Cognitive Destination Research Articles

STRATEGI PEMASARAN JAKARTA SEBAGAI DESTINASI WISATA YANG SELARAS DENGAN PERSEPSI PENDUDUK LOKAL

Destination image is an important factor in marketing of tourist destinations. Destination image has dimensions of cognitive, affective, and konatif/behavioral. Aligned destination image among locals, tourists, and Destination Marketing Organizations (DMO) is key factor for development of sustainable tourism destinations model. This study aims to investigate Jakarta destination image in local residents’ perception, to test whether cognitive destination image affects affective, cognitive destination image affects the konatif/behavioral, affective destination image affects behavioral. Respondents are people who live in Jakarta for at least the last 2 years, data collection is done through a questionnaire distributed online. Data analysis was performed to validity test, reliability test, significance test, determination test. Results showed that in the view of local residents, Jakarta has a cultural tourism, culinary tourism, recreation sites, and interesting historical sights and fun to visit. Results showed that in the view of local residents, Jakarta has a cultural tourism, culinary tourism, recreation sites, and interesting historical sights, and fun to visit. Cognitive destination image affects affective, cognitive destination image affects conative, affective destination image affects conative..

Explaining visit intention involving eWOM, perceived risk motivations and destination image

This research aims to understand the effects of electronic word–of–mouth (eWOM), the perceived risks related to a foreign country, and the main motivations for the cognitive image, affective image and intention to visit a potential destination. 368 completed questionnaires were obtained through convenience sampling and completed by travellers or potential travellers looking for trip destinations information on some Tunisian Facebook groups related to travel and tourism. Findings indicate that the cognitive destination image is only influenced by perceived risk whereas the affective image of a destination is influenced by eWOM, knowledge motivations, relaxation motivations and entertainment motivations. Moreover, the affective image is the component of destination image that has a significant and positive impact on the intention to visit. The outcomes of the study help to better develop a more effective and successful tourism marketing strategy.

Secrecy outage performance of transmit antenna selection for cognitive radio systems

In this study, the authors investigate the employment of transmit antenna selection (TAS) against eavesdropping in cognitive radio systems, where a cognitive source (CS) node transmits to a cognitive destination (CD) node in the face of an eavesdropper, each equipped with multiple antennas. The authors derive a closed-form expression of secrecy outage probability for the proposed TAS scheme. For the purpose of comparison, the authors also study the random antenna selection (RAS) as a baseline. Moreover, the secrecy diversity orders of TAS and RAS are analysed to provide an intuitive insight into the effect of the number of antennas on the secrecy outage performance. It is of interest to observe that the secrecy diversity order of TAS is the product of number of transmit antennas at CS and receive antennas at CD and the secrecy diversity order achieved by RAS scheme is the number of receive antennas at CD, which both have nothing to do with the number of antennas at eavesdropper. Finally, the simulation results validate the authors’ theoretical results and the proposed TAS outperforms the conventional RAS in terms of secrecy outage probability.

Examining the Relationships of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Destination Image: A Research on Safranbolu, Turkey

<p>Destination image is formed by three distinctly different but hierarchically interrelated components called cognitive, affective, and conative (Gartner, 1993:193). In this context, the main purpose of this research is to confirm the relationships between the cognitive, affective, and conative components of destination image. It also aims to reveal the multidimensional nature of cognitive destination image and determine the dimensions that compose it. Data for the sample was collected from 446 tourists who visited Safranbolu, Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results show that the cognitive destination image is a multidimensional construct. Also it is confirmed that destination image is a hierarchical structure within the cognitive, affective, and conative components. The assessment of both the cognitive and the affective components of destination image can be used as a predictor of tourists’ behavioral intentions toward destinations, such as intention to revisit, recommend, and spread positive word of mouth. Moreover, it is revealed that the affective component is influenced by the cognitive component and the affective component also mediates the relationship between the cognitive and conative components. These results provide some theoretical and managerial implications.</p>

