Coking Technology Research Articles

Retracted: Experiment and Algorithm Research of Coal Direct Liquefaction Residual Oil Pyrolysis and Coking Technology Based on Lumped Kinetic Engineering

Retracted: Experiment and Algorithm Research of Coal Direct Liquefaction Residual Oil Pyrolysis and Coking Technology Based on Lumped Kinetic Engineering

Впровадження технології трамбування на діючих коксових батареях

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-2-14-28 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 662.74.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF TAMPING TECHNOLOGY AT OPERATING COKE OVEN BATTERIES © S.O. Kravchenko, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (STATE ENTERPRISE "STATE INSTITUTE FOR DESIGNING ENTERPRISES OF COKE OVEN AND BY-PRODUCT PLANTS'' (SE "GIPROKOKS''), 61002, 60 Sumska str., Kharkiv, Ukraine), D.V. Miroshnychenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine), V.V. Koval, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (STATE ENTERPRISE “UKRAINIAN STATE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CARBOCHEMISTRY (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), M.O. Solovyov, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, S.Y. Abdullin, S.G. Grankin (SE "GIPROKOKS'') The article is devoted to verification of ensuring the appropriate economy and efficiency of coke production while reducing the level of consumption of scarce raw materials in order to optimise production in the current conditions of a coke-chemical enterprise. It is shown that the production of blast furnace coke using the technology of tamping the coal charge allows the use of a large amount of cheap gas coal without reducing the quality of the resulting blast furnace coke. However, despite the fact that this coking technology has been in use for a long time, the literature data on the impact of increasing the loading density on coke quality parameters is insufficient, contradictory and outdated. This article describes the main technical solutions for the conversion of an existing coke oven battery from the bulk coking chamber loading technology to the tamped coal cake loading technology and presents the results for the reconstructed coke oven battery. This project was developed and implemented by SE “GIPROKOKS” and HuDe. The economic and technological indicators of coke quality as a result of the conversion of the existing coke oven battery to the technology of loading a tamped coal cake were considered and compared with the parameters of its operation using the technology of bulk loading of coking chambers. It is shown that during the control period of observations (19 months) of the enterprise's operation, the mechanical strength of M25 coke increased on average from 85.2 to 87.4 %; post-reaction strength CSR – from 48.9 to 53.9 %; at the same time, the abrasion index M10 decreased from 8.0 to 5.9 %, and the reactivity CRI – from 38.0 to 37.2 %, respectively, when working using the tamping technology compared to the bulk method. In addition, the coke obtained by using the charge tamping method is characterised by lower values of ash and total sulphur content. Keywords: coke oven battery, charging, bulk (gravity) method, tamping technology, coal cake, coke properties. Corresponding author S.O. Kravchenko, e-mail: sa_kravchenko@giprokoks.com

Раціональні технологічні засади отримання коксу із заданими показниками питомого електричного опору

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-1-8-15 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 661.66.2:537.311/.312 RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL BASES OF PRODUCTION OF COKE WITH SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY © I.V. Shulga, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, O.V. Sytnyk, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), O.I. Zelenskii, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, V.V. Vladymirenko (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the practically important issue of obtaining coke with a specific electrical resistance of no more than 0.1 Ohm∙cm for the needs of blast furnace production. Achievement of this indicator should occur simultaneously with the improvement of the entire range of properties of blast furnace coke. It is noted that the concept of production of blast furnace coke of improved quality consists of the formation of a rational raw material base, ensuring proper coking technology and post-furnace coke treatment. It has been shown that the production of high-quality blast furnace coke with low resistivity requires: high sinterability and coking capacity of the charge based on highly sinterable coals; coking pressure of the coal charge not exceeding 7 kPa; coking speed not exceeding 24 mm/hour; final coking temperature of 1050-1100 °C; maximum temperature level in the heating system not exceeding 1410 °C. It is confirmed that in order to obtain a low electrical resistivity, it is necessary to produce coke with the most ordered anisotropic structure. It is shown that the resistivity of coke naturally changes when used in blast furnace production: the destruction of lumps leads to the formation of fragments of different sizes. At the same time, coarser fragments have lower resistivity values, and smaller ones, characterized by an increased concentration of structural defects that are the centers of crack formation, have a higher resistivity. After gasification with carbon dioxide, the number of structural defects increases in grains of any size due to the weakening of the surface due to chemical interaction, so the resistivity of coke increases and becomes almost equal for both coarser and finer grains. Keywords: hard coal coke, blast furnace production, resistivity, vertical temperature, final coking temperature, coke gasification. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua

