Cognitive Organization Research Articles

의과대학생의 자기주도 학습 유형에 따른 학업성취도의 차이

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine self-directed learning among medical students by type and to investigate whether there are differences in academic achievement based on these types. Methods In order to achieve the research purpose, data were collected from 65 fourth-year medical students enrolled in a professionalism-related course at a medical school in Seoul. Scores on self-directed learning competencies and perceived academic achievement were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and chi-square tests. Results The findings of the study are as follows: first, among the sub-factors of self-directed learning, cognitive organization was the highest, followed by motivational beliefs. Second, when classifying self-directed learning types based on individual scores, the cognitive type was the highest, followed by the metacognitive type, and then the motivational type. Third, examining differences in academic achievement according to types of self-directed learning among medical students revealed that students with a cognitive self-directed learning type tended to have moderate academic achievement, those with a metacognitive type had higher academic achievement, and those with a motivational type had the lowest academic achievement. Conclusions This study confirmed that metacognition is a significant factor in medical students' learning. The findings of this study are expected to serve as foundational data for improving learning support for medical students in the future.

COGNITIVE ORGANISATION OF LITERARY IMAGE: METAPHORICAL FRAMING

Topicality of studying the artistic image, its ontological status and complex of functions in the paradigm of modern linguistics is determined by the need to understand the specifics of an artistic text as a result of the verbal and mental activity of the author and the receptive-interpretative activity of the reader in the process of aesthetic communication. An artistic image embodies the main qualities of an artistic text – its conceptual inability to reflect objective reality within the framework of conventionality or life-like strategies. A literary text appeals to the network of associative connections that arise for the addressee of an aesthetic statement in the process of perceiving such a text on the basis of everyday and spiritual experience, background knowledge, including those determined by the general cultural outlook of the individual. In the process of research, it was proven that an artistic image arises in the process of abstraction and in an artistic text can be realised through metaphors, as a result of which the reader gets the opportunity to decode implicit meanings with the help of visual representations and verbalise them. Based on the texts of novels by Vladimir Orlov “Danilov, the Violist”, “Pharmacist” and “Shevrikuka” it is established that the cognitive organisation of an artistic image is determined by metaphorical framing, which forms the foundation of artistic fiction: there is a transfer by similarity in relation to situations, events, characteristics of characters represented in artistic text, and knowledge, values and meanings that form the foundation of the addressee’s worldview.

Ukrainian biaspectuality: An instantiation of compositional aspect in a verbal-aspect language

Aspect, the perfective-imperfective contrast, is a universal phenomenon, part of man’s cognitive organization to reflect objective/subjective reality by conceptualizing referents of verbs and of nominals/NPs standing for participants in situations as temporal entities, residing in speaker-hearers’ heads and interacting between each other. Aspect is instantiated across languages through two archetypes: verbal aspect (VA) – grammatical, as in the Slavic languages, including Ukrainian; compositional aspect (CA) – complex semantico-syntactic, sporadically dependent on pragmatic discourse elements, as in English. The paper explores Ukrainian language data to, first, confirm that CA, realized mainly as a very complex interplay of sentence components, exists not only in CA languages but, albeit peripherally, also in VA languages, including Ukrainian. Second, to find out how the Ukrainian aspect is realized in sentences with biaspectual verbs and particular numbers of situation-participant NPs: three, two, one. The referents of verbs and of nominals/NPs standing for participants in situations in both VA and CA languages are part of the never-ending process of thinking and perpetual resorting to memory and are not some abstract self-contained system of symbols divorced from human cognition. Phrased otherwise, aspect, especially CA, cannot be understood within the domain of traditional grammar and mainstream linguistics with their naivist notions ignoring man’s cognitive capacity and maintaining, inter alia, that nominals/NPs are concrete/physical or abstract entities. The study of matter is ordained to physics. Linguistics must investigate not the material world but how language reflects this world and other possible (imaginable) worlds. A simple analogue is a woman in a mirror: it is not a material object but an image of a woman; likewise, a woman referred to through language is not a material object but a token of a woman. Hence, NP referents of material things are not physical entities but images of such entities, fully describable, and their kineticism is handled by verb referents, whereby the intricate CA mechanism, which is cognitive, can be observed, albeit peripherally, also in VA languages, including Ukrainian. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest. * Corresponding author: Krasimir Kabakčiev, 0000-0002-5529-0872kkabakciev@atiner.gr