관광목적지 개성이 이미지 및 충성도에 미치는 영향

This study examines the collective influence of destination personality on destination image creation and its impact on tourists’ loyalty. This research focuses on foreign tourists who visited the Korean metropolitan area of Gangnam which culminated in that destination’s developing acceptance as a landmark of Korea. The sample consisted of 339 destination tourists in Gangnam. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis(CFA), structural equation modeling(SEM), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) methods were utilized. This study found that destination personality, excitement, and comfort had significant effects on cognitive image and affective image. It was also found that destination personality, excitement, particularity, and affective destination image had significant effects on destination loyalty. However, cognitive destination image did not have significant effects on destination loyalty. It was found that there are significant differences among groups in respect to destination personality based on sample characteristics. The results of this study will help enhance efficacy for government officials and destination marketing organization(DMOs) as they develop future marketing strategies.

Robust Cognitive Radio Cooperative Beamforming

We consider a cognitive radio (CR) relay network consisting of a cognitive source, a cognitive destination and a num- ber of cognitive relay nodes that share spectrum with a primary transmitter and receiver. Due to poor channel conditions, the cog- nitive source is unable to communicate directly with the cognitive destination and hence employs the cognitive relays for assistance. We assume that perfect channel state information (CSI) for all links is not available to the CR. Under the assumption of partial and imperfect CSI at the CR system, we propose new robust CR cooperative relay beamformers where either the total relay transmit power or the cognitive destination signal-to-interference- and-noise ratio (SINR) is optimized subject to a constraint on the primary receiver outage probability. We formulate the robust total relay power minimisation and the cognitive destination SINR max- imisation optimisation problems as a convex second order cone program and a semidefinite program, respectively. Cumulative distribution functions of primary receiver and cognitive destina- tion receiver SINR for Rayleigh fading channels are presented. Index Terms—Cognitive radio, robust beamforming, coopera- tive beamforming, interference management, relay, convex op- timisation, power control, beamforming, semidefinite relaxation, outage probability.

认知无线电系统中的多中继分布式波束成形方法

In this paper, the cognitive scenario where a source-destination pair of secondary users coexists with a licensed transmitter-receiver pair with the help of a group of cognitive relay nodes is considered. To exploit the spatial spectrum holes, we study the distributed beamforming of multiple cognitive relay nodes each equipped with a single antenna for the maximization of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the cognitive destination, while keeping the interference power at the licenced receiver below a certain threshold and satisfying the individual power constraint. Two beamforming schemes are proposed: 1) the optimal scheme maximizing SINR; and 2) a suboptimal zero-forcing scheme. The optimal beamforming problem can be reformulated as a quasi-convex optimization problem using semide nite relaxation (SDR), then the bisection and interior point methods can be used to solve this problem. It can also be proved that SDR yields the optimal solution to the original problem. The suboptimal zero-forcing scheme eliminates the interference at the licensed receiver as well as the signals from the licensed transmitter. It has a low complexity without iterations and simple constraint functions. Numerical results are presented to show the impacts of the number of relay nodes, the maximum transmit power of cognitive nodes, and the threshold of power of interferences at the licenced receiver to the average achievable rates of the two schemes. Furthermore, the performance will be improved if the impact of signals from licenced transmitter is taken into account, which is veri ed through simulation experiments.

Adaptive power allocation and outage performance of cognitive best relay cooperation systems with multiple primary transceiver pairs and direct path between cognitive source and destination

Based on decode-and-forward (DF) protocol, this work focuses on the adaptive power allocation and outage performance of underlay cognitive radio and opportunistic relaying (UCR-OR) systems with direct path between cognitive source and destination. The UCR-OR systems suffer from the interference of multiple primary user (PU) pairs. Under the outage constraint of PUs and the cognitive peak transmit power limit, we first obtain the adaptive power allocation schemes for secondary transmitters. Secondly, we obtain the exact closed-form expression to the outage probability of UCR-OR systems by using appropriate mathematical proof. Finally, to obtain a clear insight and to highlight the effect of system parameters on the performance of UCR-OR systems, the asymptotic closed-form expression of outage probability is achieved with the assumption of high cognitive transmit power. The presented simulations show that, due to the adaptive power allocation employed, the outage probability of UCR-OR systems is decreasing with PUs' transmit power Pp when Pp is less than a specific value P � . Only when the value of Pp is

Information sources and perceived destination image: insights from an empirical study in India

