Cold Flow Properties Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Optimizing cold-flow properties and oxidation stability of B40 biodiesel blend with turpentine oil and ethanol: Experimental and quantum chemical approach

This study investigates the effectiveness of turpentine oil and ethanol as cold-flow improvers (CFIs), synergizing as antioxidants for ternary B40 biodiesel blend. Utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of these CFIs on the ternary blend, including cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), filter blocking tendency (FBT), precipitation, and oxidation stability, were comprehensively evaluated. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) presented that a linear model best describes the impact of CFIs on CP, whereas quadratic models more accurately represent CFPP, FBT, and oxidation stability. The results also demonstrate that 2FI was identified as the most suitable model for describing precipitation responses. The optimal concentrations of turpentine oil and ethanol were determined to be 10 % v/v and 0.5 % v/v, respectively, resulting in predicted values for CP, CFPP, FBT, precipitation, and oxidation stability of 10.4 °C, 9.0 °C, 1.31, 9.09 mg/100 mL, and 225 minutes, respectively. Theoretical insights from density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the primary interaction controlling wax formation in biodiesel blends is the strong hydrogen bonding between monostearin and pinene, a major component of turpentine oil, which effectively disrupts wax crystallization. This study presents a novel approach to enhancing B40 biodiesel cold-flow properties and maintaining its oxidation stability by utilizing the synergistic effects of turpentine oil and ethanol to optimize B40 biodiesel formulation.

A Review of Biodiesel Cold Flow Properties and Its Improvement Methods: Towards Sustainable Biodiesel Application

Significant concerns over energy security and environmental impact reduction will drive all stakeholders to generate proper alternative energies. Biodiesel is a prospective cleaner-burning biofuel that can contribute on addressing these concerns globally. Presently, pure biodiesel (B100) application is still facing several obstacles, principally in terms of its cold flow properties. Improvement in cold flow behavior parameters is the solution to promoting biodiesel implementation at a higher percentage and wider environmental temperature range. This study provides a detailed review of several improvement methods, both physical, chemical, and biological, from various scientific sources, to elevate the cold fluidity characteristics of biodiesel. The investigated methods convincingly offer proper enhancement in the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Mostly, this improvement is accompanied by an alleviation in oxidation stability, cetane number, and/or viscosity. However, the skeletal isomerization method presents promising cold fluidity refinement with minimal reduction in other physical properties. Therefore, the continuous development of these methods promises global sustainable application of high-quality biodiesel.

Cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and a new improvement method

Biodiesel despite its positive advantages when using it as a fuel in replacement of diesel, suffers a major drawback in the cold flow properties (CFP). During winters, plugging of the filters as well as crystallization of the fatty acid are two of the leading problems that makes the fuel to not reach injectors and the combustion chamber and therefore the engine does not start. Cold flow properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) through the reduction of cloud point (CP), pour point (PP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) where investigated in this work. The effectiveness of an approaches using the combination of two techniques, controlled winterization and addition of fatty acids 2-ethylhexyl esters (FAEhE) to reduce CP, PP and CFPP was studied. The change in CP, PP and CFPP corresponded to a decrease in the saturated ethyl esters content. A reduction of the palmitic and stearic acid ethyl esters content of 20,63 % and 8.64 % respectively was found. There was not significant effect on the fuel properties due to changes in the chemical composition of liquid fractions. However, using a Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology optimization, the lowest CP, PP and CFPP for WCOB biodiesel could be obtained working with a winterization temperature of −5 °C, adding a 10 % of FAEhE and cooling during 30 min.

Optimization of biodiesel yield from waste cooking oil and sesame oil using RSM and ANN techniques

