Cognitive Model Research Articles

Sustaining altitude pastures in mountain landscapes–a fuzzy cognitive model approach

Similarly to other European mountain areas, in Serra da Estrela the grazing pressure has been reducing due to social and economic drivers that have pushed shepherds and sheep to the foothill, or plainly out of the sector. Shrub encroachment on commons and other previously grazed land is one of the most tangible effects of pastoral abandonment in Serra de Estrela. The impacts of the resulting increase in landscape continuity and biomass availability were made clear in the severe fires of 2017 and 2022. As fire risk is likely to increase with climate change, it becomes urgent to understand what strategies can be deployed to keep fragmentation in these landscapes. Key actors such as shepherds should be involved in this discussion to understand their perceptions, points of view and reasons for abandoning upland pastures. In this study, we use fuzzy cognitive mapping to identify the key variables and mechanisms affecting the pastoral system according to local shepherds. In our study, we developed with local stakeholders a framework outlining the local pastoral system. Based on that, we carried out the fuzzy cognitive mapping collecting 14 questionnaires. We found that shepherds' income is a central issue, but that it is highly dependent on many factors. Increasing the Common Agricultural Policy payments alone is not enough to incentivise the use of upland pastures. More targeted strategies, such as more support for shrub clearing, and direct payments conditional to transhumance are more impactful. Despite a contentious discourse between conservation and shepherding values in Serra da Estrela, we find that shepherd's values are aligned with biodiversity conservation and a potential nature-based solution for minimizing fire risk through woody fuel management. This opens up possibilities for new governance strategies, that put Serra da Estrela's social, environmental and cultural values at its core.

A Proposed Cognitive Model for Teaching and Training in Occupational Safety and Health, and an Evaluation by Experts

A Proposed Cognitive Model for Teaching and Training in Occupational Safety and Health, and an Evaluation by Experts

Роль концепта «непроизводительные деньги» в производстве антропоморфных метафор англоязычного финансового дискурса

The article analyses the role of anthropomorphic monetary metaphors (AMMs) in interpreting professional English-language financial information by recipients (in our case, university students). The priority direction – English-language AMMs of unproductive capital – is but sparingly represented in modern Russian and foreign linguistic papers. The article aims to study the role of AMMs in qualifying financial concepts. The subject of the study is the functioning and implementation of figurative language units exposing the concept of the category of money in the semantics of idle funds. The object of the study is the adjective + money model, where the modifier (adjective) of unproductivity imparts a pejorative meaning to the figurative expression. The new epistemological strategy of humanitarian anthropomorphism places emphasis on the relevance of studying AMMs in the linguocultural context of English-language financial discourse due to their linguistic and cultural asymmetry in Russian and English, which reduces the level of learning intuitiveness. The research method applied here is a linguistic semiological analysis of the adjective + money model with an unproductivity modifier. The material included a corpus of periodicals, archives, financial encyclopaedias and dictionaries, as well as online media. The author draws an inference that an interweaving of the conceptual domains of idleness and finance generates a metaphorical transfer from human characteristics to monetary entities with an expressive negative connotation of cognitive models that metaphorically reflect the attitude towards idle capital. Moreover, finding their way into the lexical equipment of the professional continuum, AMMs activate students’ rhetorical thinking, simplifying concepts that are difficult for them to understand and increasing their level of learning intuitiveness. The results can be of interest to linguists and experts in cultural studies and be used in the field of discourse analysis.

Tracking the Cognitive Band in an Open-Ended Task.

Open-ended tasks can be decomposed into the three levels of Newell's Cognitive Band: the Unit-Task level, the Operation level, and the Deliberate-Act level. We analyzed the video game Co-op Space Fortress at these levels, reporting both the match of a cognitive model to subject behavior and the use of electroencephalogram (EEG) to track subject cognition. The Unit Task level in this game involves coordinating with a partner to kill a fortress. At this highest level of the Cognitive Band, there is a good match between subject behavior and the model. The EEG signals were also strong enough to track when Unit Tasks succeeded or failed. The intermediate Operation level in this task involves legs of flight to achieve a kill. The EEG signals associated with these operations are much weaker than the signals associated with the Unit Tasks. Still, it was possible to reconstruct subject play with much better than chance success. There were significant differences in the leg behavior of subjects and models. Model behavior did not provide a good basis for interpreting a subject's behavior at this level. At the lowest Deliberate-Act level, we observed overlapping key actions, which the model did not display. Such overlapping key actions also frustrated efforts to identify EEG signals of motor actions. We conclude that the Unit-task level is the appropriate level both for understanding open-ended tasks and for using EEG to track the performance of open-ended tasks.

VERBAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WEAPONS: A UNIVERSALIA-ORIENTED ANALYSIS

This paper explores the verbal representations of the WEAPON concept in Old English and Old Icelandic texts, examining how irrational knowledge structures, or "nano-myths," are embedded within the inner form of the concept's names through etymological analysis and interdisciplinary comparisons. These "nano-myths" serve as interpretational and categorizational filters, providing insight into the conceptual underpinnings of these language units. The study emphasizes the role of cognitive models as the basis for these conceptual verbalizations. The analytical approach used in this research is rooted in the theory of myth-oriented semiosis, which forms a key component of the interdisciplinary methodology known as "M-logic." This approach involves reconstructing the cognitive premises underlying these language units and mapping them against a universal model of an open system to identify patterns and variations. The identified models are then compared to ascertain the differences and similarities in conceptual representation between Old English and Old Icelandic. The paper's synthetic interpretations suggest that the set of conceptualized semantic features, organized within the hierarchical plane of the universal model, helps define the allomorphic contours of the respective semantic spaces in the two worldviews. The instrumental component of the isomorphic frame-type structure, which reflects the synergetic dynamics of these semantic spaces, is extended in distinct ways in the Old English and Old Icelandic contexts. This differentiation contributes to the allomorphic structure observed in these worldviews, indicating a unique approach to the concept of weapons in each linguistic tradition.

Longitudinal Associations Between Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Lack of Certainty in Control among Adolescents: Disaggregation of Within-Person and Between-Person Effects

PurposeDepression and suicidal ideation (SI) are common in adolescents. However, the relation between the two is unclear. According to the cognitive model of suicidal behavior and learned helplessness theory, lack of certainty in control (LCC), referring to individuals' deficiency in predictability, certainty, and control of life, may be an important factor linking the two. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the temporal relation between depression and SI in adolescents and to assess the mediating role of LCC in this relation. MethodsA three-wave survey was carried out at intervals of 1 and 1.5 years among 516 adolescents at several middle schools in Sichuan Province, China. The random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the temporal relations between depression, SI, and LCC among adolescents, which can effectively distinguish between-person and within-person differences. ResultsThe results revealed that depression, SI, and LCC had positive intercorrelations at the between-person level. At the within-person level, early depression predicted subsequent depression and SI via LCC among adolescents. Additionally, early LCC promoted later SI through depression. DiscussionThese findings highlight the mediating role of LCC, clarify the temporal relation between depression and SI, and provide theoretical support for interventions to address depression and suicide.

Testing Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers

ObjectivesGrowing evidence suggests that mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) can reduce stress and burnout among social workers. How MBPs support changes in these outcomes is unclear. This study attempts to identify what some of these mechanisms might be, using the clinically modified Buddhist psychological model (CBPM) as a guiding framework.MethodThis study used data from two randomised controlled trials investigating the impact of MBP participation on social worker stress and burnout. The data from participants (n = 94) who completed a Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care (MBSWSC) programme, or a mindfulness and self-compassion programme (MSC) were combined. Structural equation models were constructed, and conditional direct and indirect effect models of changes in the CBPM domains (mindfulness, self-compassion, attention regulation, acceptance, non-attachment, non-aversion), mediating variables (rumination and worry) and outcomes (stress and burnout) were tested.ResultsThe results suggest that CBPM models, through mediated effects on stress, depersonalisation, and personal accomplishment, as well as direct and mediated effects on stress, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalisation, can provide useful frameworks for explaining how MBPs reduce stress and burnout among social workers. This study also found several other significant conditional direct and indirect effects. The pattern of these relationships indicate that multiple outcomes could be improved through different CBPM domains.ConclusionThis study provides initial evidence on the potential mechanisms through which MBP participation acts to reduce stress and burnout in social workers.Preregistrationhttps://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05519267 and NCT05538650.