Selection of a Delayed Coking Technology at Predesign Initial Data Development Stage

Selection of a Delayed Coking Technology at Predesign Initial Data Development Stage

On the Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions during Coking on the Structure of the Resulting Coke

The production of a highly anisotropic structure of needle coke depends not only on the quality of the raw material, but also on the hydrodynamic situation in the coke chamber formed as a result of shear stresses of the mesophase matrix by the flows of released steam-gas products of coking distillate and continuous supply of raw materials. The paper presents the resultsof studies on the quality of needle coke obtained during coking in static and dynamic conditions. It is shown that the microstructural organization of coke can differ quite a lot depending on the coking technology.

Retracted] Experiment and Algorithm Research of Coal Direct Liquefaction Residual Oil Pyrolysis and Coking Technology Based on Lumped Kinetic Engineering

With the development of computer operation technology and algorithms, the lumped dynamic model is more practical, and the development and application are more comprehensive. Among them, the direct coal liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology, as a coal‐to‐liquid process, can increase the oil yield of the coal liquefaction process and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of this paper is to study the experiment and algorithm of coal direct liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology based on lumped kinetic engineering. Starting from the lumped kinetic engineering, this paper takes the direct coal liquefaction residual oil pyrolysis and coking technology as the research object. Based on the experiment of small‐ and medium‐sized equipment, the residual oil pyrolysis and coking experiment is carried out. This paper further analyzes the components of the experimental products and explores the factors that affect the yield of residual pyrolysis oil based on the five lumped kinetic model of coking. Experimental data shows that when the pyrolysis temperature is 450°C, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS in the pyrolysis oil is 47.87%, the content of asphaltene A is 44.28%, and the content of preasphaltene PA is 7.85%; the pyrolysis temperature is 500 °C. At this time, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS in the pyrolysis oil is 54.97%, the content of asphaltene A is 40.23%, and the content of preasphaltene PA is 4.8%. It can be seen that, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the content of liquefied heavy oil HS increases, and the content of asphaltene A and preasphaltene PA decreases.

Coke characteristics and formation mechanism based on the hot tamping coking

Superior quality coke with low CRI (Coke Reactivity Index) and high strength is indispensable for the safe and efficient operation of the blast furnace. The hot tamping coking technology is comprehensively investigated when the coal samples undergo plastic stage to improve the coke quality and save the coking coal resource. The influences of the tamping temperature, holding time and tamping stress on semicoke structures and coke characteristics were examined. Results show that hot tamping operation could effectively enhance the coke quality. When the tamping temperature is low and the holding time is short, lower tamping stress could produce coke with a compact pore structure and low CRI. High stress leads to a significant increase in coke porosity. It weakens the improvement of coke quality because the permeability of semicoke is low and abundant volatile gas is released in the latter coking process. When the tamping temperature and holding time are appropriate, higher stress could obtain high-quality coke with compact pore structure and low CRI due to the higher permeability of semicoke and less volatile gas resided in the semicoke. The crushing strength (SR) is influenced by the CRI, porosity, macropore wall thickness and coke homogeneity. Lower CRI, lower porosity, thicker pore wall and better homogeneity contribute to higher SR.

Remarkable signals of the ancient Chinese civilization since the Early Bronze Age in the marine environment

The signals of fire activity induced from climate and ancient human activities could be recorded in sedimentary strata. We examined a 6000-year black‑carbon (BC) record—including char and soot—of a sediment core from the South Yellow Sea. The climate change had a threshold effect on the fire regime, and dominated the char emissions. The soot/BC signals depicted that the anthropogenic emissions related to the evolution of the Chinese civilization since the Early Bronze Age (~4 ka) have overwhelmed natural soot emissions. The soot variation in the record closely matched periods when there was large-scale use of coal or charcoal after the Han Dynasty and when indigenous coking technology was promoted after the Tang Dynasty; low soot-abundance in the record coincided with periods of social unrest. This work illustrates how soot signals can be a robust tracer of civilization evolution.