In the era of global energy crises and the pressing concern of fossil fuel depletion, the quest for sustainable alternatives has become paramount. The current study aims to optimize biodiesel extraction from a combination of waste cooking oil (WCO) and sesame seed oil (SSO) through response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from WCO are a major obstacle to the commercial use of biodiesel. On the other hand, SSO possesses better oxidation stability and cold flow properties. A mixture of waste cooking oil (i.e. 70 % by volume) and sesame seed oil (i.e. 30 % by volume) has been prepared for biodiesel production via a microwave-assisted transesterification process. For biodiesel yield optimization, the interaction among the operating parameters is developed by RSM, whereas biodiesel yield is predicted by ANN. The operating parameters include reaction speed, RPM (100–600 rpm), reaction time (1–5 min), methanol to oil ratio (8:1–12:1 v/v), and catalyst concentration (0.1–2 % w/w). The highest biodiesel yield of 94 % is found at a reaction speed of 350 rpm, reaction time of 3 min, catalyst concentration of 1.05 w/w, and methanol to oil ratio of 10:1. Furthermore, it is discovered that when estimating biodiesel production rate depending on reaction constraints, ANN shows lower comparative error compared to RSM. The results show that ANN outperforms RSM in terms of percentage improvement when it comes to biodiesel production prediction.

Microwave-enhanced preparation of finned-FER zeolites and their application in the skeletal isomerization of FAME

The skeletal isomerization of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is vital for producing branched-chain esters and is a great tool to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Ferrierite (H-FER) zeolite is an effective catalyst for facilitating this reaction; however, its efficiency can be limited by site accessibility and pore structure. Thus, our research developed a novel method for producing finned-FER zeolites by a seed-mediated approach that applies microwave heating with H-FER as seeds. The main focus was to examine how varying synthesis conditions, particularly microwave heating time, influenced the physical and chemical properties of the produced zeolites; we showed that the optimized condition was achieved with 6 h of microwave heating, revealing well-defined finned crystals and improved characteristics. Finally, the study evaluated the catalytic performance of these finned-FER zeolites. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, serving as a model reaction, was employed to assess the performance of the materials. We also accessed the performance of these materials in the same reaction in the presence of triphenylphosphine, offering a deeper understanding of the real active sites and their accessibility. Furthermore, the isomerization reactions of methyl oleate were explored to evaluate the practical applicability of the synthesized zeolites. The results revealed that branched isomers exceeding 70 % yield were achieved at 89 % conversion for the best catalyst at a temperature of 250 °C and 20 bar of H2 for 6 h. Thus, this research proposes a more efficient method for synthesizing finned-FER zeolites and systematically analyzes their characteristics, highlighting potential improvements in catalytic efficiency and sustainability.

Prediction of the cold flow properties of biodiesel using the FAME distribution and Machine learning techniques

Burning fossil fuels is a significant contributor to global warming due to CO2 emissions. To mitigate these emissions, alternative bio-based fuels, such as biodiesel, have been developed. The cold flow properties of biodiesel, including pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and cloud point (CP), are crucial. Predicting these properties can aid in selecting bio-oils for biodiesel production. Machine learning techniques were utilized to reveal intricate connections between the content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in biodiesel and its cold flow properties. This study created three machine learning models based on a database of over 200 biodiesel samples to predict the aforementioned cold flow properties. The models' performance was assessed using three standard regression metrics: mean absolute error, mean squared error, and coefficient of determination. The experimental results show that the optimal algorithm for PP, CFPP, and CP has an average error of 4.51 °C, 3.56 °C, and 4.17 °C, respectively. The study also investigated the significance of various biodiesel attributes in making precise predictions, revealing that the distribution of FAME and the number of double bonds in the biodiesel are crucial factors for accurate predictions.

Improvement of Oxidation Stability and Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel Using Mixed Oil Strategy

Improvement of Oxidation Stability and Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel Using Mixed Oil Strategy

Effect of acidity and mesoporosity in H-USY on conversion of wheat straw to ethyl levulinate (Biofuel additive)

Cold flow properties of biodiesel can be improved by addition of additives especially ethyl levulinate (EL up to 20%). There are very limited information on synthesis of EL from actual raw biomass like wheat straw over heterogeneous catalyst. The present article elaborated on optimization of Acidity to Mesoporosity ratio in H-USY, which is crucial for its application in conversion of raw wheat straw to selective formation of EL in one-step. The acidity and mesoporosity is monitor by systematic post treatment of desilication and dealumination. Optimum acidity/mesoporosity ratio of 3.6 in HUSY resulted in to maximum EL yield of 24.5%, which is probably the highest so far.

Improvements in the stability of biodiesel fuels: recent progress and challenges.

