. Results showed that different soaking techniques had a pronounced effect on the pH, moisture content, Hunter surface color, extractable color, hue angle and chroma of the puree. However, chili puree prepared by boiled-water soaking had lower capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations compared to cold water soaking. Pasteurization did not seem to give an effect on the Hunter surface color (L, a, and b) and pungency of the puree produced. Overall, the combined treatments of boiled water soaking and pasteurization in the presence of a mixture of 1 % acetic acid (AA) and 0.2% citric acid (CA) conferred the best puree quality.

Germination pretreatment and storage behavior of Terminalia laxiflora seed

Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels. is an important indigenous and multi-purpose species in Ethiopia. However threatened due to low germination and its storage behavior is unknown. In this study, we aimed to (1) test pretreatments for breaking the dormancy of T. laxiflora seed and (2) determine its storage behavior. Seeds were subjected to four pretreatments such as soaking, scarification, high-temperature, and control. Experiments were done before storage and after 2 years of dry storage at cold temperature (− 10 °C) based on randomized design with four replicates. The first round of experimental results showed that T. laxiflora seeds with high temperature treatments at 78 °C for 10 min showed significantly higher germination percentage (80%). In the second round experiment, high-temperature treatment at 78 °C for 15 min, cold water soaking, high-temperature treatment at 78 °C for 10 min, hot water soaking, and high-temperature treatment at 78 °C for 5 min showed significantly higher germination percentage from the remaining treatments (75, 64, 58, 56, and 53%, respectively). To break the dormancy of T. laxiflora seed and attain good germination result, seeds should be pretreated with high-temperature at 78 °C for 10 min to test the initial germination before storage and should be pretreated with high-temperature (at 78 °C for 15, 10, or 5 min), soaked in cold, or hot water for 24 h to monitor the germination after storage. The two experiments show that T. laxiflora produces orthodox seed.

Establishment of seed germination and micropropagation protocols for Senegalia nigrescens, a potential anti-virulent species

ABSTRACTThis study describes seed germination and micropropagation of Senegalia nigrescens, an economic, medicinal and nitrogen-fixing species of South Africa. Seeds of S. nigrescens were subjected to pre-sowing treatments including soaking in cold water for 24 h, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 4, 8 and 12 min and mechanically scarifying seeds before sowing on Petri plates with wet filter paper. Mechanically-scarified seeds were also sown aseptically on a filter paper bridge, plain agar, ½ or full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Single nodal explants from MS-derived seedlings were grown on MS media supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L−1 of benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) and a combination of 0.5 mg L−1 of BAP and KIN to investigate shoot multiplication. No significant differences were observed in the number of shoots produced across all treatments. However, the treatment containing 1.0 mg L−1 KIN produced a significantly higher shoot length (14.17 ± 5.20 mm) than 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L−1 BAP (7.67 ± 3.87, 6.75 ± 2.93 and 8.70 ± 3.56 mm, respectively). The highest rooting rate (16.7%) was obtained on ¼ strength MS supplemented with either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations 1.0 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised with a 66.7% survival rate. The findings from this study would be of great benefit for the commercial propagation of S. nigrescens.

Effect of Ultrasound on Rough Rice Moisture Absorption Rate during Initial Soaking

Discharge of untreated wastewater to the environment, especially to the natural water bodies, is common in most of the small and medium scale parboiled rice processing facilities in Sri Lanka although the regulations do not permit such discharge. Effluents are added to water during soaking in the parboiling process where raw paddy is soaked in stagnant cold water for 36 to 72 hours or 2 to 4 hours in hot water at 60-650C. Soaking followed by steaming and drying are the main steps of rice parboiling and this pre-gelatinization process reduces rice breakage during milling. Hot soaking can reduce water consumption by 91.6 – 95.8 % and soaking time by 95%. However, hot soaking needs significantly high energy and special equipment including a boiler and therefore, it is not popular among the small-scale millers. The small-scale millers are accountable for about 70% of rice milling in the country and about 55% of rice is consumed as parboiled rice. Due to high prevalence of cold-water soaking method, adverse environmental effects could occur as a result of discharging of waste water. Therefore, finding solutions to minimize the impact is essential. Recent studies have shown evidence that different types of grain soaking can be improved by applying ultrasound waves during soaking. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of moisture absorption rate of rough rice during cold soaking when combined with sonication to reduce soaking time, water usage and effluent generation. The laboratory studies revealed that ultrasound treatment could increase the soaking rate significantly. However, this is mainly due to the temperature rising during sonication and not due to the cavitation shear forces causing high sound pressure. When the temperature of water was maintained at room temperature, the soaking rate increased only slightly. Therefore, this study proved that sonication improved soaking rate of paddy.

