Prevalence Of Cognitive Impairment Research Articles

Sex-based differences in the comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly hospitalized patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents the most common supraventricular arrhythmia, with a prevalence of 1–3 % in the world population. Growing evidences show that AF plays an important role as a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment (CoI) and dementia, depression and functional limitation. The purpose of the study is to evaluate, in a large cohort of elderly hospitalized patients with nonvalvular AF (NVAF) on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) therapy, the prevalence of CoI, depression, and functional limitation, and to assess the different variables that may be detrimental or protective on the risk of CoI or functional limitation. 1004 elderly patients were enrolled, 384 men and 620 women, with a mean age of 84±7.1 years. The two groups were comparable for the main study variables, except for age, prevalence of hypertension and CKD, which were higher in women, while ischemic heart disease was higher in men. In addition, the two groups differed in the CHA2DS2VASc score 5.3 ± 1.3 vs 4.2 ± 1.4 pts (p < 0.0001) and HAS-BLED score 2.5 ± 0.7 vs 2.3 ± 0.8 pts (p = 0.009) that were significantly higher in women. Our study revealed that in a cohort of elderly patients hospitalized with AF taking DOACs, CoI and disability are widely represented, and female sex increases the risk of being affected by CoI by about 3-fold, while improvement of functional limitations reduce this risk by about 15 %. In addition, CoI and depressive symptoms increase the risk of functional impairment about 2-fold and 28 % respectively, while antihypertensive and anti-diabetic therapy reduce this risk.

Four- and sixteen-month clinical status of a cohort of patients following hospitalization for COVID-19

Background and objectivesAlthough many symptoms of post-COVID syndrome have been described, a comprehensive evaluation of their prevalence is lacking. We aimed to describe symptoms at 16 months from hospitalization for COVID-19. MethodsA telephone assessment was performed one year later in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors hospitalized between March and May 2020 and already evaluated four months after discharge. Patients with relevant symptoms at 16 months, patients who presented symptoms at four months, and all intensive care unit patients were invited for assessment at an outpatient facility. At telephone consultation, respiratory, cognitive, and functional symptoms were assessed. Patients underwent pulmonary function tests, lung CT scans, and psychometric and cognitive tests at the outpatient facility. ResultsAmong 478 patients evaluated four months after discharge, 317 (67%) were assessed at telephone consultation and 124 at ambulatory assessment. At telephone assessment, ≥1 new symptom was reported by 216 patients (68%), mainly fatigue (53%), dyspnea (37%), and memory difficulties (24%). Seventy-nine patients (25%) were asymptomatic at four months but declared ≥1 symptom one year later. In patients evaluated twice, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 45% at four months and 40% at 16 months. Depression and post-traumatic symptoms prevalence remained stable, and the prevalence of anxiety significantly decreased. Dysfunctional breathing was detected in 32% of patients. At 16 months after discharge, lung CT-scan exhibited abnormalities in 30/80 patients (38%), compared to 52/85 patients (61%) at four months. ConclusionAt 16 months after hospitalization for COVID-19, 68% of patients declared symptoms, including patients whose symptoms appeared between 4 and 16 months. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04704388

Analysis of agreement between measures of subjective cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the National Health and Aging Trends Study.

Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) measures in population-based surveys offer potential for dementia surveillance, yet their validation against established dementia measures is lacking. We assessed agreement between SCI and a validated probable dementia algorithm in a random one-third sample (n=1936) of participants in the 2012 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). SCI was more prevalent than probable dementia (12.2%vs 8.4%). Agreement between measures was 90.0% and of substantial strength. Misclassification rates were higher among older and less-educated subgroups due to higher prevalence of false-positive misclassification but did not vary by sex or race and ethnicity. SCI sensitivity (63.4%) and specificity (92.5%) against dementia were comparable with similar metrics for the NHATS probable dementia measure against the "gold-standard" Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study-based dementia criteria, implying that population-based surveys may afford cost-effective opportunities for dementia surveillance to assess risk and inform policy. The prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is generally higher than that of a validated measure of probable dementia, particularly within the youngest age group, females, Whites, and persons with a college or higher degree. Percent agreement between SCI and a validated measure of probable dementia was 90.0% and of substantial strength (prevalence- and bias-adjusted kappa, 0.80). Agreement rates were higher in older and less-educated subgroups, driven by the higher prevalence of false-positive disagreement, but did not vary significantly by sex or race and ethnicity. SCI's overall sensitivity and specificity were 63.4% and 92.5%, respectively, against a validated measure of probable dementia, suggesting utility as a low-cost option for dementia surveillance. Heterogeneity in agreement quality across subpopulations warrants caution in its use for subgroup analyses.