Fewer fossil fuel deposits, price volatility, and environmental concerns have intensified biofuel-based studies. Saccharification, gasification, and pyrolysis are some of the potential methods of producing carbohydrate-based fuels, while lipid extraction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel and green diesel. Over the years, multiple studies have attempted to identify an ideal catalyst as well as optimize the abovementioned methods to produce higher yields at a lower cost. Therefore, this present study comprehensively examined the factors affecting biodiesel stability. Firstly, isomerization, which is typically used to reduce unsaturated fatty acid content, was found to improve oxidative stability as well as maintain and improve cold flow properties. Meanwhile, polymers, surfactants, or small molecules with low melting points were found to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Meanwhile, transesterification with an enzyme could be used to remove monoacylglycerols from oil feedstock. Furthermore, combining two natural antioxidants could potentially slow lipid oxidation if stainless steel, carbon steel, or aluminum are used as biodiesel storage materials. This present review also recommends combining green diesel and biodiesel to improve stability. Furthermore, green diesel can be co-produced at oil refineries that are more selective and have a limited supply of hydrogen. Lastly, next-generation farming should be examined to avoid competing interests in food and energy as well as to improve agricultural efficiency.

Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networks-Based Yield Optimization of Biodiesel Sourced from Mixture of Palm and Cotton Seed Oil

In this present study, cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from palm oil were improved by adding cotton seed oil into palm oil. Three different mixtures of palm and cotton oil were prepared as P50C50, P60C40, and P70C30. Among three oil mixtures, P60C40 was selected for biodiesel production via ultrasound assisted transesterification process. Physiochemical characteristics—including density, viscosity, calorific value, acid value, and oxidation stability—were measured and the free fatty acid composition was determined via GCMS. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques were utilized for the sake of relation development among operating parameters (reaction time, methanol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst concentration) ultimately optimizing yield of palm–cotton oil sourced biodiesel. Maximum yield of P60C40 biodiesel estimated via RSM and ANN was 96.41% and 96.67% respectively, under operating parameters of reaction time (35 min), M:O molar ratio (47.5 v/v %), and catalyst concentration (1 wt %), but the actual biodiesel yield obtained experimentally was observed 96.32%. The quality of the RSM model was examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANN model statistics exhibit contented values of mean square error (MSE) of 0.0001, mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.1374, and mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 2.5088. RSM and ANN models provided a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9560 and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9777 respectively.

Oxidation stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel synthesized from castor oil: Influence of alkaline catalysts type and purification techniques

This study investigates the effects of catalyst type and washing procedures on the oxidation stability and cold flow parameters of biodiesel produced from castor oil. Castor oil was synthesized using two different catalysts; calcium oxide on alumina support (CaO-Al2O3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a temperature of 60˚C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and catalyst loading of 1 wt% of oil for 60 min. The resulting biodiesel was purified using water washing and dry washing methods ion exchange resin. The oxidation stability and cold flow behaviour of the biodiesel produced (cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, and low-temperature flow test) were determined. The findings showed that the oxidation stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel is independent of washing methods but varies with catalyst type. The heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification by CaO-Al2O3 exhibited higher oxidation stability with an induction period of 4.4 h as against 3.5 h for the potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyzed biodiesel. However, the values obtained in this study were above the ASTM standard of 3 h minimum. With regards to cold flow properties, the KOH-catalyzed process exhibited better cold flow properties than CaO-Al2O3 catalyzed biodiesel. It can be deduced from this study that the biodiesel samples will exhibit very good ignition performances when used in ignition compression engines in the low temperate region due to their satisfactory cold flow behaviour.

Solid–Liquid Phase Behaviors of Binary Mixtures of Various Partial Acylglycerols by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

AbstractMonoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol (TAG) are impurities in biodiesel and a major cause of precipitation. Understanding the behavior of such acylglycerols is essential for predicting biodiesel cold flow properties (CFPs). The previous study on MAG/MAG binary mixtures shows that they tend to solidify by forming molecular compounds. In contrast, TAG/TAG mixtures, which have been studied extensively, are commonly eutectic or monotectic systems, in which each component solidifies separately. The present study focuses on binary mixtures of DAG/DAG and different acylglycerol pairs (MAG/DAG, TAG/MAG, and DAG/TAG), and determination of their solid–liquid phase behavior by differential scanning calorimetry. These mixtures are found to behave as eutectic or monotectic systems with no sign of compound formation. As DAG and TAG have lower contents than MAG in biodiesel and they are unlikely to form molecular compounds with MAG, it is suggested that DAG and TAG have little effect on the biodiesel CFPs.Practical Applications: Biodiesel has attracted much interest because its blending with conventional fossil diesel has become more standard with biofuel mandates. From an energy perspective, the solid–liquid phase behavior of acylglycerols will contribute to building prediction models for biodiesel CFPs.