Effect of pre-sowing treatment on seed germination of Ixora coccinea L.

<p><em>Ixora coccinea</em> L. is ornamentally and medicinally important coastal plant also associated with mangroves of Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri district. In present study seeds of <em>I. coccinea</em> were treated with cold water, 50°C hot water, germinator solution and also 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 500 ppm GA. Germination percentage were measured every day until no germination were observed. Data was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant mean difference in pair of treatments was analysed by using t-Test. Seeds of <em>I. coccinea </em>treated with 100 ppm GA showed highest germination percentage i.e. 90% followed by hot water treated seeds and it showed 85% germination.<em> </em>Seeds were treated with GA, Hot water, Germinator, soaking in cold water showed significant difference in between treatments ( p<0.05). Overall results suggest that 100 ppm GA and hot water treatment used for enhance the germination of <em>I. coccinea</em> seeds.</p>

Effect of Soaking on Nitrate Concentrations in Teff Hay

Soaking can affect respirable dust particles and the concentrations of some nutrients in alfalfa and cool season grass hays. However, the effect of soaking on nitrates in hay has not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soaking on teff hay, a warm season annual grass, that contained high concentrations of nitrate (>2.0%). Six bales of teff hay were used for the study. Six 0.5 kg samples were taken from each bale and assigned to one of six soaking treatments: no soaking (control), cold water immersion for 10 seconds, warm water immersion for 10 seconds, cold water soaking for 1 hour, warm water soaking for 1 hour, and cold water soaking for 8 hours. After soaking, hay was dried, ground, and submitted to a commercial laboratory for analysis. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance as a block design. When the main effect of treatment was significant (P < .05), means were separated by Tukey's honest significant difference test. Soaking for 1 or 8 hours decreased water-soluble carbohydrate (P < .0001). Phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc concentrations were reduced by soaking for 1 hour or longer (P, K, Na: P < .0001; Zn: P = .003). Nitrate concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) to safe levels for horses (≤0.5%) by soaking hay for 1 hour or longer but soaking also reduced the concentrations of some nutrients in the hay. Minimal differences were observed between cold and warm soaking temperatures.

Provenance and pretreatment effect on seed germination of six provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev

A nursery experiment was conducted to determine the effects of seed pretreatment methods on the germination of Faidherbia albida at ICRAF, Nairobi from six provenances consisting of Awassa, Taveta, Lake Koka, Maseno, Chinzombo and Wagingombe. Seeds were subjected to five pretreatment methods namely nicking, soaking in acid, hot water, cold water and control. Germination percentages (GP), mean germination time (MGT) and germination index (GI) were calculated and the data was subjected to ANOVA. The study revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in seed treatments among provenances in all studied parameters. Highest germination among pretreatments in Awassa (99 %) and Wagingombe (80 %) was observed in nicked seeds, Chinzombo (81 %) in nicked and acid treated seeds, Lake Koka (90 %) in acid treated seeds and Taveta (28 %) and Maseno (64 %) in cold water treated seeds. Nicking gave the highest cumulative GP (69.67) while lowest GP was observed in hot water treated seeds (23.17). Acid treatment exhibited lowest MGT (8.85 days) and highest GI (2.29) while highest MGT (24.35 days) and lowest GI (0.31) were observed in control and hot water treatment respectively. Although acid treatment gave a high GP and lowest MGT and GI, nicking and soaking in cold water for 24 h is being recommended as cheaper and less hazardous pretreatment methods to improve germination in F. albida since sulphuric acid is expensive and requires proper handling techniques. Significant correlation between geo-climatic data and germination parameters of seeds subjected to different pretreatments indicates that provenances are as important as pretreatments in germination of the species.