Influence of technological process parameters on qualitative characteristics of coal thermolysis products

Purpose. To determine and compare the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of products obtained under different coking conditions to streamline the process and consider the deeper use of recycled materials at Shubarkol Komir JSC. Methodology. Based on the existing coking technology on the basis of the enterprise, two variants of temperature exposure to coal were tested. The first option is heating coal to 900 C, which is carried out by slow thermolysis of coal in a stream of ascending gases. The second option is high-speed heating of coal to 900 C with further loading of the released products into the chamber for additional pyrolysis at 800 C, which is carried out with the development of reactions involving oxygen-containing gases from the furnace and from the outside. Findings. At the production site as well as under laboratory conditions, the composition and quality characteristics of the products of heat treatment of long-flame coal under various temperature effects were determined. Differences in the composition of decomposition products were noted and their quantitative yield was determined. Originality. Analytical data on coking products have been obtained and the dependences of their quantitative and physical parameters on different applications of thermolysis on the coals of the Shubarkol deposit have been established. Practical value. The results of the work allow improving the technology of coke production by introducing an additional stage of pyrolysis, which will lead to an improvement in the consumer properties of coke, and also create conditions for the development of methods for using secondary production products.

A Life Cycle Analysis of Deploying Coking Technology to Utilize Low-Rank Coal in China

At present, the excess capacity in China’s coke industry can be deployed to utilize some low-rank coal, replacing coking coal with potential economic gains, energy efficiency, and environmental benefits. This study presents a life cycle analysis to model these potential benefits by comparing a metallurgical coke technical pathway with technical pathways of gasification coke integrated with different chemical productions. The results show that producing gasification coke is a feasible technical pathway for the transformation and development of the coke industry. However, its economic feasibility depends on the price of cokes and coals. The gasification coke production has higher energy consumption and CO2 emissions because of its lower coke yield. Generally speaking, using gasification coke to produce F-T oils has higher economic benefits than producing methanol, but has lower energy efficiency and higher carbon emissions.

Carbon consumption mechanism of activated coke in the presence of water vapor.

To reduce chemical carbon consumption in activated coke technology used for flue gas purification, the carbon consumption mechanism of commercial activated coke in the presence of water vapor was studied. A fixed-bed reactor and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer were combined to study the amount of carbon consumption. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) coupled with in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (in situ DRIFT) spectra were used to investigate functional group changes of activated coke. The sources and factors influencing carbon consumption in various adsorption atmospheres and in the N2 regeneration atmosphere were compared. Carbon consumption during the adsorption and regeneration process was mainly due to the release of C-O and C=C groups. The addition of H2O increased the formation of carbonates and carboxylic acids during the adsorption process, which decomposed during the regeneration process, thereby increasing carbon consumption. Carbon consumption was reduced during regeneration in an H2O-SO2 adsorption atmosphere, mainly because of the formation of C-S bonds, which reduced the formation of CO2. The C-N bonds generated in an H2O-NO adsorption atmosphere were decomposed during the regeneration process, thereby increasing carbon consumption. In a complex atmosphere of SO2, NO, NH3, and H2O, SO2 was absorbed by NH3, and the amount of carbon consumption was consistent with that in the NO atmosphere during the regeneration process. The total carbon consumption in various adsorption atmospheres ranged from 85.4 to 125.2 μmol/g. Compared with an anhydrous atmosphere, chemical carbon consumption increased by 6.5-14.3% in the presence of H2O. Chemical carbon consumption was reduced by decreasing the H2O concentrations, which provides a reference concept for reducing the operating cost of the activated coke process in industry.

Moisture effect on coking course of coal

In order to successfully transform coking technology of moisture-free coal, which has energy conservation and environmental protection properties into production, moisture effects on coking course of coal was researched and the caking indices; plastometric indices, Gieseler fluidity, and coke optical texture of coking coal under different moisture proportions were studied. The result showed that when the moisture proportion of charging coal was decreased, the voids among coal particle minished. The size and proportion of pores produced by moisture’s volatilization declined, the expansion pressure produced in coking course increased and inborn plastometric layer’s spreading property was improved. All these made caking indices of coking coal take on increasing trend. They also made the shrinking value x decrease, the solid-soft interval increase, the fluidity and the spreading property of layer among anthracite be improved and coke tight property be improved. These provided many useful conditions for coke with good quality and the decrease of coking wastewater.