Когнитивная стратегия лаудативности в рекламном туристическом нарративе

The aim of the study is to determine the linguistic ways of expressing the cognitive strategy of laudation in the advertising tourism narrative. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the problem statement: the strategy of laudation is for the first time considered in terms of the mechanisms of its cognitive organization in the advertising tourism narrative. The paper provides a summarized analysis of researchers’ views on the semantics of a cognitive strategy. The work reveals the content of the notion of “the cognitive strategy of laudation”, identifies its characteristic features and classification criteria. It is emphasized that laudation as a cognitive strategy is characterized by a variety of linguistic means. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the strategy of laudation (the strategy of praise) is implemented in the advertising tourism narrative using lexical, morphological and syntactic linguistic means, as well as using rhetorical techniques. The work focuses on the potential ability of the cognitive strategy of laudation to act as a means of argumentation, imagery and originality through the use of linguistic means and techniques that enhance the perlocutionary effect of speech influence.

Integration of sexual and relational mental representations in autobiographical memories is associated with sexual well-being

Determinants of sexual well-being have often been identified as sexual and relational satisfaction, which both include a focus on partner relationship. Such a conceptualization excludes sexually active single individuals, while confusing sexual and relational satisfaction with sexual well-being as both determinant and outcome. In this research, we propose an intrapersonal perspective focused on cognitive sexual and relational mental representations as determinants of sexual well-being. Based on behavioral systems theory, we suggest that a high level of integration of sexual and relational mental representations should be associated with sexual well-being indicators, whereas a weaker level of integration should correspond to a lower level of sexual well-being. We developed a novel codification scheme to measure the cognitive integration of sexual and relational mental representations in narratives of sexual autobiographical memories. We examined its associations with sexual well-being indicators (satisfaction, passion, and sociosexuality). In a sample of 142 students, results showed that integration of sexual and relational representations in memories was positively associated with sexual satisfaction and harmonious passion, and negatively with obsessive passion and sociosexual desire. Results suggest that an integrated cognitive organization of sexual and relational mental representations in autobiographical memories can reflect a greater sexual well-being. Clinical implications are discussed.

Когнитивные механизмы цветообозначений в рекламном туристическом нарративе (на примере озера Байкал)

The aim of the study is to determine the cognitive mechanisms of colour terms in the advertising tourist narrative. The scientific novelty of the work is accounted for by the problem statement: it is the first time that colour terms have been considered taking into account the mechanisms of their cognitive organisation in the advertising tourist narrative using Lake Baikal as an example. The paper analyses the views of researchers describing colour terms in the Russian linguistic worldview, the advertising discourse, cognitive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics. The study emphasises that colour as a culture code is a significant cognitive category and colour terms possess associativity and axiological value, are connected to the history of the nation, its peculiarities in relation to ethnic norms, traditions, customs and rituals. As a result of the study, it has been found that the main cognitive mechanisms of colour terms in the advertising tourist narrative include foregrounding as the informational-pragmatic core in the structure of the textual whole; metaphor as a source of figurative naming; standard comparative constructions and realised comparisons. The analysis of the material attests to the fulfillment of the potential of lexical units with secondary colour naming in such main conceptual-thematic areas as “Animate nature” and “Inanimate nature”.

Types and the Classification Criteria of the Bilingualism in Turkey: A Meta-Synthesis

This meta-synthesis study aims to reveal the types of bilingualism in Turkey by interpreting the quantitative data and findings obtained from studies on bilingualism types. In the light of the findings, 28 types of bilingualism and 5 classification criteria have been identified in the theses written on bilingualism in the “Turkish Higher Education Institution Thesis Center database”. The synthesis data show that the most addressed type of bilingualism in 22 theses was “balanced” and “dominant bilingualism”. The most frequently used criterion in classifying bilingualism is “skill level criterion”, followed by “age of acquisition”, “cognitive organization,” and “status of the two languages”.

