Structural Cohesion Research Articles

Effect of Incense Ash on the Engineering Properties of Cement-Based Composite Material

This study investigated the effect of substituting cement with incense ash on material properties and hydration of cement-based composite materials. Test specimens with incense ash replacing up to 30% (volume) of cement were produced and cured at 25 °C and 75 °C for up to 120 days. The researchers of this study observed the effect on setting time, heat conduction, compressive strength, and water absorption, and conducted a microanalysis to observe the structural change of hydration products. The results indicated that by substituting cement with incense ash, the hydration reaction was hastened, and the setting time shortened. When 5% of cement was replaced, incense ash had the effect of filling the voids between particles. At a higher curing temperature, the frequency of particle collisions increased, expediting the hydration reaction and improving the strength of the specimens. At a longer curing time, voids in the specimens were gradually filled by colloids, and pozzolanic reaction caused the amount of Ca(OH)2 to diminish and C–S–H gel to increase, which in turn improved the structural cohesion, reduced the water absorption, and increased the strength and thermal conductivity of the specimens.

Effects of yttrium on mechanical and cohesion properties of zirconium diboride

First principles calculation has been used to investigate the effects of Y on structural stability, mechanical property, and cohesion strength of ZrB2. It is revealed that the substitution of Zr by Y in ZrB2 is energetically favorable, while decreases the structural stability and mechanical property of ZrB2. Calculation also shows that chemical potential of B (μB) has an important effect on interface stability, i.e., the Zr- and B-terminated Y(0001)/ZrB2(0001) interfaces are thermodynamically more stable when −8.25eV≤μB≤-7.87eV and −7.87 eV≤μB≤ -6.75 eV, respectively. Moreover, the addition of Y could considerably decrease the cohesion strength of ZrB2, and the Y particle and Zr-terminated Y/ZrB2 interface would be the fracture positions due to their low cohesion strength. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental/calculated observations in the literature.

A truss‐based approach for densest homogeneous subgraph mining in node‐attributed graphs

AbstractIn a wide range of graph analysis tasks such as community detection and event detection, densest subgraph mining is important and primitive. With the development of social network, densest subgraph mining not only need to consider the structural data but also the attributes information, which descripts the features of nodes or edges. However, there are few researches on densest subgraph mining with attribute description. In this article, we only focus on the node‐attributed graph. According to the properties of structure and attribute in node‐attributed graphs, we define a novel dense subgraph pattern, called hybridized k‐truss in attribute‐augmented graph. A hybridized k‐truss is a subgraph that consists of structural nodes and attribute nodes, of which there are at least (k − 2) common neighbors between any two connected nodes. We introduce the densest hybridized truss problem, and the densest hybridized truss mapping to a densely connected subgraph with homogenous attributes in the original graph. We propose a densest hybridized truss extraction (DHTE) algorithm for node‐attributed graphs, to automatically find the densest subgraph with high density and homogenous attributes at the same time. Extensive experimental results of 21 real world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DHTE over state‐of‐the‐art methods, through comparison about structural cohesiveness and attributive homogeneity.

In the name of the family? Against parents\u2019 refusal to disclose prognostic information to children

Parents frequently attempt to shield their children from distressing prognostic information. Pediatric oncology providers sometimes follow parental request for non-disclosure of prognostic information to children, invoking what we call the stability of the family argument. They believe that if they inform the child about terminal prognosis despite parental wishes, cohesion and family structure will be severely hampered. In this paper, we argue against parental request for non-disclosure. Firstly, we present the stability of the family argument in more detail. We, then, set out the (conceptual, legal, systemic) entitativity of the family and the kind of value the stability of the family argument assumes, before we set on to critically evaluate the argument. Our analysis shows that disclosure of prognostic information to children does not necessarily destabilize the family to a greater extent than non-disclosure. In fact, a systemic perspective suggests that mediated disclosure is more likely to result in a (long-term) stability of the family than non-disclosure. It is in the interest of the family to resist the initial aversive reaction to delivering bad news. In the final part, we draw a set of recommendations on how to facilitate decision-making in face of parental request for non-disclosure.