The impact of a “clinical adaptation psychoeducation program” grounded in the psychological flexibility model on perceived stress and coping behaviors among nursing students: A randomized controlled experimental study

BackgroundThe clinical adaptation psychoeducation program grounded psychological flexibility model (PFMCAP) is consisting of six areas, fills a large gap in the literature regarding the effect of nursing students on perceived stress and coping behaviors in the clinical process. ObjectivesTo determine the effect of PFMCAP on perceived stress and coping behaviors of nursing students. DesignThis was a simple randomized controlled experimental pre-posttest design. SettingThis study was conducted with 66 first-year students studying in the nursing department of a university in Türkiye. MethodsA simple randomization method (computer-generated random number table) was used. Data were collected with “Sociodemographic Data Form”, “Perceived Stress Scale for Nursing Students (PSSNS)” and “Stress-Coping Behaviors Scale for Nursing Students (SCBNS)”. PFMCAP was conducted online with first-year nursing students, consisting of a total of six sessions, each lasting 90 min. Data were analyzed using percentiles and frequency distributions, and two-way mixed ANOVA one week after the completion of the PFMCAP. ResultsThere was no significant difference between the groups of descriptive characteristics (p > 0.05). Post-test measurements of students in the experimental group's PSSNS total and sub-dimension scores had a significant decrease compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in the post-test SCBNS total scores of the students (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant increase in the post-test SCBNS-Staying Optimistic sub-dimension scores in the experimental group (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe impact of PFMCAP on nursing students' perceived stress levels was not limited to only reducing stress levels; it also contributed to an increase in the students' levels of optimism. These findings demonstrate the potential of PFMCAP in supporting nursing students during the clinical adaptation process. It is observed that the integration of PFMCAP into nursing education could assist nursing students in better adapting to clinical practices and effectively managing stress.

The Relationship between Study Habits and Academic Performance among University Students

Abstract: This paper examines the intricate relationship between study habits and academic performance among university students. Drawing upon a synthesis of empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and psychological models, the abstract delves into the multifaceted dynamics shaping students' study habits and their consequent impact on academic achievement. Key factors such as time management, learning strategies, motivation, self-regulation, and environmental influences are explored within the context of diverse student populations and academic disciplines. Moreover, the abstract elucidates the reciprocal nature of this relationship, wherein effective study habits not only enhance academic performance but also contribute to holistic student development. Additionally, it sheds light on the role of technology, social media, and other contemporary influences in shaping modern study habits and their implications for academic success. Finally, the abstract underscores the importance of tailored interventions and educational strategies aimed at optimizing study habits to foster optimal academic outcomes and lifelong learning skills among university students

Cognitive diagnostic assessment: A Q-matrix constraint-based neural network method.

Cognitive diagnosis is a crucial element of intelligent education that aims to assess the proficiency of specific skills or traits in students at a refined level and provide insights into their strengths and weaknesses for personalized learning. Researchers have developed numerous cognitive diagnostic models. However, previous studies indicate that diagnostic accuracy can be significantly influenced by the appropriateness of the model and the sample size. Thus, designing a general model that can adapt to different assumptions and sample sizes remains a considerable challenge. Artificial neural networks have been proposed as a promising approach in some studies. In this paper, we propose a cognitive diagnosis model of a neural network constrained by a Q-matrix and named QNN. Specifically, we employ the Q-matrix to determine the connections between neurons and the width and depth of the neural network. Moreover, to reduce the human effort in the training algorithm, we designed a self-organizing map-based cognitive diagnosis training framework called SOM-NN, which enables the QNN to be trained unsupervised. Extensive experimental results on simulated and real datasets demonstrate that our approaches are effective in both accuracy and interpretability. Notably, under unsupervised conditions, our approach has significant advantages on small sample datasets with high levels of guessing and slipping, especially on the pattern-wise agreement rates. This work bridges the gap between psychometrics and machine learning and provides a realistic and implementable reference solution for classroom instructional assessment and the cold start of personalized and adaptive assessment systems.

Exploring the Power of Language in Persuasion and Communication through the Lens of Ella Minnow Pea and The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Cognitive structures embody mental concepts and direct our thinking about the world. In addition, semantic approaches reveal the conceptual structures involved in organizing the meaning of a word in light of the frames by which the meanings of words are understood. To understand the most prominent cognitive theories and semantic concepts, one must rely and refer to the cognitive model consisting of the frame theory which is a cognitive theory that seeks to embody the mental concepts derived from the linguistic structure. Frames are the mental structures underlie the lexical unit and draw its paths of meaning and define its embodied frame. They also translate the process of interaction between language and the human mind in creating new meanings and conceptual concepts. Among the scholars who developed this theory is the American linguistic Charles Fillmore (1929-2014) who had a strong presence in the field of behavioral psychology through his structural and lexical semantic researches. He was one of the founders of mental and cognitive linguistics along with George Lakoff and others. Fillmore insisted on the great importance of semantics and its value in explicating different morphological and syntactic phenomena.