The effectiveness of an integrative counseling program in the cognitive organization and treatment of emotional imbalance among university students of both sexes

The effectiveness of an integrative counseling program in the cognitive organization and treatment of emotional imbalance among university students of both sexes

Scene hierarchy structures object representations while flexibly adapting to varying task demands

Objects are arranged in the environment following certain rules which we have termed “scene grammar”, that we exploit to perceive and interact with objects in an efficient way. We have recently proposed that this organization is hierarchical: objects are grouped together based on the scene they typically appear in (e.g., bathroom); based on the different spatial clusters of objects within a scene (“phrases”, e.g., the sink phrase); and based on the status they have within a phrase, where one object (“anchor”, e.g., the sink) typically holds strong predictions about the identity and position of other objects (“local objects”, e.g., a toothbrush). Here we investigate if mental representations of objects reflect this hierarchy and which behavioural goal strengthens this organization. To do so, we collected pairwise similarity judgments for triplets of everyday objects, using an odd-one-out task with different task instructions: in one case, similarity had to be judged based on action goals performed with these objects; in another case, similarity was judged based on visual appearance of objects; finally, similarity ratings were collected without explicit instructions. Results showed that measures of scene hierarchy had stronger impact on similarity judgments for the “action goal” task and the “no instructions” task than for the “visual appearance” task; some aspects of the hierarchy, like “phrase” organization, were even more important to make similarity judgments based on action goals than without explicit instructions. Moreover, measures that estimate visual features of objects had a stronger effect on similarity when judged based on visual appearance than in the other tasks. To conclude, our study shows that scene hierarchy shapes mental representation of objects and that this cognitive organization can flexibly change according to behavioural goals. Besides, it suggests that scene hierarchy is exploited with the purpose of efficient interaction with objects in the environment.

Perrotta Autism Spectrum Disorders Questionnaire for infants and young adolescents (PASD-Qy)

Building on the concept of “Autism Spectrum Disorder”, as framed in the DSM-V, and taking up studies on the new etiological theory (PETA) focusing on the developmental model of the neurobiological matrix (PEMA) and related questionnaire (PTAS-Qa), in this research a new questionnaire is proposed that can focus on the presence or absence of 4 functional areas (interactional and movement, language, and communication, ideational and social, emotional and behavioral) and 25 type-deficit traits, grading the impairment according to a precise 5-level severity scale (PASSy). The new questionnaire (Perrotta Autism Spectrum Disorders Questionnaire for infants and young adolescents, PASD-Qy), is composed of 25 items, on a binary S/N scale and based on a total score of 10/10, for a population between 18 months and < 16 years, thus offering a structured view of the individual’s cognitive organization, avoiding diagnostic fragmentations that might be inconsistent with the nosographic framework. By exemplifying the category, it is then possible to more easily frame the patient, who would thus be analyzed from a strictly functional point of view, also facilitating the preparation of therapeutic interventions, according to models already known in the literature (e.g., ABA), exactly as for the questionnaire dedicated to late adolescents and adults.

Thinking like a State : Embodied intelligence in the deep history of our collective mind

This article aims to show how the deep history of early State societies entails the development of a collective form of cognitive agency. It relates classical works in the anthropology of States (in particular Scott’s Seeing like a State) with the enactive account of biological and cognitive organisation, thanks to the unified ontology for self-organisation dynamics across scales offered by the Active Inference framework.Active Inference conceives of cognition as synchronisation across individuated sensorimotor states. It entails that biological or sociocultural constraints display a minimal form of cognition by shaping the behaviour of faster dynamics in a certain way. When such constraints collectively define a basic life form (an integrated, operationally closed system), they can therefore be said to embody adaptive knowledge properly speaking.The (en)Active Inference account I articulate here strongly motivates and methodologically grounds a holist approach in the social sciences. Indeed, it grounds the study of human societies in the role of structural constraints, whose “meaning” depends both on the broader system’s activity and in the historical context of their emergence. The present account of the dynamics of early urbanisation and State genesis aims to illustrate this approach.