Opening of cohesin’s SMC ring is essential for timely DNA replication and DNA loop formation

The ring-shaped cohesin complex topologically binds to DNA to establish sister chromatid cohesion. This topological binding creates a structural obstacle to genome-wide chromosomal events, such as replication. Here, we examine how conformational changes in cohesin circumvent being an obstacle in human cells. We show that ATP hydrolysis-driven head disengagement, leading to the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) ring opening, is essential for the progression of DNA replication. Closure of the SMC ring stalls replication in a checkpoint-independent manner. The SMC ring opening also facilitates sister chromatid resolution and chromosome segregation in mitosis. Single-molecule analyses reveal that forced closure of the SMC ring suppresses the translocation of cohesin on DNA as well as the formation of stable DNA loops. Our results suggest that the ATP hydrolysis-driven SMC ring opening makes topologically bound cohesin dynamic on DNA to achieve replication-dependent cohesion in the S phase and to resolve cohesion in mitosis. Thus, the SMC ring opening could be a fundamental mechanism to modulate both cohesion and higher-order genome structure.

Impact of selected baking and vacuum cooling parameters on the quality of toast bread

Vacuum cooling of baked goods can deliver many advantages in terms of product quality and productivity, such as higher volumes and shorter cooling times. However, the associated high costs and the need to adjust baking protocols are of relevance and more information is needed. This paper examines the influence of two main baking protocol parameters on the quality of toast bread, i.e. oven temperature and baking time reduction. Resulting toast bread characteristics including specific bread volume, concavity, browning index, crust and crumb hardness and aw-value were analysed as well as process-dependent core temperature and water loss. In order to compensate for water loss during vacuum cooling and still achieve optimal toast bread quality, a final bread core temperature of 98 °C at the end of baking gave best results, regardless of oven temperature. It was further shown that cooling time can be reduced by a factor of 10 if the baking protocol is optimally adjusted, hinting at a huge potential to increase productivity for industrial applications. In summary, it can be stated that vacuum cooling requires a tailored reduction in baking time in order to compensate for water loss from vacuum cooling while retaining sufficient structural cohesion to resist deformation of the bread.

Elaboration, Crystal Structure, Physicochemical Characterization and DFT Theoretical Calculation of a New Cd(II) Complex [C9H14N]2CdCl4

A novel organic–inorganic hybrid compound, bis(2-ethyl-6-methylanilinium) tetrachlorocadmate(II) [C9H14N]2CdCl4, has been prepared from an aqueous solution by slow evaporation at room temperature and characterized by various techniques, mainly single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound belongs to the monoclinic space group P21/c with the unit cell parameters: a = 23.0418 (1), b = 26.3393 (9), c = 7.2196 (6)A, β = 96.9900 (16)° and Z = 4. In the crystal structure, the inorganic entities consist of one-dimensional polymeric chains of Cd(1)Cl6 octahedra alternating with Cd(2)2Cl8 dimers. The organic cations are located between the inorganic species. The cohesion and stability of the crystal structure is maintained thanks to N–H…Cl hydrogen bond and π–π stacking interactions between neighboring aromatic cations. The intermolecular interactions in the crystal framework were analyzed by Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint plots. The 13C and 15N CP-MAS NMR spectra are discussed and the vibrational absorption bands were identified by infrared spectroscopy. The title compound exhibited two fluorescence emissions at 310 and 617 nm in the solid state at room temperature. The theoretical computation was made by using the DFT method. Finally, the thermal behavior revealed that this compound is stable until 456 K.

