Coin Type Research Articles

Jesus, the Holder of the Seven Stars in His Right Hand

Abstract In Rev 1:16a, Jesus is portrayed as holding the seven stars in his right hand. The immediate context interprets this imagery as Jesus’s exercising his sovereignty over the seven angels of the seven churches (v. 20). This article suggests that a secondary interpretation is possible in light of numismatic evidence and the larger context of Revelation. According to this reading, the depiction of Jesus in Rev 1:16a functions as a literary device that subverts the message embedded in the Divvs Caesar coin types—a message that promotes the imperial power. By portraying Jesus as the holder of the seven stars in his right hand, the author of Revelation places Jesus far above the imperial power, claiming that Jesus is the ruler par excellence whose sovereignty extends to both the terrestrial and celestial realms.

THE ROMAN IMPERIAL HOARD POTAISSA III (ROMAN DACIA) OR... WHEN WE ALL MAKE BOTH PERFORMANCE AND MISTAKES! The peculiar coins

The present paper is dealing with the possibility offered by a Roman imperial coin hoard to discover, on one hand, the constant feature of human nature to make mistakes during working activity, and on the other hand, the fact that any new hoard may come up with new coin types or variants. The hoard Potaissa III (in Roman Dacia; nowadays, Turda, Romania) brought up various peculiar coins, that are discussed in detail here, that reveal: tricky monetary policy; engraving mistakes; engraver’s skill; new coin types; new coin type variants and post-minting human behaviour upon the coin.

Finance Technology Innovation in the Finance Sector: The Role of E-money on Increasing Tax Revenue

The expanding versatility of people in general in monetary exercises wants to make monetary exchanges simpler, more compelling and effective yet at the same time protected in exchanges. The mechanical advancement that is the subject of the most recent review in Indonesia is Financial Technology (FinTech). The adjustment of the type of cash, both paper cash and coins started to be supplanted with electronic cash or ordinarily alluded to as E-cash. E-cash right now circling in Indonesia as OVO Cash, Shopee Pay, Gopay, Brizzi, Paytren, isaku, Dana, Linkaja, Flazz and others, is a type of money innovation to complete monetary exchange exercises, with the presence of E-cash. This cash is relied upon to help people in general in getting to monetary items and work with monetary exchanges and duty installment exchanges. Progresses in monetary innovation can make it more straightforward for citizens to make charge installments. The exploration technique utilized is unmistakable subjective strategy with writing survey. The motivation behind this exploration is to help the local area in making charge installments simpler and it is trusted that this electronic installment can expand charge income.

Superior cycling stability of saturated graphitic carbon nitride in hydrogel reduced graphene oxide anode for Sodium-ion battery

A layered composite g-C3N4@RGO of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is reported as an anode material for rechargeable sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Initially, conducting interconnected hydrogel RGO was prepared by hydrothermal method and was further soaked in saturated urea solution, followed by calcination to synthesize g-C3N4@RGO composites. The coin type half cells were prepared by using composite g-C3N4@RGO and pristine RGO as anode and their electrochemical performances were compared. The prepared half-cell of the composite anode delivers maximum reversible specific discharge capacity of ∼ 170 mAh.g−1 and ∼ 160 mAh.g−1 at 0.1C and at 0.2C, respectively. Whereas, prepared half-cell using RGO anode shows maximum reversible discharge capacity of ∼ 146 mAh.g−1 and ∼ 133 mAh.g-1at 0.1C and 0.2C, respectively. This composite material g-C3N4@RGO shows excellent cyclability (2000 cycles) and columbic efficiency ∼ 100% with no capacity fading compared to the RGO. The binding of g-C3N4 with RGO prevents stacking of RGO sheets and provides macro and sub-micron porous structure for smooth intercalation and trapping of Na+-ions in composite g-C3N4@RGO anode during electrochemical cycling. The design of g-C3N4@RGO composite as a negative electrode improves the cell performance and offers effective strategy to develop low-cost and long cycle life SIBs.

An exceptional Sarmatian cast medallion with star and crescent

An exceptional find of a so-called Sarmatian coin imitation in the form of a lead amulet came to light at Martfű. The obverse is decorated with a bust facing left, the reverse with the usual crescent and star motif. The piece is cast with a loop and an elaborate frame decoration with segmented rims resembling Roman disc fibulae that were popular with the Sarmatians. These types of coins have so far been known only as pierced or looped copper alloy coins primarily from in the Middle Tisza region, although finds outside the Carpathian Basin have also been recently discovered. This new elaborate piece sheds new light on the role and significance of the Sarmatian coin imitations in their society.

Familiarity with an Object's Size Influences the Perceived Size of Its Image.