Semiotics: A Transdisciplinary Quest for Meaning

Human communication, often defined as the transfer of information between human beings, is better understood as the exchange of meaning between them. It has been discovered that meaning hardly makes sense outside the context of communication. Efforts to make sense of meanings date back to the classical times from the metaphysical postulates of Plato and Aristotle, which establish basic paradigms for the interpretation of the relation between 'ideas' and 'individual forms' as correlates of linguistic signs through Locke’s postulates of a fully-fledged system of ideas pre-existent to language, Condillac’s acknowledgement of the constitutive role of signs, which allow a level of cognitive organization beyond that of animals to the modern realization of the dependence of the mind on language and its social character which lead directly to Humboldt's linguistic relativism. One of the most dynamic breakthroughs in the understanding of human communication and the meanings exchanged therein is semiotics which is often defined as the science, doctrine, or study of signs and has become one of the traditions used in the study of communication. Combining historical inquiry and content analysis as methodological tools, this study explores the trajectory of semiotics, its nature, and dynamics and posits that because signs are socially and culturally polysemous, the use of semiotics requires exposure to diverse disciplines or at least more than one discipline in order to be able to properly underscore its multimodal tenor.

Особливості когнітивної сфери кваліфікованих жінок-боксерок

The purpose of the study is to analyze a set of characteristics of the cognitive sphere of qualified women-boxers in the preparatory and training period. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a pedagogical experiment that took place at the Koncha-Zaspa sports base with the participation of 19 qualified female boxers. According to the purpose of the study, a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive sphere of combatants in the preparatory period was carried out. The computer complex "Multipsychometer-05" was used to study the features of the cognitive sphere in the preparatory period of women-boxers. To assess the cognitive functions of skilled boxers the techniques of "Regularity" was used to solve verbal problems, which is designed to study the thinking process, including: activity, intelligence, flexibility and RAM and the Domino test to determine nonverbal intellectual abilities. The reliability and validity of the results of scientific research was provided by modern methodological approaches widely used in the theory and methodology of sports training; the use of informative research methods that meet the goals and objectives; a sufficient sample size and the use of modern methods of mathematical statistics in the processing. Results and discussion. The peculiarities of the manifestation of cognitive organization in skilled women-boxers in the conditions of psycho-emotional load were determined. Performing the test task "Establishing patterns" gave us the opportunity to determine verbal intelligence, namely, performance indicators of the function of perception, thinking and attention. Thus, 47.4% (n = 9) of athletes had a low level of verbal intelligence, 31.6% (n = 6) had a medium level and 21.0% (n = 4) had a high level of productivity. The presence of high and medium levels of performance in boxers indicates an increased level of verbal intelligence in women-boxers. The Domino test was used to study nonverbal intellectual abilities. Low values of performance on the Domino test were found in 42.1% (n = 8) of female boxers. The average level was found in 26.4% (n = 5) of athletes, and the remaining 31.6% (n = 6) had a high level of nonverbal intelligence. In most groups boxers showed a high level of nonverbal intelligence, which determines the peculiarities of perception in the process of training to succeed in sports. The remaining female boxers are characterized by nonverbal intellectual abilities. Their intellect is associated with the perception of external factors associated with the opponent's action. They have the ability to quickly respond to situations that develop in a duel. Conclusion. The results of the performance of the verbal test task by athletes, indicate a high degree of expression of the processes of perception and processing of verbal information and an increased level of correctly solved tasks in 52.3% of boxers. In the course of scientific research we found that 52.3% (n = 10) women-boxers have the ability to operate with real objects, images of objects, images, perceive and process information of varying complexity due to sufficient manifestation of nonverbal intelligence

Implications of Gender Stereotypes on Community Development Initiatives in Dadaab, Garissa County, Kenya