Physicochemical Properties Enhancement of Biodiesel Synthesis from Various Feedstocks of Waste/Residential Vegetable Oils and Palm Oil

The main aim of the present study was to improve the oxidation stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from waste frying/cooking oil and palm oil. In this work, waste frying/cooking methyl ester (WFME) and palm methyl ester (PME) were prepared using an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process, and the physicochemical properties of the pure biodiesel as well as of binary blends among them were investigated. The results indicated that palm biodiesel and WFME18, produced from a mixture of frying, cooking, sunflower, and corn oils, can be used as antioxidant additives, enhancing biodiesel stability. Additionally, it was found that WFME1 and WFME12 derived from waste residential canola oil can be used as cold flow improvers for enhancing the cold flow properties of palm biodiesel. Moreover, ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel winter (ULSDFW), ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel summer (ULSDFS), kerosene (KF), and benzene (BF) were utilized to enhance the cold flow properties of the samples and meet the requirements of diesel fuel standards. The investigation of the experimental results indicated that blending WFME-PM with a low proportion of petroleum-based fuel (KF and BF) could significantly improve the cold flow properties (CP and PP) as well as oxidation stability of WFME.

Improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by ternary blending with bio‐based alcohols and diesel from direct coal liquefaction

AbstractThe utilization and popularization of biodiesel are always limited by its poor cold flow properties. Both bio‐based alcohol and diesel from direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) has potential to enhance the cold flow properties of biodiesel. In this study, ternary blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (BWCO) with DDCL and bio‐based ethanol (ET) or 1‐butanol (BT) were conducted to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and cloud point (CP) of BWCO‐ET, BWCO‐BT, and BWCO‐DDCL binary blends, and BWCO‐ET‐DDCL and BWCO‐BT‐DDCL ternary blends were comparatively assessed. Ternary phase diagrams were also applied to analyze the blending effect of the three components on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Results showed that both DDCL, ET, and BT can remarkably enhance the cold flow properties of BWCO. When the ternary blends contain 20 vol.% BWCO and less than 40 vol.% ET or BT, DDCL together with ET or BT exerted positive effects on enhancing the low‐temperature flow properties of BWCO, especially on the CP and CFPP. For ternary blends in 20:10:70 blending ratio, BWCO‐BT‐DDCL exhibited the lowest PP, CFPP, and CP of −23, −19, and −17°C, respectively. The crystallization behavior and crystal morphology of blended fuels are also observed via a polarizing optical microscope, and find that DDCL together with BT in biodiesel can effectively retard the aggregation of large crystals and inhibit crystals growth.

3-4-2 アシルグリセロールの固化挙動がバイオディーゼルの低温流動性に与える影響

3-4-2 アシルグリセロールの固化挙動がバイオディーゼルの低温流動性に与える影響

Optimization of Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Addition of Cold Flow Improver

Despite the renewable and sustainable characteristics, biodiesel is poor in cold flow property (CFP) which causes a significant drawback that have limited its application. Thickening or crystallization of biodiesel in low temperature can readily result in the clogging of fuel pipes and fuel filters. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum properties of blended biodiesel that gives the most accurate simulation results of blended biodiesel’s CFP. TmoleX18 and COSMOthermX were used to identify the viscosities and densities of pure palm oil biodiesel and pure ethanol under different temperatures. The densities, viscosities and pour points of ethanol blended biodiesel was then calculated by using Grunberg-Nissan and, Riazi and Daubert equations. The simulation results were obtained under different compositions of ethanol added from 0 to 0.2 mole fraction at temperature range of 30 °C to -5 °C. The optimum combination of viscosities and densities of blended biodiesel for the blended cold flow properties was at 10 °C and 30 °C respectively. The simulation error at 0.1 mole fraction of ethanol was 0.92 %.