It is known that judgments about objects’ distances are influenced by familiar size: a soccer ball looks farther away than a tennis ball if their images are equally large on the retina. We here investigate whether familiar size also influences judgments about the size of images of objects that are presented side-by-side on a computer screen. Sixty-three participants indicated which of two images appeared larger on the screen in a 2-alternative forced-choice discrimination task. The objects were either two different types of balls, two different types of coins, or a ball and a grey disk. We found that the type of ball biased the comparison between their image sizes: the size of the image of the soccer ball was over-estimated by about 5% (assimilation). The bias in the comparison between the two balls was equal to the sum of the biases in the comparisons with the grey disk. The bias for the coins was smaller and in the opposite direction (contrast). The average precision of the size comparison was 3.5%, irrespective of the type of object. We conclude that knowing a depicted object’s real size can influence the perceived size of its image, but the perceived size is not always attracted towards the familiar size.

Stablecoins versus traditional cryptocurrencies in response to interbank rates

This study investigates the impacts of the United States (US) federal funds rate and Chinese interbank rate on the behaviors of stablecoins and traditional cryptocurrencies. We employ GARCH, EGARCH and Fixed Effects models for the daily sample of the top five stablecoins and the top five traditional cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization from December 2018 to December 2019. Our results show that a higher federal funds rate and Chinese interbank rate compress the prices and price volatility of stablecoins. In contrast, higher rates from both countries increase the prices and price volatility of traditional cryptocurrencies. Both rates also increase the trading value of both types of coins. The federal funds rate tends to have stronger impacts compared to the Chinese interbank rate on both types of coins, except for the price response of traditional cryptocurrencies.JEL: E43; E52; G10; F40

Prediksi Harga Cryptocurrency Menggunakan Algoritma Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)

Technological developments continue to encourage the creation of various innovations in almost all aspects of human life. One of the innovations that is becoming a worldwide phenomenon today is the presence of cryptocurrency as a digital currency that is able to replace the role of conventional currency as a means of payment. Currently, the number of cryptocurrency investors in Indonesia has reached 4.45 million people as of March 2021, an increase of 78% compared to the end of the previous year. Very volatile price movements make cryptocurrency investments considered speculative so the risks faced are also very high. The purpose of this study is to build a predictive model that is able to forecast prices on the cryptocurrency market. The algorithm used to build the prediction model is Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). LSTM is the development of the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) algorithm to overcome problems in the RNN in managing data for a long period. LSTM is considered superior to other algorithms in managing time series data. The data in this study were taken from the Yahoo Finance website using the Pandas Datareader library through Google Collaboratory. The entire prediction model development process is carried out through Google Collaboratory tools. To improve the accuracy of the model, the Nadam optimization algorithm was used and three testing sessions were carried out with the number of Epochs of 1, 10, and 20 in each session. The final test results show that the best prediction performance occurs when testing the DOGE coin type with the number of Epoch 20 which gets an RMSE value of 0.0630.

Hephthalite Coin from an Early Medieval Burial at Gorny-10, Northern Altai

We describe a silver coin found in one of the burials at Gorny-10 cemetery in northern Altai, excavated by expeditions from the Altai State University in 2000–2003. The coin was discovered in a destroyed burial of children (No. 46) along with other informative artifacts, which are rather uncommon in such burials. Judging by horse harness and ornaments, the assemblage falls in the interval from the late 6th to early 8th century AD. The coin is an imitation of the drachm of the Sasanian shah Pērōz I to classify as type or emission 287, according to R. Göbl, that is one of the most common types of Hephthalite coins. The elemental concentration of the specimen has a high content of silver and no gold. The specimen has no analogs in North or Central Asia. It could have been brought to the forest-steppe Altai by Türks, who conquered the Hephthalite Empire in the fi rst decades of the late 6th century AD.

Classification and origins of two types of imitation Andrea Dandolo ducats

Numismatists have long puzzled over the number of imitation Andrea Dandolo ducats that circulated in the eastern Mediterranean. The minting authority, location, and purpose of these coins has proved elusive. This study distinguishes between multiple types of imitation Andrea Dandolo ducats, focusing on Dandolo Types 1 and 2. A close examination of the coins themselves, including a punch analysis and gold content measurements, suggests multiple origins. This paper presents new theories about the source and circulation of these types of imitation coins.