은유적 사상의 부분성(2) - 구조적 은유 ‘죽음’의 은유적 활용을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to examine the partiality of metaphorical utilization in the thought of the conceptual metaphor 'death'. Applying the proposed multifaceted cognitive model (MCM) for this purpose, the results are as follows. First, in terms of the frequency of occurrence of the elements of the MCM, the source aspect in which both single and multiple actions occurred was more diverse than the goal aspect, death, and they were generally in the order of 'goal aspect&gt; shape aspect&gt; action aspect&gt;material aspect'. Second, in terms of the subject's agentic power, we could distinguish between active (12.5%) and passive (87.5%) attitudes, which was consistent with the subject's loss of control in the goal aspect. This allowed us to infer that death is being controlled by the subject's passive attitude rather than being controlled by the subject's active attitude. Third, the identification of the partiality of metaphorical utilization ultimately led to a broader understanding of the target domain of death.

An Exploration of the Principles of Loss of Character through Fundamental Cognitive Mechanisms

In the 21st century, humanity is hearing warnings that its very existence is threatened in a serious crisis not only socio- environmentally, but also in the natural environment. As one of the fundamental causes, the seriousness of loss of character is pointed out throughout society, and the need for character restoration is in strong demand. However, due to the absence of agreed upon knowledge about what character is and how it is lost, effective character education for essential character healing or the prevention of fundamental loss of character is not possible. Unlike other studies on character, the reality of character was essentially explored from the origin of the mind, where various mental phenomena arise (Song, 2022). According to the study, character is composed of two conflicting desires of nature: a nature for ‘emptiness,’ which is a mind that tries not to think and thus any cognitive structure (knowledge) does not appear internally, and a nature for ‘appearance,’ which is a mind that tries to think of forming knowledge and thus knowledge appears internally. According to this study, loss of character refers to a situation in which emptiness is weakly or barely expressed compared to manifest nature, which is excessively expressed, meaning that the mind of knowledge appears excessively inside, while the empty mind appears in a small or almost non-existent manner. Accordingly, this paper explored how this loss of character occurs through fundamental cognitive mechanisms (Song &amp; Porath, 2006). According to the results, this study confirmed that the loss of character is due to ‘obsession’ with material phenomena caused by ‘autistic phenomenon’, where the brain's cognitive space grows excessively and too much attention is drawn inward and consciousness becomes trapped within it. Based on this character loss mechanism, this paper provides a discussion on the direction of character loss prevention education that can prevent character loss or its deepening.

An Exploration of the Principles of Loss of Character through Fundamental Cognitive Mechanisms

In the 21st century, humanity is hearing warnings that its very existence is threatened in a serious crisis not only socio- environmentally, but also in the natural environment. As one of the fundamental causes, the seriousness of loss of character is pointed out throughout society, and the need for character restoration is in strong demand. However, due to the absence of agreed upon knowledge about what character is and how it is lost, effective character education for essential character healing or the prevention of fundamental loss of character is not possible. Unlike other studies on character, the reality of character was essentially explored from the origin of the mind, where various mental phenomena arise (Song, 2022). According to the study, character is composed of two conflicting desires of nature: a nature for ‘emptiness,’ which is a mind that tries not to think and thus any cognitive structure (knowledge) does not appear internally, and a nature for ‘appearance,’ which is a mind that tries to think of forming knowledge and thus knowledge appears internally. According to this study, loss of character refers to a situation in which emptiness is weakly or barely expressed compared to manifest nature, which is excessively expressed, meaning that the mind of knowledge appears excessively inside, while the empty mind appears in a small or almost non-existent manner. Accordingly, this paper explored how this loss of character occurs through fundamental cognitive mechanisms (Song &amp; Porath, 2006). According to the results, this study confirmed that the loss of character is due to ‘obsession’ with material phenomena caused by ‘autistic phenomenon’, where the brain's cognitive space grows excessively and too much attention is drawn inward and consciousness becomes trapped within it. Based on this character loss mechanism, this paper provides a discussion on the direction of character loss prevention education that can prevent character loss or its deepening.