Economic Activity in Peripheral Regions – a Case of Poland

The Author discussed, explored, evaluated and diagnosed the disparities of economic activity on regional level. The study embraced five peripheral regions of Poland, namely five Eastern provinces (voivodships), i.e. Lublin Province, Podlasie Province, Subcarpathia Province, Świętokrzyskie Province and Warmia-Masuria Province. The aforementioned five voivodships were compared to Poland and Poland’s central region, i.e. Masovia Province. The following elements were taken into consideration: employment rate and employment by sectors, unemployment rate, GDP per capita, number of economic entities and number of natural persons conducting economic activity, investment outlays and gross expenditure on R&D activity, as well as net internal and external migration for permanent residence. In order to observe the possible changes over the time the situation in 2005 and 2017 was studied. Additionally, the total value of projects co-financed by the European Union through Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund within 2007–2013 period and 2014–2020 perspective was presented and analyzed. The research tools used in the article included literature studies, critical thinking, descriptive analysis and comparative analysis, in that the selected statistical method of multivariate comparative analysis, i.e. Hellwig’s taxonomic measure of development. Statistical material provided by Central Statistical Office (Warsaw, Poland) and taken from Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions 2006, 2007, 2017 and 2018 was used for the analysis. The obtained results indicate the persistence of huge regional disparities of economic activity, economic potential and socioeconomic development despite the implementation of EU Policy of Social, Economic and Territorial Cohesion. Hence, it was possible to positively verify the research hypotheses: both the first hypothesis assuming that the gap between the studied peripheral regions and the rest of Poland was not reduced and the second hypothesis assuming that the participation in the processes of regional economic integration, and in particular in EU Policy of Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion, had only limited impact on the reduction of disparities between Poland’s regions.

Oncogenic Ras Disrupts Epithelial Integrity by Activating the Transmembrane Serine Protease Hepsin.

Ras proteins play a causal role in human cancer by activating multiple pathways that promote cancer growth and invasion. However, little is known about how Ras induces the first diagnostic features of invasion in solid tumors, including loss of epithelial integrity and breaching of the basement membrane (BM). In this study, we found that oncogenic Ras strongly promotes the activation of hepsin, a member of the hepsin/TMPRSS type II transmembrane serine protease family. Mechanistically, the Ras-dependent hepsin activation was mediated via Raf-MEK-ERK signaling, which controlled hepsin protein stability through the heat shock transcription factor-1 stress pathway. In Ras-transformed three-dimensional mammary epithelial culture, ablation of hepsin restored desmosomal cell-cell junctions, hemidesmosomes, and BM integrity and epithelial cohesion. In tumor xenografts harboring mutant KRas, silencing of hepsin increased local invasion concomitantly with accumulation of collagen IV. These findings suggest that hepsin is a critical protease for Ras-dependent tumorigenesis, executing cell-cell and cell-matrix pathologies important for early tumor dissemination. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify the cell-surface serine protease hepsin as a potential therapeutic target for its role in oncogenic Ras-mediated deregulation of epithelial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and cohesion of epithelial structure.

Discovering Significant Communities on Bipartite Graphs: An Index-based Approach

Bipartite graphs are widely used to model relationships between two types of entities. Community search retrieves densely connected subgraphs containing a query vertex, which has been extensively studied on unipartite graphs. However, it remains largely unexplored on bipartite graphs. Moreover, all existing cohesive subgraph models on bipartite graphs only measure the structure cohesiveness while overlooking the edge weight. In this paper, we study the significant (alpha, beta)-community search problem on weighted bipartite graphs. Given a query vertex q, we aim to find the significant (alpha, beta)-community R of q which adopts (alpha, beta)-core to characterize the engagement level of vertices, and maximizes the minimum edge weight (significance) within R. To support fast retrieval of R, we first obtain the maximal connected subgraph of (alpha, beta)-core containing q (the (alpha, beta)-community), and the search space is limited to this subgraph with a much smaller size than the original graph. A novel index structure is presented to support retrieving the (alpha, beta)-community in optimal time. Efficient index maintenance techniques are also proposed to handle dynamic graphs. To further obtain R, we develop peeling and expansion algorithms. The experimental results on real graphs validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed techniques.

The role of the A-cations in the polymorphic stability and optoelectronic properties of lead-free ASnI3 perovskites.

Tin-based ASnI3 perovskites have been considered excellent candidates for lead-free perovskite solar cell applications; however, our atomistic understanding of the role of the A-cations, namely, CH3NH3 (methylammonium, MA), CH3PH3 (methylphosphonium, MP) and CH(NH2)2 (formamidinium, FA), in the physical chemistry properties is far from satisfactory. For the first time, we report a density functional theory investigation of the MPSnI3 perovskite and non-perovskite phases as well as their comparison with the MASnI3 and FASnI3 phases, where we considered the role of the A-cation orientations in the structural stability of the ASnI3 phases. The orthorhombic structure is the most stable studied phase, which agrees with experimentally reported phase-transition trends. In contrast with the cation size and the weak hydrogen bonding interactions, which contribute to structural cohesion between the inorganic framework and A-cation, the dipole-dipole interactions play an important role to drive the structures to the lowest energy configurations. From our analysis, the inorganic framework dominates the optical properties, band structure, and density of states around the band edges. Broader absorption and smaller band gap energies occur for the perovskite structures compared to the low-dimensional hexagonal/pseudo-hexagonal non-perovskites.