Solidification behavior of acylglycerols in fatty acid methyl esters and effects on the cold flow properties of biodiesel

AbstractThe formation of precipitates in biodiesel (comprising fatty acid methyl esters [FAMEs] obtained from plant oils) can lead to the clogging of fuel filters. Such precipitates are often caused by the solidification of acylglycerols (monoacylglycerols [MAGs], diacylglycerols [DAGs], and triacylglycerols [TAGs]) that have higher melting points than FAMEs. Based on our prior study on the solidification behavior of MAG/FAME binary mixtures, the present work investigated the behavior of various DAGs and TAGs combined with FAMEs. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to clarify the effects of acylglycerols on the cold‐flow properties of biodiesel. When DAGs and TAGs were added to FAMEs, the liquidus temperatures (above which the mixtures were completely liquid) increased steeply even at low concentrations. This same behavior was observed previously in trials with MAGs, indicating that all acylglycerols readily precipitate in combination with FAMEs. However, thermodynamic analyses established that the reasons for such precipitation were different for different compounds. MAGs precipitates because they contain two hydroxyl groups and therefore have a low affinity for FAMEs. In contrast, TAGs precipitates as a result of their high enthalpies of fusion (which in turn are caused by high molecular weights), while both factors affect the precipitation of DAGs. A non‐solid‐solution thermodynamic model that assumes a eutectic system was found to accurately predict the liquidus temperatures of binary and multicomponent mixtures containing various acylglycerols with FAMEs.

Optimization of sorbitan monooleate and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles as cold-flow improver in B30 biodiesel blend using response surface methodology (RSM)

The synergy of sorbitan monooleate (SMO) and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles, which was prepared via ultrasonic sonochemistry, as cold-flow improvers (CFI) in B30 biodiesel blend is presented in this work. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of both CFIs on biodiesel's cold-flow properties, i.e., cloud point (CP), cold-filter plugging point (CFPP), filter blocking tendency (FBT), and precipitate. Based on the result, the relationship between CFI and CP's concentration was best expressed with a quadratic model. Meanwhile, two-factor interaction (2FI) models were more suitable for CFPP, FBT, and precipitate. Based on the result, the most optimum concentration of SMO and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were achieved at 0.1% w/v and 50ppm, respectively. At this condition, the predicted values of CP, CFPP, FBT, and precipitate of the sample were 8.52°C, 6.056°C, 7.208, and 564mg/L, respectively. It is believed that SMO's surface-activity and the ability of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles to form Pickering emulsion were responsible for the inhibition of excessive crystallization of saturated FAME but also enhancing their colloidal stability at low temperature.

Estimation of Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel from Fatty Acid Composition

Cold flow properties are of great relevance to the quality of biodiesel, particularly in cold climates. However, sometimes the required measurement equipment is not available, or there are not enou...

A Mini Review on the Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel and its Blends

Biodiesels are renewable fuel that may be produced from various feedstock using different techniques. It is endorsed in some countries of the world as a viable substitute to diesel fuel. While biodiesel possesses numerous benefits, the cold flow properties (CFP) of biodiesel in comparison with petro-diesel are significantly less satisfactory. This is due to the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid esters. The poor CFP of biodiesel subsequently affects performance in cold weather and damages the engine fuel system, as well as chokes the fuel filter, fuel inlet lines, and injector nozzle. Previously, attempts were made to minimize the damaging impact of bad cold flow through the reduction of pour point, cloud point, and the cold filter plugging point of biodiesel. This study is focused on the biodiesel CFP-related mechanisms and highlights the factors that initialize and pace the crystallization process. This review indicates that the CFP of biodiesel fuel can be improved by utilizing different techniques. Winterisation of some biodiesel has been shown to improve CFP significantly. Additives such as polymethyl acrylate improved CFP by 3-9 ° C. However, it is recommended that improvement methods in terms of fuel properties and efficiency should be carefully studied and tested before being implemented in industrial applications as this might impact biodiesel yield, cetane number, etc.