This paper examined the implications of gender stereotypes on community development initiatives in Dadaab region of Garissa County in Kenya using data collected for an MA Thesis. The paper has been motivated by increased perceptions that gender stereotyping has continued to bar development especially in developing countries such as Kenya. The Specific objectives of this study were; to examine how socially-constructed gender norms influence community development in Dadaab Sub County, to explore how religious beliefs on gender influence community development, and to assess the influence of cultural beliefs on gender in community development in Dadaab Sub County. The study adopted correlational design which engaged 293 men and women respondents selected through Convenience sampling. Social role and gender schema theories were used to explain behavior of men and women based on societal expectations and the process of gender construction and maintenance through cognitive organization and interpretation. Data was collected using focus groups and interview schedule. The study found out that men and women had divided roles where responsibilities for men in the families included; protecting the families from danger, decision making, fending for the family as a bread winner, transportation of animals from one place to another, disciplining the children, fencing, digging wells and boreholes and ensuring the woman does not struggle to work in order to feed a family. Additional findings show that the community in Dadaab believes that gender equality is demeaning to men by affecting their roles in the family. The inequality has also deprived women of opportunity for employment hence, reduces the household income in the long run. The study found out that the cultural belief in the Somali community in Dadaab adopts a patriarchal framework, where the man is expected to be the breadwinner and head of the household with an obligation of providing the family with steady and reliable income. The study recommends deconstruction of the patriarchal nature of the Somali community that downplays the role of women in society by way of policy to manage stereotyping of women and advocate for gender equality and social inclusion and participation of both for sustainable development.

STEM Education and Problem-Solving in Space Science: A Case Study with CanSat

Research has shown that hands-on projects promote stem education, namely via problem-solving. CanSat, literally ‘satellite in a can’, is a stem educational project promoted by the European Space Agency. This paper addresses this issue by researching this STEM project and trying to understand how secondary students solve problems in the STEM CanSat project. We use qualitative techniques of data collection and analysis. The results showed that students used sophisticated thinking strategies to process information within this interdisciplinary project: (a) cognitive testing, cognitive organization, cognitive regulation, and monitoring, in addition to computer language and physical-mathematical calculations, are cognitive and metacognitive behavior strategies revealed in the CanSat; (b) problem-solving was suggested as a specific model, where students’ higher cognitive and metacognitive ordering processes deepen in project development; (c) computational, lateral, or divergent and convergent thinking were detected as thinking types of students associated with and mobilized in the course of problem-solving. The findings of this research have practical implications for STEM education in space science. Hands-on projects using problem-solving are an essential strategy to promote STEM. This project reinforces this. Additionally, they are a starting point to promote meaningful learning and new thinking types.

Individual differences and the multidimensional nature of face perception

Face perception is crucial to social interactions, yet people vary in how easily they can recognize their friends, verify an identification document or notice someone’s smile. There are widespread differences in people’s ability to recognize faces, and research has particularly focused on exceptionally good or poor recognition performance. In this Review, we synthesize the literature on individual differences in face processing across various tasks including identification and estimates of emotional state and social attributes. The individual differences approach has considerable untapped potential for theoretical progress in understanding the perceptual and cognitive organization of face processing. This approach also has practical consequences — for example, in determining who is best suited to check passports. We also discuss the underlying structural and anatomical predictors of face perception ability. Furthermore, we highlight problems of measurement that pose challenges for the effective study of individual differences. Finally, we note that research in individual differences rarely addresses perception of familiar faces. Despite people’s everyday experience of being ‘good’ or ‘bad’ with faces, a theory of how people recognize their friends remains elusive.

Formation of external cognitive tools among future teachers of chemistry

It is important to understand the features of the instrumental side of the cognitive organization of each student, in the process of teaching and upbringing, as a reflection of the properties of the integral structure of the human cognition system. The article is devoted to the problem of identifying and using the prevailing styles of thinking of students, future teachers, in the process of their vocational training at the university. Goal of research ‑ determine the prevailing style of students' thinking activity with a possible typology. The relevance of the problem under study is associated with the need to solve the issue of the optimal use of the individual thinking characteristics of bachelor students, future chemistry teachers, for the development of their methodical thinking as the integration of scientific thinking of a separate taught science, scientific - research pedagogical thinking and applied pedagogical thinking. The authors point out that the master's degree program should also use the idea of implementing and researching students ' mental operations in a certain sequence: presentation of knowledge → structuring knowledge → transformation of knowledge in conjunction with the main tools of thinking, as the highest stage of human cognition - concept, judgment and inference. As a research methodology, the article proposes the use of diagnostics by A. Alekseeva and L. Gromova "Individual styles of thinking" to determine the styles of thinking, the purpose of which is to study the individual characteristics of thinking. It has been established that the implementation of the methodology used contributes to the study of the basic styles of thinking of students: synthetic, idealistic, pragmatic, analytical, and realistic. The information obtained will allow each teacher at the second stage of higher education - the magistracy, to rebuild the teaching method of his discipline with a focus on the personality characteristics of the cognitive tools of each student individually and the entire group together.