A nomogram prediction model for mild cognitive impairment in non-dialysis outpatient patients with chronic kidney disease

Background The high prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in non-dialysis individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) impacts their prognosis and quality of life. Objective This study aims to investigate the variables associated with MCI in non-dialysis outpatient patients with CKD and to construct and verify a nomogram prediction model. Methods 416 participants selected from two hospitals in Chengdu, between January 2023 and June 2023. They were categorized into two groups: the MCI group (n = 210) and the non-MCI (n = 206). Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify independent influences (candidate predictor variables). Subsequently, regression models was constructed, and a nomogram was drawn. The restricted cubic spline diagram was drawn to further analyze the relationship between the continuous numerical variables and MCI. Internally validated using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Results Among 416 patients, 210 (50.9%) had MCI. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, educational level, occupational status, use of smartphones, sleep disorder, and hemoglobin were independent influencing factors of MCI (all p<.05). The model’s area under the curve was 0.926,95% CI (0.902, 0.951), which was a good discriminatory measure; the Calibration curve, the Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and the Clinical Decision Curve suggested that the model had good calibration and clinical benefit. Internal validation results showed the consistency index was 0.926, 95%CI (0.925, 0.927). Conclusion The nomogram prediction model demonstrates good performance and can be used for early screening and prediction of MCI in non-dialysis patients with CKD. It provides valuable reference for medical staff to formulate corresponding intervention strategies.

Changes in Psychological Profile and Cognitive Function in Patients with Arterial Hypertension Who Have Suffered From COVID-19 Under the Influence of Treatment

Today, the issue of treatment and rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 is extremely relevant. A disease that has shaken the medical community, even after the patient recovers, can have serious consequences for health in the future. The greatest concern in the post-covid period is caused by rather serious and long-term complications (especially in patients who have experienced a severe form of COVID-19), which include: cardiovascular (damage to the heart muscle, exacerbation and progression of hypertension), respiratory, neurological (disturbance of sensation taste and smell, sleep disorders), psychological (depression, anxiety, mood swings) outcomes. In the modern population, there is an increased level of cognitive disorders. They have multifactorial nature, in particular, one of such pathogenetic factors is arterial hypertension (AH) and its complications, the frequency of post-stroke cognitive impairment from mild to severe grade reaches 60% during the first year. On the other hand, according to observations, treatment of AH can reduce the risk of dementia development. The results of the data analysis showed a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with AH in the post-epidemic period than in patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) who did not suffer from COVID-19. The objective: to analyze the frequency of anxiety-depressive disorders and cognitive function in patients with medically controlled AH who experienced COVID-19, and to evaluate the effectiveness of additional use of a combination of L-carnitine, L-arginine and coenzyme Q10 in the post-covid period. Materials and methods. 53 patients (24 women and 29 men) with a diagnosis of AH who treated with drug antihypertensive therapy and who recovered from COVID-19, were included in a prospective single-center study. Questionnaires (MMSE, SSS-8, PHQ-9) were chosen to assess anxiety-depressive disorders and cognitive function. The study participants were divided into two groups that did not differ in age and gender. In the first group standard treatment was added with a combination of L-arginine, L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10, the patients in the second group received standard therapy. Results. An additional effect on improved BP control only when used drug therapy in a complex with a combination of L-arginine, L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 was determined, as well as a positive effect on improved the clinical condition of patients with AH, restoration of the psychological state after a recovery from respiratory infection SARS-COV- 2. Conclusions. The patients with AH who have suffered from COVID-19 often have psychological changes and impaired cognitive function under the conditions of medical BP control. The use of a combination of L-arginine, L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 as part of complex therapy contributed to a more effective recovery of psychological and cognitive disorders, improvement of the subjective condition of patients due to the additional positive effect on the control of BP and heart rate.

Association between Intake of Edible Mushrooms and Algae and the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults.