Non-systemic Consolidation — Main Forms, Factors, and Approaches

Man is a being. But what lies behind this description is presented differently in different theoretical traditions. So, within structural-functionalist approaches, sociality was understood as a problem of a order, was often considered in isolation from the person himself and received the appropriate connotations (solidarity, integration, communication, etc.). At the same time, “understanding sociology” focusing on generalized meanings of actions or attitudes of individuals, in turn, problematized the conditions for the possibility of consensus and order, starting from the situation of the individual himself. Understanding approaches, according to the authors, make possible a broader view of the problem of order, which in this sense is not reduced exclusively to systemic (material, economic, administrative) factors, motivations or guidelines, but suggest other grounds for rational, consensus behavior. The purpose of the article is to operationalize the nature of a person through the broader concept of consolidation and deconsolidation (connecting the systemic macro-level and the individual micro-level of analysis), as well as the reconstruction of the sum of consolidation-significant factors. Thus, the authors turn to the theory of rational choice by J. Coleman and H. Esser and the corresponding understanding of human rationality, aimed at maximizing, among other things, “intangible profit”. At the same time, the authors associate the sources and conditions of intangible consolidation with the accumulation of various forms of “social capital” that ensures people's trust in its holders. The concept of communicative rationality by J. Habermas gives the authors reason to consider the “public sphere” as an intangible condition of consolidation as a of structural cohesion of “vital-world” expectations of actors and the political system, which often ignores “under-reflective topics” and “under-represented communities” in its agenda. Focusing on the theory of A. Giddens, the authors consider the concept of “double hermeneutics” as a methodological tool for the analysis of non-material consolidation. The latter ensures the exchange of moral and normative interpretations of political events and decisions between intellectuals, scientists, politicians and ordinary citizens, who, in turn, are capable of reflexive monitoring of the actions and decisions of higher authorities. As another condition for consolidation, the so-called “expert knowledge systems” that provide consensus and standardize communication are considered. P. Bourdieu's ideas about social space give reason to consider the factor of (de-) consolidation of society the mismatch between contradictory typical habits (lifestyles, types of consumption, expectations) in a heterogeneous space. As a result, a complex and synthetic concept of consolidation crystallizes, concretizing the abstract concept of human nature.

Founder effect in tupian languages

Since Mayr (1954, 1963), it has been observed that territorial expansions may cause founder effects , reducing the genetic variability of the founder population. A similar effect has been reported within linguistic typology, as the phonemic inventory size of a language is reduced due to territorial dispersal of its speakers. Atkinson (2011) analyzes global present-day phoneme inventory size as a reflection of a serial found effect caused by human exodus out of Africa during the Paleolithic period: the further a language is from eastern-southern Africa, the smaller its phonemic inventory is. Recent studies have shown that this founder effect may interact with other factors such as population size and language contact and isolation. In the present study, we analyze the phonemic effects of the dispersal of Tupi-Guarani people. Taking the basins of Madeira and Guaporé rivers to be the birthplace of Proto-Tupi (RODRIGUES, 1964), we investigated whether physical distance from Madeira- Guaporé is related with phonemic clines within Tupi-Guarani languages located in the southwest region of South America. We also analyzed whether population size is a significant factor, but it did not interact with phonemic inventory size. A variance test, however, showed that languages in the Madeira-Guaporé region present, among themselves, more vocalic variation than southwest Tupi-Guarani languages. This result is compatible with a founder effect. Contrasting with Tupi languages spoken in Madeira-Guaporé, southwest Tupi-Guarani languages are quite harmonious with respect to vowels, presenting two symmetrical series of nasal and oral vowels. This result and the general discursion we present here converse with studies on reconstruction of Proto Tupian languages, and with investigations on the mental representation of vowels and consonants (NESPOR et al., 2003). If vowels are markers of structural relations, we predict that there is more structural cohesion (less parametric variation) among Southwest Tupi-Guarani than among Tupi languages at Madeira-Guaporé.