Blockchain analytics in healthcare: An Overview

We can’t consider blockchain only as a change, but as a fast phenomenon that is already on the move. It is a new wave of disturbances that has come to redesign the interactions that involve any form of exchange of values. It brings a new perspective on security, resilience, and effectiveness of systems. It initially became popular with the emergence of cryptocurrencies. Currently, it is more than just a base for this type of coins, since its materialization it has already made inroads in different areas and industries, which we can highlight the area of health and healthcare. It was originally designed to hold transaction data, however, there is growing interest in providing analytics capabilities. The stored data can be used to respond to organizational needs such as: providing provenance histories, predictive planning, fraud identification, regulatory compliance, etc.In this article, in section 2, an overview of blockchain technology will be presented. An introduction to the topic Business Analytics will be carried out in section 3, so that it can later be related to the topic under study. The Blockchain Analytics concept will be presented in general in section 4. In the following section we will present several applicability of this technology in the health sector and, finally, a small conclusion and the future work that we intend to follow will be presented.

Addenda k typom keltských mincí z oppida Hradiště u Stradonic

The documented three coins, until now unrecorded among the finds from the Hradiště near Stradonice, extend the range of Celtic coin types that were imported to this oppidum from the west. The first one, an unusual stater of the Kellner I B type, is important in the Czech area since most of the coins from the Regenbogen-Schusselchen group found at the Stradonice oppidum are subaerates. The second specimen, a quarter-quinar, probably belonging to the quinars of the so-called Prague type, is an extremely rare coin which can be classified as belonging to this group based on the image of a stylized horse on the reverse. These coins were probably brought to the Stradonice oppidum from the Thuringian area in present-day Germany. The third and last small silver coin of the ‘mit strengem Gesicht’ type represents a rather unique issue imported to the Czech territory from the area of southern Germany and, together with the above-mentioned coins, it attests to the trade contacts maintained by the population of the Hradiště oppidum with merchants from the territories of today’s Germany from the middle of the 2nd to the middle of the 1st centuries B.C.

Sustainable lithium-ion battery separators derived from polyethylene oxide/lignocellulose coated electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibrous membranes

A novel Polyethylene oxide/lignocellulose (PEO/LIGC) coated dimpled electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibrous membranes were prepared and are employed as a separator for lithium-ion battery. ESEM images revealed the dimpled morphology of electrospun fibers and PEO/LIGC is located on the surface as well as in the space between the fibers. Results of tensile studies prove that PEO/LIGC coating improves the mechanical strength and elongation at break. The wettability of the membrane with liquid electrolyte was studied by contact angle analysis and the results indicate that both the membranes are readily wetted by the electrolyte. The electrolyte uptake of ecofriendly LIGC coated sample is ∼ 440%, which is 647% higher than that of commercial Celgard separator. PEO/LIGC coated membrane shows ∼ 86% porosity, which is 226% higher than that of the Celgard separator. Ionic conductivity studies show that dip coated P(VDF-TrFE) exhibits a conductivity 7. 04 × 10−3 S cm−1. A 2320 type coin cell (Li/Separator/LiFePO4) were fabricated using PEO/LIGC coated P(VDF-TrFE) and the fabricated cell is superior to that of a Celgard 2320 separator. Thus, the study reveals that the lignocellulose, a sustainable material helps to enhance the overall performance of the battery.

Respect for Seleukid Suzerainty: The Imitative Victory Coinage of the Sistan Ariaspi

The victory coinage bearing the name Antiochos (SC 226-228), currently attributed to the province of Drangiana during the co-regency of Seleukos and Antiochos, exhibits a progressive deterioration of iconography and epigraphy over the duration of its emission. It has the characteristics of an imitative coinage, struck over a prolonged period, rather than the 14 years of the co-regency. Die study reveals stages of iconographic deterioration, enabling the coinage to be categorized into three groups, each with its own progressively degraded iconography and epigraphy. During its emission a local artistic tradition, possibly reflecting a longstanding Indian influence appears in the iconography of the obverse, and what appears to be an early Brahmi script eventually displaces Greek on the reverse. This is interpreted to reflect contemporary Mauryan cultural and linguistic influences, the result of interaction with adjacent Arachosia. Plausibly, the coinage was struck intermittently in the period c. 281-175 BC by the Ariaspi, the semi-autonomous people of the Sistan depression in Drangiana, who acknowledged Seleukid suzerainty in the choice of coin type and legend.