Energy utilization of coal-coking wastes via coal slurry preparation: The characteristics of slurrying, combustion, and pollutant emission

Coal coking technology produces a large amount of refractory wastewater and sludge with complex components and low biodegradability. The coking wastes prepared as coal slurry, which is then used as liquid fuel, can diminish their polluting effects on the environment and transform themselves as resources. Slurrying, combustion, and pollutant emission characteristics of coking wastes coal slurry, including coking wastewater–coal slurry (CWCS) and coking sludge–coal slurry (CSCS), are the focus of this study. Results show that coking wastewater is good for the slurrying of the coal slurry. The maximum slurrying concentration of the CWCS was 62.16%, whereas that of the common coal water slurry (CWS) was 61.36%. By contrast, the coking sludge exhibited adverse effect on the slurrying of the CSCS due to the presence of abundant internal voids and hydrophilic functional groups. The coal slurry prepared from coking wastes showed slight influences on the ignition, burn out, and SO2 emission. Meanwhile, the emission peaks of NO and HCN increased. Specifically, NO increased from 45 ppm (CWS) to approximately 68 ppm (CWCS) and 90 ppm (CSCS), while HCN increased from 11 ppm (CWS) to approximately 22 ppm (CWCS) and 20 ppm (CSCS). Furthermore, the additional Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn were volatilized, which resulted in the slightly lower content retained at the bottom ash.

Life-cycle assessment for coal-based methanol production in China

Abstract More methanol is produced and used in China than in any other country. China has a great deal of coal, less oil, and little gas, so the Chinese government is enthusiastically developing the coal-based chemical industry, of which coal-based methanol production is an important part. Coal-based methanol production strongly affects the environment, so the environmental impacts of coal-based methanol production processes must be assessed. Here, two life-cycle assessment models are established using GaBi6 software, and the models and local data for coal-based methanol production are used to establish a life-cycle inventory. The environmental impacts of two typical coal-based methanol production techniques are evaluated using the CML 2001 (mid-point level) method and the Eco-indicator 99 (end-point level) models. The results indicated that less environment harm is caused by producing methanol using the coal coking technology than by producing methanol using the coal gasification technology, especially in terms of acidification, global warming, and photochemical oxidation. In particular, significantly less environmental harm in terms of climate change and radiation is caused by the coal coking technology than by the coal gasification technology. Different sub-processes clearly make different contributions to environmental harm. The results indicated that the methanol production process, heating, and desalination are the main sources of environmental harm for both the coal gasification technology and coal coking technology. Importantly, the public engineering process rather than the methanol production process itself was found to determine emissions for the different methanol production methods.

Coking Technology Using Heavy Oil Residue and Hyper Coal

Coking Technology Using Heavy Oil Residue and Hyper Coal

Coal resources at OOO Metinvest Holding and their optimal coking at PAO AKKhZ

The coal resources at OOO Metinvest Holding are considered, in a climate of increase requirements on coke quality and self-reliance. The parameters of high-quality coke are outlined, and the corresponding requirements on the coal batch employed are discussed. Recommendations regarding coal preparation and coking technology are developed, so as to obtain high-quality coke. At PAO Avdeevsk Koksokhimicheskii Zavod (AKKhZ), industrial trials are undertaken to obtain high-quality coke. The trials confirm that such coke may be produced on the basis of the recommendations. Data regarding coke quality in shops 2–4 at PAO AKKhZ are presented for the first eight months of 2013.

Heat Transfer Analysis of the Operation in Delayed Coking Coke Drum

Delayed coking coke drum is the core equipment of delayed coking technology, which experiences almost all the thermal and mechanical loadings during operation. In this study, two coke drum finite element models have been created with four material models and the thermal boundary conditions are determined based on the temperature measurement data. Finite element analysis methods known as function loading and multiple steps analysis are used through the simulation. Temperature distributions and temperature variation curves of different nodes are then obtained by finite element heat transfer analysis. Numerical results show that temperature distribution is complex in the transition section and the water cooling stage has the highest temperature change rate.