Previous studies have investigated the association between diet and cognitive impairment, yet there is limited investigation into the link between edible mushrooms and algae intake and cognitive decline. This study aims to explore the association between edible mushrooms and algae intake and the risk of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 65 years and above in China. Cross-sectional data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) formed the basis of this study. Edible mushrooms and algae intake was evaluated using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with subgroup analysis conducted. Among 14,150 older adults, the average age was (85.33 ± 11.55), with a cognitive impairment prevalence of 22.7; multi-model adjustments showed a 25.3% lower probability of cognitive impairment for those occasionally consuming edible mushrooms and algae (OR: 0.747, 95% CI: 0.675~0.826). Furthermore, a 29% lower risk was observed in those with daily intake (OR: 0.710, 95% CI: 0.511~0.987). Subgroup analysis demonstrated significant risk reduction in women (OR: 0.589, 95% CI: 0.375~0.925, p = 0.022), individuals with disability in activities of daily living (OR: 0.568, 95% CI: 0.367~0.878, p = 0.011), and those with low social activity levels (OR: 0.671, 95% CI: 0.473~0.950, p = 0.025). This study concludes that edible mushrooms and algae intake significantly impacts the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults. These results provide insights and impetus for further research into this area. Additional cohort studies or intervention trials are necessary to confirm the potential benefits of edible mushrooms and algae in promoting cognitive health.

The mediating role of children’s intergenerational support in association between grandparenting and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese: findings from the CHARLS cohort study

ObjectivesWith the world’s population increasing in age, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among individuals. This study aims to investigate the association between grandparenting and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese using data from 2011 to 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Additionally, the study seeks to explore the potential mediating effect of intergenerational support from children on this relationship, using data from the CHARLS 2011 database.Methods5254 participants were recruited at the baseline survey in CHARLS 2011. Subsequently, a follow-up survey was conducted over 8 years, from CHARLS 2011 to 2018, with 1472 individuals completing the follow-up survey. The CHARLS included surveys on grandparenting and cognitive assessments. Grandparenting was categorized as yes and no. The assessment of cognitive function involved the evaluation of episodic memory and mental intactness. The present study used cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to examine the relationship between grandparenting and cognitive function. The bootstrap method assessed the mediating effect of children’s intergenerational support.ResultsThe results of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicated a positive association between grandparenting and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese (B = 0.138, p < 0.05; B = 0.218, p < 0.05). Children’s emotional and economic support played intermediary roles between grandparenting and cognitive function.ConclusionThe results emphasized the significance of policymakers considering the consequences of intergenerational care and family support when formulating and executing social service policies targeted at the middle-aged and older population in China.

Impacts of education level on Montreal Cognitive Assessment and saccades in community residents from Western China

ObjectivesThis cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and saccade in discerning the cognitive function levels among community populations characterized by diverse educational backgrounds. MethodsData from 665 Western China individuals encompassed MoCA scores and saccade performance. The study examined how education level and age influenced these assessments and highlighted the contrasting abilities of these measures in detecting cognitive abnormalities. ResultsThe saccade model revealed a consistent cognitive impairment prevalence (15.5%) compared to previous clinical data (9.7% to 23.3%), while MoCA exhibited variable rates (25.1% to 52.8%). Notably, saccades and MoCA significantly diverged in detecting cognitive dysfunction.Additionally, education level had a greater impact on MoCA (effect size: 0.272) compared to saccades (0.024) affecting all MoCA sub-items, with age exerting a smaller influence on MoCA (0.037) compared to saccades (0.056). ConclusionSaccades are less susceptible to the influence of education level when compared to MoCA, making saccade a potentially more suitable cognitive screening tool for rural community populations. SignificanceThis study represents a pioneering approach by employing saccade detection within community populations to distinguish cognitive function status.

Protective effect of bilingualism on aging, MCI, and dementia: A community-based study.

Lifelong bilingualism is associated with a delayed age at onset of dementia, but evidence from community-based studies is limited. We investigated the relationship between bilingualism and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community. A door-to-door community study was conducted from January to December 2021 in urban Bengaluru, India. 1234 individuals aged ≥60 years participated in the study. Participants were diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia using established diagnostic criteria. Dementia prevalence was higher in monolinguals (4.9%) than bilinguals (0.4%) (P=.001). The prevalence of MCI was also higher in monolinguals (8.5%) than bilinguals (5.3%) (P=.001). The study also revealed better cognitive function in bilinguals than monolinguals with NCI, after controlling for confounding variables. The current study provides significant support for the protective effect of bilingualism on cognitive impairment in an urban community with extensive bilingual interactional contexts in everyday life. Bilingualism has been demonstrated to protect against dementia and mild cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community with extensive code-switching contexts. Bilingual older individuals had superior baseline cognitive performance compared to monolingual older individuals. Bilingualism was found to have an independent effect on general cognition after adjusting for major social determinants of health in the group without cognitive impairment.