Constantine’s SOLI INVICTO COMITI Coinage: Theme and Variations

Sometime in AD 310, a mint worker in the provincial Gallic town of Lugdunum (modern Lyon) engraved a reverse die depicting a majestic figure raising his right hand and holding a celestial sphere in his left. The figure wears a spiked, radiate crown and is clothed only by a chlamys, a cape worn by ancient Greek horsemen. The legend in the dative case, SOLI INVICTO COMITI, identifies this figure as Sol, the invictus or unvanquished sun god whose cult was among the most popular in the ancient world. He is further identified as being the comes, or companion, of the figure on the obverse. The fact that this figure was Constantine the Great, known to history as the man who Christianized the Roman Empire, makes this coin as enigmatic as it was ubiquitous, one of the most widespread and enduring numismatic designs of that emperor’s long reign.
 This essay explores this coin type’s iconographic theme, its variations, and what they both might say about politics and religion in the age of Constantine. In scholarly discussions of his reign, coins are often adduced to illustrate some larger historiographical point. In this essay, I would like to shift that emphasis, rendering the historical context a means to better understand the coins themselves—their origins and style, the way in which traditional solar iconography serves as a foil to set off topical points of emphasis, and the religious and political purposes for their decade-long striking. Perhaps it is too much to say that in the SOLI INVICTO COMITI reverse type we witness the history of Constantine’s age in one coin, but it is not an overstatement to point out that this type touches upon the most prominent events of the early 4th century, whose impact is felt even in the present time.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Spinel Crystal Structured ((FeNiCrMn)1-xCox)3O4 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3) High Entropy Oxides

High entropy oxides are a new class of materials with a single-phase structure consisting of five or more components. Due to their high structural stability and electrochemical performance, they have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. In this study, high entropy oxides with the composition ((FeNiCrMn)1-xCox)3O4 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3) were synthesized using the solid state method and their electrochemical performances as anode material for lithium-ion battery were investigated. Spinel crystal structured of high entropy oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The electrochemical performance of anodes were evaluated by assembling CR2016 type coin cell. As a result of galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments the initial discharge capacities of ((FeNiCrMn)1-xCox)3O4 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3) anodes at a current density of 50 mA g-1 werecalculated as 1993 mA h g-1, 1651 mA h g-1 and 1706 mA h g-1, respectively. Among the synthesized high entropy oxide anodes, the ((FeNiCrMn)0.9Co0.1)3O4 anode shows high initial discharge capacity, while their capacity retention rates at the end of 10th cycle were calculated as 53.9%, 55.1%, 59.7%. This study clearly indicates that the electrochemical performances of high entropy oxide anodes are affected by the Co content.

Монеты Нижнего Подунавья в кладе конца XIV в. — источник к начальной истории молдавской государственности (предварительное сообщение)

The scientific literature has been enriched with new very interesting information about the hoards of the late 14th century found in the Republic of Moldova. The purpose of this preliminary communication is to offer for scientific discussion several types of Juchid coins found in a large treasure hoard in the south of Moldova. One type of coins is dirhams of Kilia 770/1368—1369, the second type is dirhams without indication of a mint and anonymous, with the year 1371. The article contains photos of coins, their catalog description, as well as classification. In addition, the authors offer a brief historical reference and a retrospective of the finds of treasures from the end of the 14th century on the territory of Moldova and in neighboring lands.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE OLBIAN COINS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 4TH CENTURY BC.

Since the beginning of the XXI century, the amount of available for the researchers numismatic material has increased significantly, so introducing a new types of coins into the scientific circulation has become an especially relevant in modern numismatics, even when the archaeological context of most of these finds is almost lost. The study of ancient numismatics of Olbia is rapidly gaining in modern Ukraine. At the beginning of the XX century, ancient numismatics already had some significant achievements, but the accumulated material required urgent cataloging and systematization. During last 10 years since the publication of the most important and thorough catalog of ancient coins by Vladlen Opanasovich Anokhin, as well as the results of cataloging Olbia coins by other researchers - Valery Nechitaylo and Grigory Makandarov, numismatics has been enriched by new previously unknown coin types.
 The aim of the study. The main purpose of the article is to introduce into the scientific circulation new varieties of Olbia coins and to compile the most complete classification of Olbia coins of the IV century BC. Research methodology. In the process of scientific elaboration of the topic general scientific methods were used: analytical, chronological, and topographical, as well as source methods: critical, metrological and iconographic. A systematic approach to the processing of modern finds from private collections and access to the collections of foreign museums was the impetus for writing an expanded classification work. The scientific novelty. The value of the processed materials is that they not only complement this group of coins, but also refine previously published types in unsatisfactory condition, where incorrect reading of the names and trinkets has led to inaccuracies.
 The Conclusions. The so-called «obol series» covers the period of the Olbia minting around 350-330 BC. The monetary system consists of four denominations: obol (on the coin field depicts Demeter and the eagle on the dolphin), dikhalk (on the coin field depicts Demeter and the eagle on the dolphin), hulk (on the coin field depicts Demeter and the ear, dolphin) and hemihalk (depicts Demeter and dolphin). The die analysis allowed to divide the coins of Olbia of the IV century BC senior denomination for two stylistic groups. According to the results of our own research, we were able to determine the following number of varieties of each of these denominations: obols – 24 types, dikhalks - 6 types, hulks - 6 types, hemihalks - 2 types.
 We see the prospect of further research in the introduction into scientific circulation of new previously undiscovered varieties of Olbian coins from little-studied sources - materials of museum collections in Ukraine and abroad, among numismatic rarities sold at numismatic auctions and private collections.