Influence of Different Pre-sowing Treatments on Germination and Seedling Vigour of Guava (Psedium guajava L.) Seeds

The study aimed at investigating the effect of pre-sowing treatments on the germination and seedling vigour of Guava (Var. Allahabad Safeda) seeds. The pre- sowing treatments were made up cold and hot water soaking, manual scarification with sand paper, electronic scarification, different concentration of sulphuric acid, H2O2, CaOCl2 along with control. The treated and control seeds were placed for germination in top of the paper method. Twenty five days after sowing the result revealed that seeds soaked with CaOCl2 2% for 12 hrs. registered highest germination of 41 per cent followed by seed treated with H2SO4 200ml/kg for 15 minutes (40%). The control seeds gave only 10 per cent germination. Vigour index values shows significant differences among the treatments. The highest vigour index values of 119 were recorded in the seeds treated with H2SO4 200ml/kg for 10 minutes. The lowest vigour index value of 16 was recorded in control treatment. The results showed that treating the seeds with CaOCl2 2% for 12 hrs (or) treated with H2SO4 200ml/kg for 10 (or) 15 minutes was the most effective pre-sowing treatment for the germination and seedling vigour of Guava seeds.

Screening the effect of gelatinization temperature and cold water soaking on functional properties of selected traditional rice varieties in Sri Lanka

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (IJMS) is published by the Faculty of Graduate Studies - University of Sri Jayewardenepura. IJMS provides a supportive environment for multidisciplinary researchers to publish their contribution to the academy of knowledge and wisdom. Focus of the journal is on multidisciplinary research which should cover at least two distinct disciplines.

The Performance and Properties of Wood–Polypropylene Panels as Affected by Wood Aqueous Extraction

Abstract The manufacturing of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) by compounding wood particles with plastic at temperatures above their melting point may cause thermal degradation of the wood, which can lead to undesirable properties, including odor, discoloration, and degradation of the mechanical properties of the panels. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a particle pretreatment (cold-water soaking and hot-water extraction) on the performance and properties of WPC panels made of four lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) and polypropylene (PP), 50/50 by weight. Composites filled with pretreated and untreated particles of three wood species and date palm midrib fronds were manufactured using a melt blending technique followed by compression molding. The physical, mechanical, and dimensional stability properties of the WPC panels were evaluated. The results indicated that the four LCMs are significantly different in all chemical constituents. Pretreating the wood particles by either cold or hot water resulted in significant improvements in the compatibility of each wood species with PP, as was observed by an increase in the mechanical properties and by a decrease in the water uptake and thickness swelling of the composite panels. An enhancement in strand color and a decrease in smoke and excessive odor during the compounding process were also observed, which resulted in an enhancement in the performance of the produced panels, particularly for the date palm midrib fronds.

Seed Germination and Effects of Three Watering Regimes on the Growth of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Dialium guineense&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Wild) Seedlings

The effectiveness of three pre-germination treatments in breaking dormancy of the seeds of Dialum guineense and effects of three watering regimes on the growth performance of the seedlings were investigated. The pre-germination treatments were: soaking in hot water for 10 seconds and cooling down in cold water (T1), soaking in cold water for 24 hours (T2), soaking in running water for 48 hours (T3) and control (T4), while watering regimes include: watering once daily in the morning (W1), watering once every two days in the morning (W2) and watering once every three days in the morning (W3). The results showed that germination occurred first at 5 days after sowing (5 DAS) among the seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hours before sowing (T2), while the untreated seeds (control) took the longest period of 12 days before germination occurred. T1 had the highest germination value of 49.6% while T3 had the least of 31.2%. The effects of watering regimes were found to be significantly different on stem-collar diameter, leaf area and total dry weight (P 2 and W3 supported the best growth performance. It is concluded from the results that T2 should be adopted for breaking the dormancy of Dialium guineense seeds and watering interval of three days would not dispose the seedlings to water-stress.

Potentials of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Bambusa vulgaris&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Grown in Southeast Nigeria for the Manufacture of Wood-Cement Composite Panels