Sensory and motor deficits as contributors to early cognitive impairment.

Age-related sensory and motor impairment are associated with risk of dementia. No study has examined the joint associations of multiple sensory and motor measures on prevalence of early cognitive impairment (ECI). Six hundred fifty participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging completed sensory and motor function tests. The association between sensory and motor function and ECI was examined using structural equation modeling with three latent factors corresponding to multisensory, fine motor, and gross motor function. The multisensory, fine, and gross motor factors were all correlated (r=0.74 to 0.81). The odds of ECI were lower for each additional unit improvement in the multisensory (32%), fine motor (30%), and gross motor factors (12%). The relationship between sensory and motor impairment and emerging cognitive impairment may guide future intervention studies aimed at preventing and/or treating ECI. Sensorimotor function and early cognitive impairment (ECI) prevalence were assessed via structural equation modeling. The degree of fine and gross motor function is associated with indicators of ECI. The degree of multisensory impairment is also associated with indicators of ECI.

Pattern of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling elderly in Egypt and its relation to socioeconomic status

BackgroundCognitive decline is one of the aging health problems that strongly affects daily functioning and quality of life of older adults and threatens their independence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of cognitive impairment (CI) among community-dwelling elderly in Egypt and the contribution of socioeconomic status to inequality in cognitive impairment.MethodsA cross-sectional study involved 470 community-dwelling elderly aged 60 years or older living in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Subjects were recruited from home visits, geriatric clubs, and outpatient clinics. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment tools (MoCA & MoCA-B) were used to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment, Hachinski ischemic score (HIS) to investigate the type of cognitive impairment, Ain Shams Cognitive Assessment (ASCA) tool to assess the pattern of specific cognitive domain affection, and an Egyptian socioeconomic status (SES) scale to classify the SES of the study participants.ResultsThe prevalence of cognitive impairment was 50.2% distributed as 37.7% for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 12.5% for dementia. The most common type of cognitive impairment was the degenerative type (47.9%). Pattern of specific domain affection among cognitively impaired subjects ranged from 94% for visuospatial function to 12.7% for abstraction. Cognitive impairment was significantly higher with increasing age, female sex, marital status (single or widow), low education, higher number of comorbidities, and positive family history of cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). Also, cognitive impairment was concentrated mainly among participants with low socioeconomic score (p < 0.001).ConclusionIn Egypt, cognitive impairment is significantly prevalent and concentrated among those who are in low socioeconomic status. Patients with mild CI were more than those with dementia, and the most common type of CI was the degenerative type. Increasing educational level of low SES population and improving their access to healthcare services are highly recommended to improve the inequity of cognitive impairment.

Mindful aging: an insightful examination of cognitive impairment in the elderly population of Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, using Mini-Cog scale

Background: By 2050, United Nations projects that one in five Indians would be 60 years of age or older. This demographic transition is likely to be accompanied by substantial rise in prevalence of cognitive problems, which will have an impact on quality of life among elderly people. Effective screening at primary level would help in identification of burden of diseases and better planning at secondary and tertiary level. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study over a period of three months was conducted at Pulipakkam in Chengalpattu district. The estimated sample size was 215, and simple random sampling method was used. Elderly people aged 60 years and above who consented to participate were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, they were screened using the Mini-Cog tool which combines a short memory test with a simple clock- drawing test followed by a recall component. Results: The 215 participants in total were screened. The mean age of participants was 66.02±3.83 years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) based on Mini-Cog scale was 44.2%. Females (44.8%) had marginally higher prevalence than males (43.8%). CI was more prevalent among people over 65 years (57.6%). The likelihood of experiencing CI was higher among those who lived without their spouse (59.4%), were unemployed (53.7%), and who were smokers / alcoholics (63.7%). Conclusions: Considering the high burden of CI, there is need for long term prospective research for a comprehensive profile of mental disorders at community level. Early assessment and detection of CI could help in improving quality of life of elderly. Implementing initiatives aimed at increasing awareness, reducing stigma, and conducting widespread screening using reliable tools.

Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Associated Factors Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Follow-up Treatment at Fiche General Hospital, North Ethiopia.

Cognitive impairment is having trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect the daily life of diabetic patients. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was 2.8% in 2000 and is estimated to be 4.4% by 2030. To assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment and associated factors among DM patients attending follow-up treatment at Fiche General Hospital, North Ethiopia, 2022. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 15 to September 15, 2022. The total sample size was 421 and a systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview. Data were entered using EpiData Version 3.1 and exported to SPSS Version 24 for analysis. Statistically significant was declared at a P-value of less than .05 with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in the current study was 56.3% with (95% CI: 51.5-60.8). Primary educational status (AOR 6.73, 95% CI: 2.92-15.51), having Type II DM (AOR 4.93, 95% CI: 2.84-8.56), uncontrolled blood sugar (AOR 6.24, 95% CI: 3.84-10.17), and current alcohol use (AOR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.11-3.36) were significantly associated. About three in 5 DM patients attending follow-up treatment at Fiche General Hospital were suffering from cognitive impairment. Educational status, type of DM, status of fasting blood sugar, and current alcohol use were associated with cognitive impairment among DM patients. Therefore, improving educational status, controlling blood sugar, and avoiding alcohol use may reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in DM patients.

The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among rural dwellers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in rural areas are increasingly attracting public attention. However, their prevalence is still unclear. This study aims to reveal the distribution of MCI and dementia in rural areas. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO up to June 2023 for cohort and cross-sectional studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models to evaluate the prevalence of MCI and dementia. Thirty-five studies with 16,936 participants met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of MCI and dementia was 27 % (n = 12, 95 %CI = 0.21–0.32, I2 = 99.5 %, P < 0.001) and 7 % (n = 27, 95 %CI = 0.05–0.08, I2 = 99.30 %, P < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that aged 60 years or older [(MCI: 29 %, 95 %CI = 0.20–0.38, I2 = 99.7 %, P < 0.001), (dementia: 9 % (95 %CI = 0.06–0.12, I2 = 99 %, P < 0.001)], female [(MCI: 29 %, 95 %CI = 0.19–0.40, I2 = 99.3 %, P < 0.001), (dementia: 7 %, 95 % CI = 0.04–0.12, I2 = 98.66 %, P < 0.001)], a-MCI (19 %, 95 %CI = 0.12–0.26, I2 = 97.62 %, P < 0.001) and AD (4 %, 95 %CI = 0.02–0.05, I2 = 98.60 %, P < 0.001) showed higher prevalence. The prevalence of MCI and dementia in rural China was 23 % (95 %CI = 0.18–0.29, I2 = 99.5 %, P < 0.001) and 6 % (95 %CI = 0.04–0.08, I2 = 99.6 %, P < 0.001), respectively. Implementing cognitive impairment screening and intervention measures is necessary to improve the cognitive function of the rural population.

Psychometric Evaluation of a Tablet-Based Tool to Detect Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Mixed Methods Study.

