Cognitive Foundations Research Articles

A Study on Two Conditions for the Realization of Artificial Empathy and Its Cognitive Foundation

The realization of artificial empathy is conditional on the following: on the one hand, human emotions can be recognized by AI and, on the other hand, the emotions presented by artificial intelligence are consistent with human emotions. Faced with these two conditions, what we explored is how to identify emotions, and how to prove that AI has the ability to reflect on emotional consciousness in the process of cognitive processing, In order to explain the first question, this paper argues that emotion identification mainly includes the following three processes: emotional perception, emotional cognition and emotional reflection. It proposes that emotional display mainly includes the following three dimensions: basic emotions, secondary emotions and abstract emotions. On this basis, the paper proposes that the realization of artificial empathy needs to meet the following three cognitive processing capabilities: the integral processing ability of external emotions, the integral processing ability of proprioceptive emotions and the processing ability of integrating internal and external emotions. We are open to whether the second difficulty can be addressed. In order to gain the reflective ability of emotional consciousness for AI, the paper proposes that artificial intelligence should include consistency on identification of external emotions and emotional expression, processing of ontological emotions and external emotions, integration of internal and external emotions and generation of proprioceptive emotions.

Cognitive Principles and Mechanisms of Text Understanding

The rapid development of text linguistics, which marked the second half of the 20th century, is associated with a whole range of modifications of linguistic values, tasks and program settings. We can talk about the atmosphere of a certain "boom" around this area, which some linguists no longer consider an area, but the foundation, the basis of linguistics as a whole. In the modern interpretation of the text, researchers bring to the fore questions of the communicative plan, the tasks of the conditions for effective communication, which provides an unambiguous interpretation of the units of the created text, as well as the most complete understanding of the text by the recipient. The relevance of this article lies in the prospects of the cognitive direction in linguistics, in particular the study of the cognitive foundations for understanding the text, since the text is not just the subject of an increasingly lively discussion by researchers working in various fields of the humanities. The text is becoming more and more one of the ways of representing linguistic communication as a process. Keywords: text understanding, cognitive aspect, cognitive limitation, mechanisms for activity, background knowledge.

Когнитивная и региональная идентичность как основа стратегирования инновационной образовательной деятельности высшего образования

The authors analyzed the key categories that form the cognitive foundations of the strategizing management and promoting innovative academic activities at the Kemerovo State University as part of Regional Development Strategy 2035 and Kuzbass Strategy 2071. The article introduces the challenges of systemic and functional problems of higher education caused by the rapid socio-economic changes in the digital economy. The authors focused on the impact of digitalization on professional migration and innovation centers. It is noted that regional clusters of innovative development today form unique models of interaction between the efforts of government – business – science in the development of new promising sectors of diversification of the raw economy.

The opportunity costs of the politics of division and disinformation in the context of the twenty-first century security deficit

In the context of increasingly dynamic global threats to security, which exceed current institutional capabilities to address them, this paper examines the influence of actors with insular interests who seek to leverage anxieties, grievances and disinformation for their own advantage at the expense of the public. Such actors have a common interest in political dysfunction as a means of reducing institutional controls and oversite and use combinations of divisive messaging and disinformation to advance societally suboptimal goals. We first examine the emergence of a security deficit arising from globalization, climate change, and society’s failure to develop the institutions and norms necessary to address the threats produced by these combined phenomena. We then analyze how the politics of division and disinformation have undermined the ability of political and social systems to adapt to the new global threat landscape, employing a conceptual framework that integrates perspectives from sociology and political studies with advances in the cognitive sciences and psychology. Included in the analysis is an examination of the psychological and cognitive foundations of divisive politics and disinformation strategies employed by opportunistic actors to manipulate existing cultural biases and disinform the public of the genuine threats to their well-being. Finally, we provide examples of the interaction of the aforementioned dynamics and concomitant societal opportunity costs resulting from politically fueled division and disinformation. The paper intends to integrate insights from distinct disciplines (sociology, political science, political economy, psychology and cognitive science) to construct a new conceptual framework for understanding obstacles to addressing twenty-first century global threats, and identify gaps in the capacity of dominant security paradigms to fully recognize and assess such threats.