In this work, the potentials of Bambusa vulgaris grown in southeast Nigeria for the manufacture of wood-cement composite panels were studied. Representative culms of Bambusa vulgaris were collected from a 4-year-old stand at lower Anambra river basin, southeast, Nigeria. Fiber morphological properties and proximate chemical analysis were determined in accordance with the provisions of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI, 1998). Fiber slenderness ratio was 160.95:1, component solubility of 3.09, 5.60, and 19.8 percent for cold water soak for 24 hrs; hot water soak at 80°C for 1 hr, and 1% NaOH soak for 24 hrs respectively. Composite panels were made at 1200 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 density levels with flakes of different soak treatments (untreated/control; cold water soak for 24 hrs; water at 80°C soak for 1 hr and 1% NaOH soak for 24 hrs) at variable cement/B. vulgaris mix ratios (1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 and 3:1 wt/wt) with 3% CaCl2 as accelerator applied to the wood furnish before cement mixing. Prepared furnish was subjected to initial pre-pressing of 0.5 N/mm2 and final consolidation of 1.4 N/mm2 retained for 24 hrs. Panels were sampled and tested after 28 days for Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) in bending and for water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) due to a 24-hr water soak. Test was in accordance with provisions of American Standard for Testing of Materials (ASTM-1998). Properties ranged from a low of 25.00 to 75.45 N/mm2 for MOR; 4128 to 15,065 N/mm2 for MOE; 15.01 to 36.11 percent for WA and 3.04 to 12.72 percent for TA. Effect of production mix on properties was determined using factorial analysis. Except for composite density whose effect was not significant at 0.05% level, all production mix was found significant at 0.01% level at the second order level of interactions. All panels met minimum property requirements of American National Standard Institute 208-2-1994 and 208-1-1993, British Standard (BS 5669, 1979) and Malaysian Standard (MS 934, 1984).

Investigating the extent of urea formaldehyde resin cure in medium density fibreboard: Characterisation of extractable resin components

Panel mass and nitrogen losses indicate medium density fibreboard (MDF) panels bonded with differing urea formaldehyde (UF) resins readily lose some 40–70% of resin components on exposure to cold water soaking. Analysis reveals these labile extractable resin components to be low molecular weight UF oligomers which were not present in such amounts in the original UF resins. Panel emissions appear linked to the relative proportions of these extractable UF resin condensation products. Furthermore, results indicate that when applying resin to fibre, resin components may chromatographically separate and become unavailable to cross-link into a fully cured resin matrix. Differences in wood fibre extractives, resin chemistry or application methodology gave minor differences in extractable resin components, but a greater resin loading contributed to lower relative resin extractability.

Effect of Seed Size and Pretreatment Methods on Germination of Albizia lebbeck

Albizia lebbeck is a multipurpose tree species prioritised for conservation in Malawi. The different plant parts are used in traditional medicine to treat different diseases. However, the seeds are dormant, and the tree species remain undomesticated. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed size and presowing on the germination of Albizia lebbeck in a nursery. Seeds were grouped into four categories in regard to their length, small (≤0.5 cm), medium ( cm), large (≥0.8 cm), and mixture of small, medium, and large seeds. The seeds were subjected to five main seed pretreatment methods, namely, soaking in sulphuric acid for 2 minutes, nicking, soaking in hot water for 5 minutes, soaking in cold water for 24 hours, and control where seeds were sown without any treatment. The results indicate that combination of nicking and large seeds produced the highest (100%) germination. Hot water treatment was effective in large seeds producing 67.5% germination. The increased germination for mechanically scarified seeds through nicking suggests that seed dormancy in Albizia lebbeck is mainly due to its hard seed coat. Therefore, it is recommended to farmers to adopt use of nicking and large seeds, since it is safe and effective.

Food Processing Trials Using Underwater Shock Wave by Electrical Discharge

We propose a new method for the efficient decompression of frozen food under high dynamic pressure. Two experiments are conducted on an ice block containing peeled shrimp: wire explosion and underwater shock wave. In these experiments, the ice is finely crushed, while the frozen peeled shrimps retain their original shape and can be efficiently extracted. Since ice crushing is performed momentarily, the defrosting time is significantly shorter than that in traditional thawing techniques, such as melting in running water or cold-water soaking. This new method could increase the efficiency of food production processes.

An Optimal Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Densification (THM) Process for Densifying Balsam Fir Wood

To better utilize low-density softwood, a thermo-hydro-mechanical densification process performed in an open system was studied to enable the manufacture of densified wood with a hard surface, strong bonding, and good dimensional stability. This study was aimed at optimizing three densification parameters, i.e., compression ratio (CR), temperature, and time, for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). The Brinell surface hardness, bond strength, and thickness recovery ratio of densified fir were examined. It was found that the optimal densification parameters were a CR of 60%, a temperature of 230 ºC, and a time of 20 minutes. The surface hardness and bond strength of optimized densified fir were about 30 and 8 MPa, respectively. The thickness recovery ratio of the densified fir after a 2-hour cold water soaking and another 2-hour boiling treatment was about 10%. Because the densified fir in this study was used for indoor applications only, its thickness recovery ratio could be minimal under conditions of use.