A decision support tool formulti‐pollutants reduction incement industry using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)

AbstractSeveral energy intensive industries are contributing to air pollution problems. Cement industry, as an example, is one of these significant sources of several air pollutants and these must be monitored and controlled. This paper deals with five air pollutants from cement plants and these are SO2, NOx, CO2, dust, and volatile organic compounds (VOC). The purpose of this study is to evaluate several available technologies to control each pollutant. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique is used as a decision support tool to find the best technology for each pollutant under multi‐criteria. These criteria are: cost, efficiency, lifetime or duration, and industry acceptability. The technique is illustrated in a case study from St. Marys Plant, located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The results show that adsorption on activated coke technology will be recommended for SO2 reduction. For NOx reduction, the AHP suggests to apply selective non‐catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology based on the four criteria defined. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) using MEA technology is chosen for CO2 reduction. For dust reduction, bag filters should be used and increase oxygen concentration at the kiln inlet is the selected technology for VOC reduction.The current paper covers the set of criteria weights considered typical for cement plants. The results presented here are illustrative and user defined weighting is required to make this study valuable for a specific group of users.

Petrozuata - An Application of Multiphase-Metering Technology

This article, written by Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 89870, "Petrozuata - An Application of Multiphase-Metering Technology," by Luigi Bortolin, Petrozuata C.A.; Parviz Mehdizadeh, SPE, Production Technology Inc; and Gordon Stobie, SPE, ConocoPhillips, prepared for the 2004 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 26-29 September. Previous applications of multiphase meters (MPMs) usually deployed only a few meters. Petrozuata, in Venezuela, installed an operation with 37 MPMs, and the system has been in use for more than 5 years. This paper describes the facility and the operations of the MPMs. The full-length paper details the difficulties experienced and the operational results from the extensive use of such measurement techniques. Introduction Petrozuata is a joint-venture strategic association owned by ConocoPhillips (50.1%) and Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA), the national oil company of Venezuela (49.9%). The project is a fully integrated crude-oil production and processing business, in the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Although commercial operations began 12 April 2001, first production of the extra-heavy crude oil (EHCO) was in mid-1998. Petrozuata’s primary function is to produce EHCO from the Zuata region of the Orinoco oil belt, transport it to the Jose industrial complex on the north coast of Venezuela, upgrade it into 19 to 26.5°API synthetic crude, and market it along with 14°API oil and associated byproducts (e.g., liquified petroleum gas, sulfur, and petroleum coke). The strategic association has a 35-year operating life, during which more than 750 wells will be drilled. The estimated recovery is approximately 1.6 billion bbl of EHCO. This facility uses a proprietary coking technology to upgrade heavy crude oil into lighter synthetic crude at a capacity of 120,000 BOPD. Currently, Petrozuata produces more than 125,000 B/D of EHCO. Since 1997, Petrozuata has drilled more than 260 wells (currently, 195 active producers) in a 56,000-acre area of the Zuata region. A further 490 wells will be drilled during the next 30 years to drain the reservoir. The wells are clustered around 37 production pads. Production is moved around the field by eleven 2,000-hp multiphase pumps (MPPs), with the EHCO diluted with naphtha. Within the field, the production is metered and allocated by use of 37 MPMs, one at each production pad, as shown in Fig. 1. The diluted crude is processed (degassed and dewatered) at a central processing facility, after which it is fiscally metered and pumped to the upgrader through a 125-mile-long 36-in.-diameter pipeline. Heavy- and Extraheavy-Oil Production Two of the major problems recognized early in the development of the Petrozuata field were the process issues posed by the oil viscosity and by gas/oil foam and oil/water emulsion. The diluent-based production scheme is effective for reducing the viscosity. As Fig. 2 shows, because fluid viscosity is inverse additive, a relatively small volume of diluent greatly reduces the mixed-fluid viscosity. Also, the day and night ambient-temperature variations have a significant effect on the fluid viscosity. The original reservoir pressure was below the bubblepoint. Therefore, the oil was foamy at reservoir conditions.

Calidad del coque de Horno Alto en la Unión Europea

After a brief review of the coking technology at the beginning of the new millennium, blast furnace coke quality criteria of most of EU countries, presented by the European Blast Furnace Committee in the 4 th European Coke and Ironmaking Congress, are compared with those used by the Spanish Steel Industry at Aceralia. Blast furnace coke quality is very high in EU's countries in order to meet the requirements of bigger blast furnaces commissioned in the last years. CSR index is the most important parameter in the control of coke quality in Europe.