Kognitywne badania nad religią a antropologia kulturowa

Cognitive science of religion (CSR) is an interdisciplinary research project focusing on the cognitive foundations of religion. The aim of this article is to discuss the specificity of CSR and demonstrate that, although it is part of cognitive science, it can also be seen as an anthropological paradigm in its own right. I argue that such a view can be supported by highlighting the importance of cultural anthropology for the SCR genesis (especially the role of anthropological theories and the resulting research methods, the involvement of anthropologists in the emergence of the new paradigm) and stressing the way in which contemporary anthropology benefits from theories formulated within CSR, the debates they generate and inter-institutional collaborations. Thus, I wish to highlight the dual nature of CSR as part and parcel of both cognitive science and contemporary psychological anthropology.

How to activate intuitive and reflective thinking in behavior research? A comprehensive examination of experimental techniques.

Experiments comparing intuitive and reflective decisions provide insights into the cognitive foundations of human behavior. However, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the frequently used experimental techniques for activating intuition and reflection remain unknown. In a large-scale preregistered online experiment (N = 3667), we compared the effects of eight reflection, six intuition, and two within-subjects manipulations on actual and self-reported measures of cognitive performance. Compared to the overall control, the long debiasing training was the most effective technique for increasing actual reflection scores, and the emotion induction was the most effective technique for increasing actual intuition scores. In contrast, the reason and theintuition recall, the reason induction, and the brief time delay conditions failed to achieve the intended effects. We recommend using the debiasing training, thedecision justification, or themonetary incentives technique to activate reflection, and the emotion induction, thecognitive load, or thetime pressure technique to activate intuition.

Post-error adjustments depend causally on executive attention: Evidence from an intervention study.

Detecting and correcting execution errors is crucial for safe and efficient goal-directed behavior. Despite intensive investigations on error processing, the cognitive foundations of this process remain unclear. Based on the presumed relation between executive attention (EA) and error processing, we implemented a seven-day EA intervention by adopting the Posner cueing paradigm to test the potential causal link from EA to error processing in healthy adults. The experimental group (high EA, HEA) was trained on the Posner cueing paradigm, with a ratio of invalid cue (IC) trials to valid cue (VC) trials of 5:1 and a corresponding ratio of 1:1 in the active control group (low EA, LEA). We found that the EA intervention improved EA across intervention sessions. Critically, after the EA intervention, the HEA group showed that post-error accuracy (PEA) was restored to the same level as the post-correct accuracy (in comparison with the LEA group). However, post-error slowing and the flanker effect were not modulated by the EA intervention. Furthermore, we observed that the changes in the accuracy of VC trials positively predicted the changes in PEA and that the two groups were classified according to the changes in PEA with a 61.3% accuracy. Based on these results, we propose that EA causally drives error processing. And the capabilities of the “actively catch” more attention resources and the automatic mismatch processing developed after EA intervention is transferable to error processing, thereby directly resulting in the gains in post-error adjustments. Our work informs the potential cognitive mechanisms underlying this causal link.

Blending in Internet Communication: Linguistic and Creative Aspect (“VKontakte” Social Network)

Network blends, occasional neoplasms posted by users of the social network VKontakte under the hashtag #Slovarevo, are studied in a linguo-creative aspect. The main provisions of the theory of blending are formulated as a way of game word formation, which has become widespread in the modern communicative space in general and in the Internet environment in particular. The cognitive foundations of linguo-creativity of blending and the basic principles of conceptual integration that ensure the effective functioning of blends are determined. Structural types of blends are identified, reflecting the main formal methods of constructing contaminants in the network space. The predominance of haplological blends in the illustrative material, inheriting the original words in full and facilitating the decoding of contaminants, has been established. The main mechanisms of the language game based on blending are analyzed, reflecting the high level of metalinguistic reflection of the users of the social network “Vkontakte” involved in punning word formation. Linguistic and creative activity in the Internet environment is characterized in terms of interactivity, interaction between the addresser and the addressee. Cases of communicative failures in the interpretation of blends in the absence of contextual support and the possibility of discursive deployment of their semantics are considered. The implementation of the linguo-creative potential of network blends was assessed based on the triad “forgetive — creative — pseudo-creative”.

An enactivist-inspired mathematical model of cognition.