Cognitive Load Balancing Approach for 6G MEC Serving IoT Mashups

The sixth generation (6G) of communication networks represents more of a revolution than an evolution of the previous generations, providing new directions and innovative approaches to face the network challenges of the future. A crucial aspect is to make the best use of available resources for the support of an entirely new generation of services. From this viewpoint, the Web of Things (WoT), which enables Things to become Web Things to chain, use and re-use in IoT mashups, allows interoperability among IoT platforms. At the same time, Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) brings computing and data storage to the edge of the network, which creates the so-called distributed and collective edge intelligence. Such intelligence is created in order to deal with the huge amount of data to be collected, analyzed and processed, from real word contexts, such as smart cities, which are evolving into dynamic and networked systems of people and things. To better exploit this architecture, it is crucial to break monolithic applications into modular microservices, which can be executed independently. Here, we propose an approach based on complex network theory and two weighted and interdependent multiplex networks to address the Microservices-compliant Load Balancing (McLB) problem in MEC infrastructure. Our findings show that the multiplex network representation represents an extra dimension of analysis, allowing to capture the complexity in WoT mashup organization and its impact on the organizational aspect of MEC servers. The impact of this extracted knowledge on the cognitive organization of MEC is quantified, through the use of heuristics that are engineered to guarantee load balancing and, consequently, QoS.

Индекс резистентности внутренних сонных артерий и нейросети мозга при хронической церебральной ишемии

Quantitative assessment of cerebral hemodynamics is important for patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI), as it helps to reveal the pathogenesis of the disease and set the course for effective prevention and treatment. The study was aimed to assess the correlation of the left carotid artery (ICA) resistive index (RI) with cognitive functions and brain network organization based on fMRI data in patients with CCI (51 males and 105 females). The listed above indicators were studied in patients with the left ICA RI values below and above the average (0.54 ± 0.013). The lower, normal physiological ICA resistance levels corresponded to the more successful realization of verbal cognitive functions. In the first group, RI was within normal range (RI = 0.42 ± 0.007), and in the second group RI exceeded normal levels (RI = 0.61 ± 0.01). Variation of the right ICA RI did not correlate with the characteristics of verbal cognitive functions. FMRI data analysis was used to assess the differences in connectivity between various brain regions in the groups with low and high RI. The normal physiological and elevated RI values of the left ICA correlated with differences in the organization of brain networks: normal physiological RI values corresponded to a better organization of hemispheric connections in the basal ganglia and brainstem, and high RI values corresponded to a better organization of connections between the frontal regions and the cerebellum as well as occipital areas of the cerebral cortex. The left ICA RI can be considered as a biomarker of cognitive decline and brain networks reorganization in patients with CCI.

Association between white matter organization and cognitive performance in athletes with a history of sport-related concussion

ABSTRACT Introduction Impairments in cognitive performance after sport-related concussion (SRC) typically resolve within weeks of the injury, whereas alterations to white matter (WM) organization have been found to persist longer into the chronic injury stage. However, longer-term associations between cognition and WM organization following SRC have not been studied. The objective of this study was to compare WM organization and cognitive performance in collegiate athletes an average of almost 4 years post-SRC to athletes with no history of SRC. Method National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III athletes (n = 71, age = 19.3 ± 1.2; 14 with self-reported SRC) completed a neurocognitive assessment and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). WM organization was assessed by extracting measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and radial diffusivity (RD) from 20 WM regions of interest (ROIs). Multivariate partial least squares analyses were used to compare athletes with and without a history of SRC and assess relationships between DTI-derived metrics of WM organization and cognitive measures. Results Cognitive performance and ROI metrics did not differ between athletes with and without prior SRC. However, among athletes with a history of SRC, better executive function, processing speed, and memory but worse choice reaction time were associated with higher FA and lower MD and RD in several WM tracts. Conclusion Athletes with a history of SRC demonstrated greater associations between cognitive performance and WM organization, but also variability in the domains showing associations. Taken together, the findings demonstrate the importance of examining brain-behavior relationships several years after SRC to better gauge how WM organization supports cognition.