With the rapid aging of the global population, the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia is anticipated to surge worldwide. MCI serves as an intermediary stage between normal aging and dementia, necessitating more sensitive and effective screening tools for early identification and intervention. The BrainFx SCREEN is a novel digital tool designed to assess cognitive impairment. This study evaluated its efficacy as a screening tool for MCI in primary care settings, particularly in the context of an aging population and the growing integration of digital health solutions. The primary objective was to assess the validity, reliability, and applicability of the BrainFx SCREEN (hereafter, the SCREEN) for MCI screening in a primary care context. We conducted an exploratory study comparing the SCREEN with an established screening tool, the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen. A concurrent mixed methods, prospective study using a quasi-experimental design was conducted with 147 participants from 5 primary care Family Health Teams (FHTs; characterized by multidisciplinary practice and capitated funding) across southwestern Ontario, Canada. Participants included health care practitioners, patients, and FHT administrative executives. Individuals aged ≥55 years with no history of MCI or diagnosis of dementia rostered in a participating FHT were eligible to participate. Participants were screened using both the SCREEN and Qmci. The study also incorporated the Geriatric Anxiety Scale-10 to assess general anxiety levels at each cognitive screening. The SCREEN's scoring was compared against that of the Qmci and the clinical judgment of health care professionals. Statistical analyses included sensitivity, specificity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability assessments. The study found that the SCREEN's longer administration time and complex scoring algorithm, which is proprietary and unavailable for independent analysis, presented challenges. Its internal consistency, indicated by a Cronbach α of 0.63, was below the acceptable threshold. The test-retest reliability also showed limitations, with moderate intraclass correlation coefficient (0.54) and inadequate κ (0.15) values. Sensitivity and specificity were consistent (63.25% and 74.07%, respectively) between cross-tabulation and discrepant analysis. In addition, the study faced limitations due to its demographic skew (96/147, 65.3% female, well-educated participants), the absence of a comprehensive gold standard for MCI diagnosis, and financial constraints limiting the inclusion of confirmatory neuropsychological testing. The SCREEN, in its current form, does not meet the necessary criteria for an optimal MCI screening tool in primary care settings, primarily due to its longer administration time and lower reliability. As the number of digital health technologies increases and evolves, further testing and refinement of tools such as the SCREEN are essential to ensure their efficacy and reliability in real-world clinical settings. This study advocates for continued research in this rapidly advancing field to better serve the aging population. RR2-10.2196/25520.

A Single-Stage Population-Based Study of the Relationship between Cognitive and Somatic Health Parameters in Children of Secondary School Age

Background. One of the four important components of the formation of cognitive functions is somatic health. But to date, there are no population studies that consider the relationship with cognitive functions and school performance of a large range of somatic factors, which allows us to compare the strength of their hypothetical contribution to cognitive functioning with each other. This study is the second part of a population-based study, the first part of which is presented in the previous publication "A Single-Stage Population-Based Study of the Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Children of Secondary School Age". Aims — to determine the main patterns in the relationship between cognitive-academic and somatic factors in a cohort of Russian children, 5th grade students at school. Methods. In Russian schoolchildren of the 5th grades of municipalities representing cities of all federal districts of the Russian Federation, the links with integrative cognitive success, the number of subtests performed at the level of mild cognitive impairment, the results of individual cognitive subtests, academic performance and the leading hand factor were analyzed — the following somatic factors: the presence of skin pathology, bronchial asthma, orthopedic, ophthalmological disorders, visual acuity, body mass index, parameters of the study of the function of external respiration, electrocardiography, ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, laboratory blood tests. Results. The results of the survey of 1036 participants, 51% of them girls, were admitted to the analysis. It has been established that iron content is directly related to integrative cognitive success and school performance, the relationship is especially strong between subgroups of iron content above and below 26.4 mmol/l. Clinical levels of erythrocytes are more strongly associated with integrative cognitive success and individual cognitive functions than other factors: in erythropenia cognitive parameters are worse. The presence of thyroid cysts directly correlates with some of the worst parameters of cognitive activity. High body mass index and low hemoglobin are associated with poorer academic performance. Conclusions. The results of the study for the first time on a cohort of Russian schoolchildren showed a connection with cognitive activity and school performance of a number of somatic factors, including iron content, which requires further in-depth study.

The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in Gulf War veterans: a follow-up study.

Gulf War Illness (GWI), also called Chronic Multisymptom Illness (CMI), is a multi-faceted condition that plagues an estimated 250,000 Gulf War (GW) veterans. Symptoms of GWI/CMI include fatigue, pain, and cognitive dysfunction. We previously reported that 12% of a convenience sample of middle aged (median age 52 years) GW veterans met criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical syndrome most prevalent in older adults (e.g., ≥70 years). The current study sought to replicate and extend this finding. We used the actuarial neuropsychological criteria and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess the cognitive status of 952 GW veterans. We also examined regional brain volumes in a subset of GW veterans (n = 368) who had three Tesla magnetic resonance images (MRIs). We replicated our previous finding of a greater than 10% rate of MCI in four additional cohorts of GW veterans. In the combined sample of 952 GW veterans (median age 51 years at time of cognitive testing), 17% met criteria for MCI. Veterans classified as MCI were more likely to have CMI, history of depression, and prolonged (≥31 days) deployment-related exposures to smoke from oil well fires and chemical nerve agents compared to veterans with unimpaired and intermediate cognitive status. We also replicated our previous finding of hippocampal atrophy in veterans with MCI, and found significant group differences in lateral ventricle volumes. Because MCI increases the risk for late-life dementia and impacts quality of life, it may be prudent to counsel GW veterans with cognitive dysfunction, CMI, history of depression, and high levels of exposures to deployment-related toxicants to adopt lifestyle habits that have been associated with lowering dementia risk. With the Food and Drug Administration's recent approval of and the VA's decision to cover the cost for anti-amyloid β (Aβ) therapies, a logical next step for this research is to determine if GW veterans with MCI have elevated Aβ in their brains.