In this paper we start from the philosophical position in cognitive science known as enactivism. We formulate five basic enactivist tenets that we have carefully identified in the relevant literature as the main underlying principles of that philosophy. We then develop a mathematical framework to talk about cognitive systems (both artificial and natural) which complies with these enactivist tenets. In particular we pay attention that our mathematical modeling does not attribute contentful symbolic representations to the agents, and that the agent's nervous system or brain, body and environment are modeled in a way that makes them an inseparable part of a greater totality. The long-term purpose for which this article sets the stage is to create a mathematical foundation for cognition which is in line with enactivism. We see two main benefits of doing so: (1) It enables enactivist ideas to be more accessible for computer scientists, AI researchers, roboticists, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and (2) it gives the philosophers a mathematical tool which can be used to clarify their notions and help with their debates. Our main notion is that of a sensorimotor system which is a special case of a well studied notion of a transition system. We also consider related notions such as labeled transition systems and deterministic automata. We analyze a notion called sufficiency and show that it is a very good candidate for a foundational notion in the “mathematics of cognition from an enactivist perspective.” We demonstrate its importance by proving a uniqueness theorem about the minimal sufficient refinements (which correspond in some sense to an optimal attunement of an organism to its environment) and by showing that sufficiency corresponds to known notions such as sufficient history information spaces. In the end, we tie it all back to the enactivist tenets.

Environmental Audit to Limit the Expansion of Desertification in different Regions of Iraq

This paper deals the cognitive foundations of environmental auditing, in addition to explaining the impact of environmental audit procedures on the development and improvement of forests to overcome the problem of receding herbal cover and the expansion of desertification phenomenon. The aim is to clarify the cognitive bases of environmental auditing and environmental audit procedures to reduce the phenomenon of desertification, which contributes to stopping environmental deterioration. The research relied on the descriptive analytical method to track and examine its material, in addition to the statistical method and analysis of the time period (2006-2020). The proposal of the audit matrix and the identification of risks from three criteria for the purpose of evaluating the risks facing the sustainable management of forests in the Republic of Iraq and through the results of the risk evaluation according to the standards three requires working to avoid the frequent reality of these risks in accordance to these criteria in applying environmental audit of its negative impact within the investment budget. In addition to this matter, the development of the necessary plans for the tasks to complete the implementation of green belts projects, which can become environmental audit based on the necessary allocations to complete and sustain green belts.

The resting-state topological organization damage of language-related brain regions in post-stroke cognitive impairment.

The topology of brain networks is the foundation of cognition. We hypothesized that stroke damaged topological organization resulting in cognitive impairment. The aim was to explore the damage pattern of the resting-state topology in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) patients.Thirty-seven patients with PSCI and thirty-seven gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. The structural and functional data were collected from all subjects. The degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC), and global properties of brain networks were analyzed between groups. Spearman correlation analysis was performed between topological properties that changed significantly and clinical cognitive function scale scores.Compared with HC, the PSCI patients had significantly reduced DC in language-related brain regions and significantly higher DC in the right frontal lobe, hippocampus, and paracentral lobule. The decreased BC was located in the left caudate, thalamus, temporal, and frontal lobes. The increased BC was detected in the left cuneus and right precuneus. In addition, PSCI exhibited increased characteristic path length and decreased small-worldness.PSCI patients had impaired functional topology of the language-related brain regions, mainly in the left hemisphere. The enhanced processing and relaying information of some right high-order cognitive brain regions may be a compensatory mechanism. However, the whole brain's function integration was reduced, and there was an imbalance between efficiency and consumption.

Services and evidence of irremediable market failure in rich countries: Australian experience

AbstractA large and increasing share of economic activity in modern rich economies can be shown to lie outside what mainstream neoclassical economics itself says it can be applied to: according to neoclassical economics, such activities are unsuited to markets. Since World War II rich economies have de-industrialised, shifted to services. Since the 1970s neoclassical economics has come to dominate policy advice. This worldview justifies state interventions when there is remediable market failure, but it ignores irremediable market failure, where its theory says that markets cannot work efficiently (such as where there is joint production or own consumption). Servicisation, this article argues, has increased and is increasing the extent to which neoclassical economics is, in its own terms, ‘knowably ignorant’. This is because, where service provision is subject to irremediable market failure, neoclassical economics, in its own terms, is inapplicable. The GDP [Gross Domestic Product] share of sub-sectors serving diverse human needs, such as aged care and education, is large and rising. Such sub-sectors are dominated by joint production, manifest as diverse outputs (complex and inter-related changes in the welfare of their diverse clients). Setting aside questions of the wider ‘scientific’ validity of neoclassical theory, the article focuses on its assertion that markets cannot generate economically efficient outcomes in such activities. Arguing that the constrained optimisation of its conceptual world cannot happen in the case of joint production and own consumption of service outputs, neoclassical theory reports itself as unable to determine optimal resource allocation, and so by implication cannot fulfil its role as the foundational basis of state economic policy. Yet the literature shows that the coverage of this theoretical result is not publicised – it is ‘knowable’ but not widely known. The article concludes that, as neoclassical economics is foundational to contemporary state policy, both GDP data and neoclassical theory show that it, and markets, are knowably and increasingly inapplicable. Therefore, mainstream policy thinking continues to face an increasing ‘state of ignorance’, and the cognitive foundations of state policy are correspondingly weak.