Development of starch/shellac-based composites for food contact applications

The present study aimed at exploiting the unfavorable changes of thermally modified shellac with the idea of developing starch/shellac-based composites intended for food contact applications. On baking shellac samples at 200°C for different time intervals (0–20 min), functional groups and linkages were drastically modified, especially anhydride formation, polyesterification, and ether/acetyl linkage occurrences. These processes caused a marked increase in the glass transition temperatures (from about 33 to 60°C) and melting temperatures (from 175 to about 230°C) but a decreased solubility in ethanol (from 95 to 9%). The addition of shellac into a starch-based formulation for producing shaped bodies in combination with heat could significantly strengthen the composite materials and drastically reduce the water uptake after soaking in both cold water and hot water. Furthermore, application of a food-grade biodegradable coating showed remarkable improvement in terms of water resistance and mechanical strength of the composites. The first attempt at making chopsticks was successful and showed promising results. Nevertheless, forming processes and mold designs of such articles—long narrow tubes—need further study.

EFFECT OF SOAKING PRE-TREATMENTS ON NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (VIGNA SUBTERRANEA) FLOUR

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) is one of the underutilised legumes in Nigeria. The protein content of the seeds is high with a good balance of essential amino acids, especially lysine and methionine. Bambara groundnut is a particularly hardy crop, being extremely drought resistant, and can be grown under extreme climatic conditions; hence, it is a promising crop against global climatic changes. However, the legume contains certain anti-nutrients which hinder the efficient utilisation, absorption or digestion of nutrients and thus reduce their bioavailability and their nutritional qualities. This study investigated the effect of soaking pretreatments on the nutritional composition and functional properties of flour from black and cream Bambara groundnut with a view to provide information that will enhance the end use of the legume. Soaking the seeds in hot water for 4 h resulted in the highest reduction in the tannin, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, oxalate and heamagglutinin contents of the flour compared to 24 h soaking in cold water and 3 h soaking in hot water. Soaking does not have significant (P>0.05) effect on the proximate composition of the flours, irrespective of cultivar. Moisture, ash, fat, protein and crude fibre contents ranged from 9.9-11.5%, 2.7-3.1%, 7.6-9.4, 18.4-19.7% and from 1.1-2.3%, respectively. The mineral composition of the flour was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the soaking treatment. Soaking in hot water resulted in a greater reduction in mineral content than soaking in cold water. Water absorption capacity ranged from 69.6-90.8% while dispersibility ranged from 70.5-75.5%. Swelling power and solubility ranged from 4.9-5.9 and from 22.7-31.9%, respectively. Emulsion stability, foaming capacity and foaming stability of the flours ranged from 59.8-78.5%, 10.0-18.0 foam volume/ml and from 50-66%, respectively. The study concludes that soaking pretreatment led to significant reduction in the anti-nutritional factors and mineral content (copper, manganese and zinc) of Bambara groundnut flour.

Fundamentals of MDF Panel Dimensional Stability: Analysis of MDF High-Density Layers

The inherent resin and fiber chemistry of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels has been compared with panel cold water soak properties. In hot-pressed panels it was observed that resin type and hydrophobicity significantly impact panel swell behavior. Resin affects both fiber hydrophobicity and equilibrium moisture content (EMC), but does not prevent water uptake. It is the influence of resin type on high-density layer thickness swell which suggests resin efficacy is important to retaining bonding in the fiber network and resisting fiber spring-back and panel swell. Fiber contact angles were found to be of less importance, only manifesting when comparing E0 and E1 urea formaldehyde (UF) resins. The E0 panel was considerably more hydrophilic, impacting its wetting behavior, and contributing to greater panel layer thickness swells. For cold-pressed panels, the absence of a high-density layer and relative fiber hydrophobicity were important. Cold-pressed polymeric methylene diisocyanate (pMDI) panels had greater hydrophobicity than E1 UF resin panels which, together with the greater bonding of pMDI, led to improved panel water soak properties. In the case of the cold-pressed E1 UF resin, the relatively hydrophilic fiber and relatively even density profile contributed to an extremely poor water soak performance. Overall, results show that the interactions of contributing factors to panel swell are complex and all may significantly affect panel water soak behaviors.