PECULIARITIES OF THE REPRESENTATION OF MORAL AND ETHICAL NORMS IN THE WORKS OF A. SEIDIMBEK

It is known that the spiritual nature of the Kazakh people, which characterizes its spiritual culture, is passed on from generation to generation through the cumulative function of language. This article presents the moral and ethical principles of spiritual culture - the spirit of the people, achievements in the world of the mind, cumulative activities that are passed on from generation to generation. The main direction of our research is to consider the features of the representation of moral and ethical forms in spiritual culture. This message clearly examines the nature of artistic concept in spiritual culture and its relationship with rituals, which need to be studied from a conceptual point of view. As basic research material, we focus on the works of the ethnographer A. Seidimbek, as well as on the peculiarities of the representation of the concepts of “superstition” and “forbidden”, which form a cultural unity in the concepts of the Kazakh people. According to this goal, the study of the mentioned concepts in the scholar’s literary texts in the continuity of language and culture indicates their linguistic representation of the social life and spiritual culture of the nation. The fact that moral and ethical units are reflected in artistic and poetic texts as representatives of an artistic concept is formulated using methods of comparison, modeling and codification in an anthropocentric direction. The results of research work in this direction help to determine the purpose and significance of the system of traditions, rituals and customs in the culture of the people, how they are reflected in the thoughts, feelings and actions of a native speaker; the purpose and significance of traditions and lifestyles, moral and ethical norms (state) of property. It is assumed that, like general folk knowledge, superstition can beseen as a fusion of rational and irrational principles, as well as the result of a syncretic unity. Information about the nature of the connection between understanding the ethnic language and moral and ethical norms, the linguistic picture-image (picture) in rituals as a whole is divided into several layers, and also that the moral and ethical layers in these layers differ in chronological (diachronological) characteristics, which reflected in the words of rituals. Like popular knowledge, superstition is defined as the intersection of rational and irrational principles, as well as the result of syncretic unity. Mental ideas about a person in the cognitive space of ethnocultural names of the Kazakh language, Professor A. Seіdimbek determined that the works represent national and cultural characteristics. The representation of moral and ethical values as a spiritual treasure, a continuation of a person’s past life and present existence in the future is presented with evidence based on the works of A. Seіdimbek.

'Things that shouldn't be': a qualitative investigation of violation-related appraisals in individuals with OCD and/or trauma histories.

Cognitive models of mental contamination (i.e. feelings of internal dirtiness without contact with a contaminant) propose that these feelings arise when individuals misappraise a violation. However, an operational definition of 'violation' and identification of specific violation misappraisals is limited. This study's aim was to elaborate on cognitive models using qualitative data from those with lived experience to fill these gaps. Twenty participants with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or a trauma history took part in a semi-structured interview about violation. Grounded theory was used to analyse interview transcripts. Three categories emerged, each with several themes - qualities of violation, violation-related appraisals, and violation-related behaviours. Different violation-related appraisals were associated with different emotions and urges. Specific self-focused appraisal sub-themes (i.e. permanence of consequences; self-worth; responsibility, self-blame and regret) were most closely related to emotions tied to mental contamination. These findings support and expand upon existing cognitive models of mental contamination, identifying key violation-related appraisals and differentiating between mental contamination-related appraisals and those related to other emotional sequelae. Future quantitative and experimental research can evaluate the potential of these appraisals as intervention targets.

The impact of Nrf2 knockout on the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in a mice model of cognitive impairment

The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway represents a crucial intrinsic protective system against oxidative stress and inflammation and plays a significant role in various neurological disorders. However, the effect of Nrf2 signalling on the regulation of cognitive impairment remains unknown. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has neuroprotective effects and can ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction. Our objective was to observe whether Nrf2 knockout influences the efficacy of DEX in improving cognitive impairment and to attempt to understand its underlying mechanisms. An LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction model in wild-type and Nrf2 knockout mice (Institute of Cancer Research background; male; 8–12 weeks) was used to observe the impact of DEX on cognitive dysfunction. LPS was intraperitoneally injected, followed by novel object recognition and morris water maze experiments 24 h later. Hippocampal tissues were collected for histopathological and molecular analyses. Our research findings suggest that DEX enhances the expression of NQO1, HO-1, PSD95, and SYP proteins in hippocampal tissue, inhibits microglial proliferation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, increases anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and improves dendritic spine density, thereby alleviating cognitive dysfunction induced by LPS. However, the knockout of the Nrf2 gene negated the aforementioned effects of DEX. In conclusion, DEX alleviates cognitive deficits induced by LPS through mechanisms of anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation, as well as by increasing synaptic protein expression and dendritic spine density. However, the knockout of the Nrf2 gene reversed the effects of DEX. The Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the mitigation of LPS-induced cognitive impairment by DEX.