HORODNYTSIA TREASURE: VOLODYMYR SVIATOSLAVYCH'S SILVER COINS

The discovery of the Horodnytsia treasure took place in the following graduality. In the evening of 27rd of August 2020 near the village of Horodnytsia, Novohrad-Volynskyi district, Zhytomyr region the local resident Serhii Komar found the treasure of coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych (Volodymyr the Great, Volodymyr the Saint) and Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (“Sviatopolk the Cursed”). The treasure find took place in the forest near the river Sluch while extraction of the sand for household needs. In the morning of 28rd of August the treasure was transferred to the local government authorities – the village council of Horodnytsia according to the Ukrainian law.
 The expertise of the treasure was carried out at place of find by Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov – the researcher of the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The treasure consisted of 32 silver coins (sribnyks) inclusively 26 coins of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych and 6 coins of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych. Next day the group of scientists with the chief of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dr. Andrii Petrauskas and the representative of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, the head of the Department of permitting and approval documentation in the branch of the cultural heritage protection – Dr. Bohdan Motsia and the head of the Early Iron Age Archeology department of the National Museum of Ukrainian History – Dr. Serhii Didenko and the research fellow of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Dr. Oleksander Alf’orov and the director of the Novohrad-Volynskyi Local Lore Museum – Olena Zhovtyuk and the workmate of the Zhytomyr Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine – Oleksander Minaev. At that place after the professional archeological excavations was discovered the traces of the pit where the treasure was placed. Additionally one more coin and 5 fragments were discovered during the excavation using a metal detector.
 Thus, on 29th of August 2020, the Horodnytsia treasure numbered 38 coins: 31 sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great (II-IV coin types according to Ivan Tolstoy’s the typological classification), and 7 sribnyks of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych (all three known coin types). Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest. Analyzing the complex we can suggest that its hoarding took place during the reign of Sviatopolk Yaropolkovych or possibly after his death. 
 Thus, all of the sribnyks of Volodymyr the Great are represent by three of the four types of prince’s issues. Generally speaking, the Type II numbered 6 pieces, Type III numbered 16 pieces and Type IV numbered 9 pieces. And the Type I is absent in the hoard. 10 coins are minted by previously unknown die pairs (in the treasure №№ 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 32, 34, 38). Additionally interesting are 2 coins with the unknown die combination (in the treasure №№ 15, 22). Their obverses are already published but the reverses are being published for the first time.
 Thus, 31 sribnyks were investigated and ten of them are minted by previously unknown die pairs and two by unknown die combinations. Since the discovery of the Kyiv treasure in 1876, the Horodnytsia treasure is the largest, as well as one that can be classified as authentic, which is additionally confirmed by the discovery of coins at the place of the treasury find. The unique feature of the Horodnytsia treasure can be considered that the place of its discovery was examined archaeologically: the peculiarities of its topography, conditions of occurrence, stratigraphy and location in the settlement system of the region were revealed. It should be underlined that the treasure was found in the region, where the sribnyks of Volodymyr and Sviatopolk were previously unknown among the coin finds.
 Unlike the previous finds of sribnyks, the Horodnytsia treasure was not transferred to the private collections abroad, but replenished the museum fund of Ukraine. The further research of the treasure with the use of the newest modern technologies will increase the information potential of this treasure.

Rimske kovanice iz depoa Muzeja Sarajeva sa lokaliteta Aquae S... / Roman Coins from the Museum of Sarajevo depot from site of Aquae S...

The paper presents an analysis of Roman coins from site of Aquae S... deposited in the Muzej Sarajeva. Of the 69 coins presented in this paper, 41 could be analysed fully, 6 could be only partially analysed due to reduced legibility, while the rest of the coins, namely 22, could not be analysed. From the coins that could be analysed 2 were dated to the 1st century AD, 6 to the 2nd century AD, 16 to the 3rd century AD, and 17 to the 4th century AD. Following types of coins were observed: 1 denarius, 6 sestertius, 1 quadrants, 12 antonianus, 20 AE coins and 1 siliqua. Another two coins could potentially be identified as sestertius, but their identification is not certain due to their poor condition.