Predicting substitutions to modulate disorder and stability in coiled-coils

BackgroundCoiled-coils are described as stable structural motifs, where two or more helices wind around each other. However, coiled-coils are associated with local mobility and intrinsic disorder. Intrinsically disordered regions in proteins are characterized by lack of stable secondary and tertiary structure under physiological conditions in vitro. They are increasingly recognized as important for protein function. However, characterizing their behaviour in solution and determining precisely the extent of disorder of a protein region remains challenging, both experimentally and computationally.ResultsIn this work, we propose a computational framework to quantify the extent of disorder within a coiled-coil in solution and to help design substitutions modulating such disorder. Our method relies on the analysis of conformational ensembles generated by relatively short all-atom Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. We apply it to the phosphoprotein multimerisation domains (PMD) of Measles virus (MeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), both forming tetrameric left-handed coiled-coils. We show that our method can help quantify the extent of disorder of the C-terminus region of MeV and NiV PMDs from MD simulations of a few tens of nanoseconds, and without requiring an extensive exploration of the conformational space. Moreover, this study provided a conceptual framework for the rational design of substitutions aimed at modulating the stability of the coiled-coils. By assessing the impact of four substitutions known to destabilize coiled-coils, we derive a set of rules to control MeV PMD structural stability and cohesiveness. We therefore design two contrasting substitutions, one increasing the stability of the tetramer and the other increasing its flexibility.ConclusionsOur method can be considered as a platform to reason about how to design substitutions aimed at regulating flexibility and stability.

The Social Role of Vocal Complexity in Striped Dolphins

Many gregarious species require complex patterns of communication for maintaining coordinated behaviors, articulated social structure and group cohesion. In mammal species, social complexity has been considered the driving force for the development of advanced acoustic communication systems. Striped dolphins are highly social, showing large group size with females maintaining strong bonds with kin. Here, we tested the hypothesis that more complex acoustic pattern plays a key role in social activity in the striped dolphins. The production rate of clicks, whistles and burst pulses, and the acoustic features of whistles have been related to the activity context (feeding, travelling, resting and socializing). Furthermore, complex calls, consisting of a combination of frequency-modulated, and/or pulsed components were detected. Higher whistles and burst pulses production rates were recorded during socializing. Also, the social activity can be discriminated basing on the modulation of the whistle contour. Biphonic calls were especially recorded during social interaction events, suggesting that these phenomena can encode information about individual or group identity to conspecifics. Outcomes indicate the pivotal role of vocal complexity during social context and elicit further investigations of the communication system of small odontocetes from local to wider spatial scale.

Sialic Acids: An Important Family of Carbohydrates Overlooked in Environmental Biofilms

Sialic acids in the structural matrix of biofilms developing in engineered water systems constitute a potential target in the battle against biofouling. This report focuses specifically on the presence of sialic acids as part of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of biofilms forming in cooling towers and the potential effect of nutrient starvation on sialic acid presence and abundance. Two cooling water compositions were compared in parallel pilot-scale cooling towers, one poor in nutrients and one enriched in nutrients. Fresh deposits from the two cooling towers were collected after a five-week operation period. EPS extractions and analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), along with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were performed. The results of MS analyses showed the presence of pseudaminic/legionaminic acids (Pse/Leg) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) in both biofilm EPS samples. FTIR measurements showed the characteristic vibration of sialic acid-like compounds ν(C=O)OH in the nutrient poor sample exclusively. Our findings, combined with other recent studies, suggest that bacterial sialic acids are common compounds in environmental biofilms. Additionally, the conservation of sialic acid production pathways under nutrient starvation highlights their importance as constituents of the EPS. Further in-depth studies are necessary to understand the role of sialic acids in the structural cohesion and protection of environmental biofilm layer.