Evaluating the development of reflexive personality skills in the conditions of distance educational technologies

Introduction. The article examines the formation of cognitive foundations of individual’s intellectual potential and their ability to reflect and introspect. The purpose of the study is to determine and evaluate the characteristic features of the development of reflexive personality skills in the conditions of distance educational technologies. Materials and Methods. The methodology of the research includes a conceptual analysis and reviewing research papers focusing on cognitive development of the individual, the assessment of this development in a distance educational environment, and the specifics of the manifestation of reflexive cognitive processes. The philosophy of education as a methodological basis of the research involves the identification, evaluation and generalization of the main features of the development of reflexive individual skills in the conditions of distance educational technologies. Results. The authors consider reflection in the education system, on the one hand, as a process of understanding knowledge and information through study and comparison, on the other hand, as a principle of human thinking aimed at self-understanding and self-examination. The main content of a person's reflexive ability as a cognitive ability for critical self-examination is presented: developed human abilities to recognize and solve complex mental problems, developed imagination; an aptitude to introspection and critical thinking. The authors have identified the key problems in the development of reflexive personality skills in the conditions of distance educational technologies. They include a decrease in the quality of assimilation and understanding of information and knowledge; difficulties in retaining attention and implementing reflection in general; problems in the formation and implementation of personality self-organization, the development of self-control skills, the development of uncertainty in the positive result of cognitive activity and in their own capabilities. It is emphasized that the dissonance in the development of reflexive personality skills in the conditions of distance learning technologies contributes to a restrained attitude to online learning. Conclusions. The authors summarize the main features of the development of reflexive personality skills in the conditions of distance educational technologies.

Interpretation of Linguoculturology in Literature

Abstract: Linguocultural competence enables students to better understand and respect common behavioral patterns, ways of thinking and rules of verbal and non-verbal communication within both their own socio-ethnic community and a foreign one. It arms them with skills required to interact with representatives of other linguocultural societies while knowledge about the world processed and stored in the form of concepts and channeled through language units helps build cognitive foundations of communication.

Gender Inequality in Marriage and Family Sphere: Forms of Manifestation and Options for Coping with it

Gender inequality in the marriage and family sphere is most pronounced in the different attitudes of men and women to marriage registration, because it is men who, as a rule, prefer common-law marriage, and women are forced to put up with a model of relationships outside of the marriage, which deprives her of the rights provided for legitimate spouses. The analysis of the negative consequences of this problem allowed us to propose the following. It is necessary to legislatively fix the legal consequences of a long-term cohabitation of a man and a woman for those cases when, due to the death of one of the actual spouses, the marriage cannot be registered, which will contribute to the protection of the rights and interests of the other spouse. One more form of gender inequality is the practice when, in the vast majority of cases, a marriage is dissolved and the child remains in the care of the mother. This may adversely affects the psycho-emotional state of fathers deprived of the opportunity to live with their child, and children who wanted to live with the father, and not with the mother. It is necessary to form a stable judicial position based on the unconditional equality of the rights of the child’s parents, which is why decisions on such cases should be made following a comprehensive study of all the circumstances that testify in favor of both the mother and the father. One more form of gender inequality is a violation of women’s rights. Many fathers evade the payment of alimony for the maintenance of children, which is why the mother is entrusted not only with the upbringing of the child, taking care of his health, education, development, but also with the duty of his property maintenance, the burden of which she bears alone.The results of the analysis make it possible to conclude that all these forms of gender inequality in marriage and family sphere should be investigated by not only legal science, but also psychology and sociology. It is vital as they have deep psychological, emotional and cognitive foundations that form differently in the minds of men and women and manifest themselves in different ways in their behavior.