A Diagnostic Facet Status Model (DFSM) for Extracting Instructionally Useful Information from Diagnostic Assessment.

Modern assessment demands, resulting from educational reform efforts, call for strengthening diagnostic testing capabilities to identify not only the understanding of expected learning goals but also related intermediate understandings that are steppingstones on pathways to learning goals. An accurate and nuanced way of interpreting assessment results will allow subsequent instructional actions to be targeted. An appropriate psychometric model is indispensable in this regard. In this study, we developed a new psychometric model, namely, the diagnostic facet status model (DFSM), which belongs to the general class of cognitive diagnostic models (CDM), but with two notable features: (1) it simultaneously models students' target understanding (i.e., goal facet) and intermediate understanding (i.e., intermediate facet); and (2) it models every response option, rather than merely right or wrong responses, so that each incorrect response uniquely contributes to discovering students' facet status. Given that some combination of goal and intermediate facets may be impossible due to facet hierarchical relationships, a regularized expectation-maximization algorithm (REM) was developed for model estimation. A log-penalty was imposed on the mixing proportions to encourage sparsity. As a result, those impermissible latent classes had estimated mixing proportions equal to 0. A heuristic algorithm was proposed to infer a facet map from the estimated permissible classes. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the performance of REM to recover facet model parameters and to identify permissible latent classes. A real data analysis was provided to show the feasibility of the model.

Putting the Vicious Cycle to the Test: Evidence for the Cognitive Behavioral Model of Persistent Somatic Symptoms From an Online Study.

In clinical practice, persistent somatic symptoms are regularly explained using a cognitive-behavioral model (CBM). In the CBM, predisposing, perpetuating, and precipitating factors are assumed to interact and to cause the onset and endurance of somatic symptoms. However, these models are rarely investigated in their entirety. We conducted an online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 2114 participants from the general German population completed questionnaires that measured different factors of the CBM. We used state negative affectivity and neuroticism as predisposing factors, fear of a COVID-19 infection as the precipitating factor, and somatic symptoms, misinterpretation of bodily symptoms, attention allocation to bodily symptoms, and health anxiety as perpetuating factors. Moreover, we added safety and avoidance behavior as end points to the model. We conducted a psychological network analysis to exploratively study the relationships between the model's different factors and tested the assumptions of the CBM by evaluating a structural equation model (SEM) that incorporated all factors of the model. Network analyses revealed clustering in our data: Health anxiety and different cognitive factors are closely related, whereas somatic symptoms and state negative affectivity are strongly associated. Our SEM showed adequate fit. Our findings from an exploratory and a confirmatory approach give empirical support for the CBM, suggesting it as a suitable model to explain bodily symptoms in the general population and to possibly guide clinical practice. The network model additionally indicates the necessity to apply an individualized CBM for patients, depending on a preponderance of either persistent somatic symptoms or health concerns.

Bus Drivers’ Behavioral Intention to Comply with Real-Time Control Instructions: An Empirical Study from China

Developing intelligent bus control systems is crucial for fostering the sustainability of urban transportation. Control instructions are produced in real time by the bus control system; these are important technical commands to stabilize the order in which buses operate and improve service reliability. Understanding the behavioral intention of bus drivers to comply with these instructions will help improve the effectiveness of intelligent bus control system implementation. We have developed a psychological model that incorporates decomposed variables of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and other influencing variables to explain the micromechanisms that determine bus drivers’ behavioral intention to comply with real-time control instructions during both peak and off-peak-hour scenarios. A total of 258 responses were obtained and verified for analysis. The results showed that the influential factors in the peak- and off-peak-hour scenarios were not identical. Female drivers had greater off-peak-hour behavior intention to comply than male drivers, and there were significant differences in peak-hour behavior intention among drivers of different ages. In both peak and off-peak-hour scenarios, perceived benefit positively and perceived risk negatively affected behavioral intention. Perceived controllability positively affected behavioral intention only during peak hours. Self-efficacy only negatively affected behavioral intention during off-peak hours. Three antecedent variables (i.e., trust, mental workload, and line infrastructure support) influenced drivers’ behavioral intentions indirectly via the decomposed variables of TPB. These results provide profound insights for the improvement and implementation of real-time control technology for bus services, thereby facilitating the development of smart and sustainable urban public transport systems.