Relationship Between Hearing Loss and Cognitive Function in Elderly Chinese People: A Study Based on Propensity Score Matching

To explore the relationship between hearing loss and cognitive function in the elderly population through propensity score matching method. We analyzed the data of 7605 participants aged 60 and above who were included in the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The non-substitutable 1∶1 nearest neighbor matching method without caliper value was used for propensity score matching and G-computation was used to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of hearing loss on all dimensions of cognitive function. Before matching, there were 3626 (47.68%) women, with 1409 (18.53%) of whom suffering from hearing loss and 3031 (39.86%) of whom suffering from cognitive impairment. After matching, 1409 subjects were included in the hearing loss group and 1409, in the normal hearing group, with both groups sharing similar distribution of basic demographic characteristics. The results for the average treatment effect of the population indicated that the cognitive function scores of the hearing loss group were lower than those of the normal hearing group, with the overall cognitive function being 0.593 points lower (95% confidence intervel [CI]: －0.916-－0.257, P<0.001), orientation being 0.183 points lower (95% CI: －0.302-－0.055, P=0.004), immediate memory being 0.150 points lower (95% CI: －0.218-－0.085, P<0.001), and language skills being 0.178 points lower (95% CI: －0.303-－0.058, P=0.006). The prevalence of cognitive impairment of the hearing loss group was 4.2% higher than that of the normal hearing group (95% CI: 0.007-0.077, P=0.020). Hearing loss adversely affects the orientation, memory, and language skills of the elderly population and forms a potential risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly population.

Impact of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies on central sensitization level in migraine patients

Background. Central sensitization (CS) is the mechanism underlying chronic migraine and other conditions combined into a group of central sensitivity syndromes. The most reliable method for assessing the severity of CS is Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI).Aim. The aim of our study is the evaluation of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab) effect on the central sensitization level in migraine patients.Material and methods. We recruited 90 patients over 18 years old diagnosed with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. All patients were from November 2020 to March 2022. Demographic data, history of migraine and previous migraine treatment were collected for each patient. All patients filled out CSI. Dynamics was followed up monthly with headache diaries.Results. After six months of treatment the level of CS in the CM group significantly decreased from the initial level of 41 (32.0, 50.5) to 36 (25.0, 39.0), which corresponds to the absence of clinically significant CS, p = 0.02*. The analysis of points of the CSI after 3 months of treatment shows a significant decrease in the prevalence of pain syndromes, cognitive impairment, asthenic disorders, hypersensitivity and affective disorders.Conclusions. The use of erenumab and fremanezumab is advisable in patients with migraine and comorbid conditions based on the CS mechanism.

Prevalence and Associations of Cognitive Impairment in Adult Patients with Moyamoya Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cognitive impairment, and in the long term Alzheimer's disease, vascular, or mixed dementia, are potential complications of moyamoya disease (MMD), of which the prevalence and associations are not well established. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment in adult patients with MMD as well as its clinical and demographic correlates. We performed a systematic search of four electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, profiling studies from inception until 7 May 2023. Clinical data consisting of population characteristics, comorbidities, cognitive assessment tools used, and prevalence of cognitive impairment was extracted. Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total study population of 1,190 patients. All studies assessed cognition, and the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment in MMD patients was 54.59%. A subgroup analysis identified that the prevalence of executive dysfunction in MMD patients was 31.55%. We performed a meta-regression analysis which identified that cognitive impairment was not associated with age, education level, or a history of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. A substantial proportion of MMD patients have cognitive impairment, and cognitive impairment was found to have no association with a history of stroke. Further research is necessary to investigate the longitudinal relationship of MMD and cognitive impairment, and the impact of bypass surgery on cognitive impairment.