The Effect of Lactation Management Training on Cadre Attitudes During Assistance for Breastfeeding Mothers

The success of exclusive breastfeeding is very dependent on the stages of lactation management, so all stages must be prepared properly so that exclusive breastfeeding runs successfully. The existence of new information about something will provide a new cognitive foundation for the formation of a person's attitude. Affective messages that are strong enough will provide an affective basis in assessing something so that a certain attitude direction will be formed. Posyandu cadres are at the forefront of direct contact with pregnant women, mothers giving birth and postpartum mothers through various posyandu activities and maternal classes. Posyandu cadres must be able to convey information, assist and motivate pregnant women, mothers giving birth and postpartum mothers to get proper health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cadre training on cadres' attitudes when carrying out mentoring for breastfeeding mothers. This research is a Pre-Experimental Design with One Group Pre Test and Post Test Design. The sample in this study amounted to 25 people obtained from purposive sampling technique. The results of the study based on the Paired sample t-Test, the results obtained a score of -value = 0.002 (ρ-value <0.05), which means that cadre training affects the attitude of cadres in mentoring breastfeeding mothers.

All Is Perception

This editorial addresses the universality and importance of the science of perception. In particular, recently published studies in this journal illustrate the natural variations in perception. These articles are a reminder of perception as a natural process with inherent variations and that any two individuals are not guaranteed to form the same representation of an object, regardless of whether it originates from the senses or not. Since perception is a foundation for higher cognition, it also has an immense influence on studies of humanity and interpretations of natural processes.

The Single-Minded Animal: Shared Intentionality, Normativity, and the Foundations of Discursive Cognition

Preston Stovall's book is rich in details and covers in broad strokes some very important themes within philosophy of language and intentionality. I will in this review discuss what I think are three main theses that Stovall wishes to establish and one methodological premise that Stovall adopts to go about his business. The methodological premise that is at the heart of Stovall's project is what he calls psychological nominalism. Psychological nominalism is the Sellarsian idea that our awareness of things or facts (or any epistemic stance for that matter) is a linguistic affair. In other words, to explain how humans are rational and norm-governed beings, Stovall says that we need to construct a model where discursive cognition of humans is understood in terms of language-use. The three main theses of Stovall's book, as I see them, are these: (1) Intentional-Deontic Continuity; (2) Normativity of Cognition; and (3) The Ontological Priority of the Collective. The first thesis, I call a ‘continuity’ thesis because Stovall wants to show that there is a continuous line of cognitive development that can be traced from the pre-linguistic to the proto-linguistic to fully sapient behaviour. That is, Stovall makes the claim that we can posit a continuous evolutionary line from sentient existence, which is intentional action of the non-rational animal kingdom, to full-bodied sapient human existence which involves the use of language and the ability to self-reflect on rules of linguistic engagement.

Designing Prototypes for Inclusion

Nearly every organization is now striving for more diversity and inclusion for all. However, few achieve this. Current theorizing on these topics focuses on the psychological experience of inclusion and associated organizational practices. In contrast, we offer a theoretical perspective focused on understanding how and when organzations will possess the capacity for inclusion by looking at the cognitive foundations of people’s ability to accept and embrace difference. This paper argues that one major barrier to inclusive diversity is a restrictively defined member prototype – the set of features that define what it means to be a member of the organization or relevant collective. Although organizations often want a well-defined prototype to set standards and norms for employees, this also leads to the exclusion or marginalization of all who do not readily fit this standard. We discuss how the configuration of prototypes determines inclusiveness – the capacity for inclusive diversity. In doing so, we offer scholars and organizations a new way to anticipate when diversity and inclusion initiatives may fail (i.e., when prototype inclusiveness is low, other well-intentioned efforts will fall short), and reveal novel strategies likely to increase inclusion. We identify four dimensions of prototype configuration and discuss their relationship for inclusiveness. We also offer a research agenda for testing the novel implications of our model and for exploring further considerations and consequences of prototypes in diversity and inclusion scholarship.

Exploring the Role of Managerial Learning in Sustained Catch-up: A Case Study in China

As the spreading uncertainty with the COVID-19 global pandemic challenged many organizations and social structures, many firms began to think about how to achieve sustainable development. Latecomers face challenges of sustained catch-up, and many of them fail into the dilemma of “aborted” catch-up. Management constraint is considered to be a key obstacle for latecomers to achieve sustained catch-up with forerunners but is rarely discussed. Based on the previous research in the field of latecomers and managerial learning, this study takes Huawei Company of China as a case to explore the role of managerial learning in sustained catch-up with the method of case study. It is found that the catch-up process of latecomers is not only the process of accumulation and improvement of technology and marketing capability but also the process of continuous accumulation of management capability; managerial learning provides a management foundation for latecomers to achieve sustained catch-up, which is embodied in organizational foundation, method/tool foundation and management cognitive foundation.