Patterning and fusion of alumina particles on S7 tool steel by pulsed laser processing

Abstract The performance of many engineering instruments is directly influenced by the instrument’s subparts and their surface properties due to the frequent occurrence of interacting, mating, and sliding surfaces. Due to these effects, significant work is on-going studying the unique tribological properties that multi-scale surface patterns can induce. When a micro-sized pulsed laser is used to irradiate metallic samples, fluid forces in the melt pool cause flows due to surface tension and Marangoni flow. These induced flows can be used to form multi-scale surface patterns. If the metallic melt pool contains individual, non-dissolving constituents, these flows can also cause those constituents within the melt pool to separate and multi-material surface patterns to form. In this work, the formation of multi-material surface patterns through pulsed laser remelting of S7 tool steel that has been dip-coated with alumina nanoparticles through the sol-gel process is demonstrated. Various characterization techniques are used to quantify the materials and mechanical properties of those laser-induced multi-material patterns. Within the melt zone, martensite, carbide particles, and retained austenite appear after rapid cooling, resulting in increased hardness. Additionally, the melt zone and the heat affected zone is back tempered by consecutive laser pulses, causing a nonuniform hardness across the individual laser patterns. The flows within the melt pool cause the alumina nanoparticles to concentrate at the edge of melt zone, forming a pattern higher than the surface outside of the melt zone. Those alumina patterns possess a denser structure, higher hardness, and better cohesion to the base compared to the unprocessed dip-coated layer. Therefore, pulsed laser processing is a promising method to produce consolidated patterns on the S7 tool steel surface with oxide coatings such as alumina. The method is flexible and scalable and could be used to obtain various multi-material surface patterns inexpensively.

Parental attitudes and entrepreneurial success

For many years, researchers have been interested in learning about factors that influence the accomplishment of entrepreneurial success. Thus far, their attention has been directed towards organizational and psychological factors, whereas family factors have been given little consideration. The objective of this study is to verify the influence of family factors, understood as parental attitudes and the structure of one’s family of origin, on the achievement of entrepreneurial success. Research has been conducted on a group of 64 entrepreneurs who have run successful businesses in Poland. The following tools were used: the Questionnaire of Entrepreneurial Success, the Questionnaire of the Retrospective Assessment of Parental Attitudes, the Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, and a personal details datasheet. Negative correlations have been identified among various parental attitudes, such as excessive demands and inconsistency and entrepreneurial success. Furthermore, the manner of communication among the members of the family of origin and the degree of satisfaction with family life have emerged as important factors in entrepreneurial success. However, no significant correlations have been found between entrepreneurial success and parental attitudes (i.e., acceptance, autonomy) or dimensions of family structure (cohesion and flexibility).

Does Maternal Social Capital Have a Health Payoff? Evidence from Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

The relationship between social capital and health has been the subject of research in developed countries. However, empirical evidence from developing countries is scarce. This study examines the association between different dimensions of social capital and maternal health in Jimma Zone of Ethiopia. We utilized a cross sectional data gathered from a random sample of 422 mothers in four districts of the zone. We utilized two-stage regression procedure. We have also controlled for other confounding factors and heterogeneity of the study areas. We find that an increase in an overall score of a mother’s social capital would increase her probability of enjoying better health condition by about 0.61. However, we found mixed effects of different sub-dimensions of social capital. Increases in scores of sub-dimensions of structural social capital like social cohesion and networks are associated with 0.39 and 0.19 decreases in probability of enjoying better health status. Nevertheless, increases in scores of dimensions of cognitive social capital like general trust, institutional trust and sense of security would increase probability of enjoying better health status by 81%, 64% and 65% respectively. Therefore, people with higher levels of social capital – especially in terms of social interaction and all forms of cognitive social capital– engage in healthier behaviors and feel healthier. Since the other forms of capital such as physical and human capital are scarce in countries like Ethiopia, health policies that aim to promote maternal health should promote favorable social capital, which is abundantly available in these countries.

Building a structural typology of personal networks: Individual differences in the cohesion of interpersonal environment

The development of typologies is an efficient strategy in the descriptive study of individual differences in the interpersonal environment of relationships. In this paper, we developed a classification of personal networks using structural indicators with a representative sample (n = 403) in a medium-sized city of the metropolitan environment of Seville, in the south of Spain. The typology was based on the analysis of conglomerates with three criteria variables: centralization, number of cliques, and the number of components. The results allowed the identification of four types of personal networks: dense, intermediate, clustered, and fragmented networks. The classification was validated with descriptive data, linear discriminant analysis, and visual-classification procedure. The structural cohesion and the formation of cohesive sub-groups were two key dimensions to describe the variability of the personal networks in the sample.