This paper seeks to examine the level of importance domestic tourists’ accord to different information sources and its impact on perceived destination image. The primary goal of this study is to explore the heterogeneous patterns in the representative sample based on their inclination for a particular category of information source. Based on a survey administered to 178 respondents from Ooty, India; cluster analysis was employed to identify different segments of tourists. The results indicate that tourists can be classified into different segments based on their importance for information sources. Further, consumer segments differ in their perception about destination image on several dimensions. Also, demographic profiles of the different tourist segments and the tourist ratings on the cognitive destination image and affective image dimensions were examined. These results are important to academicians, researchers, government and tourism marketers as they provide a base for segmenting tourists and secondly in measuring and improving the destination image.

Toward The Perspective Of Cognitive Destination Image And Destination Personality: The Case Of Beijing

ABSTRACT Destination personality, as a viable metaphor of destination marketing, has attracted considerable attention, although empirical studies on this concept remain few. Based on tourism marketing literature, a model depicting the relationships among cognitive destination image, destination personality, and behavioral intentions is proposed. Using an on-site survey of 500 foreign tourists visiting Beijing, an emerging destination, the current study empirically validates that (a) competence, excitement, sophistication, and ruggedness are four building blocks of destination personality; (b) built environment, socially responsible environment, and local people are important in projecting destination personality; and (c) destination personalities—such as competence, excitement, and sophistication—drive tourists' behavioral intentions. The current study provides theoretical implication for knowledge advancement and managerial implications for destination marketing.

Outage Performance of Cognitive Relay Networks with Best Relay Selection in Nakagami-m Channels

This paper investigates the outage performance of a cognitive relay network considering best relay selection in Nakagami-m fading environment. The secondary user is allowed to use the spectrum when it meets the interference constraints predefined by primary user. Due to deep fading, cognitive source is unable to communicate directly with cognitive destination. As such, multiple relays are ready to deliver the signal from the cognitive source to cognitive destination. We select a single best relay and the selected relay uses decode-and-forward protocol. Specifically, we derive the exact outage probability expression, which provides an efficient means to evaluate the effects of several parameters. Finally, numerical simulation results are presented, which validate the correctness of the analytical analysis.

Mountain destination image held by residents and tourists

Goal and objectives of the dissertationGoalSome tourism destinations have powerful symbolic features that exert a strong influence on destination image formation, such as mountain places. Since the mountain regions have become one of the most attractive tourism destination areas, being the choice of 500 million tourists annually (Thomas, et al., 2006), and their attractiveness is mainly based on their symbolic image, the main goal of this study was to analyse, in a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach, residents' and tourists' images of mountain destinations, and the respective gap.ObjectivesThe aim was to develop the MDI Scale - Mountain Destination Image Scale - in order to assess a wide set of tourism mountain destination image parameters. Within the MDI scale, images are related to cognitive and affective factors. The study aimed at understanding, in particular, the differences between local residents and tourists in respect to this mountain image. The study aimed at increasing social, cultural and scientific knowledge regarding mountains and their social representations (held by tourists and residents), and at thereby helping mountain destinations to define better adjusted management and marketing strategies.MethodologyThe study combined quantitative and qualitative survey techniques. The variables used to assess cognitive destination image in the survey instrument are developed on the basis of an extensive literature review related to destination image and mountain constructs. In total, 103 studies have been reviewed and pre-established scale items are integrated into the developed measurement instrument. The initial scales were adjusted to the reality of tourists and local residents being inquired as well as to the specificity of the mountain destinations being studied.Tourists and residents were asked to rate the mountain place as a tourism destination by a list of 49 attributes on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (offers very little) to 5 (offers very much). The affective dimension of tourism destination image was measured by 9 semantic differential scales based on a literature review with 22 studies. Both scales - Likert and semantic differentials - were also discussed with experts in the field of destination image measurement. Additionally, respondents were asked to answer open-ended questions and to suggest three adjectives related to their subjective mountain perceptions. This approach helps identify other holistic or unique features associated with the mountain destination.The questionnaire was personally administered to residents and each individual tourist during their stay at the mountain tourist sites - Peaks of Europe (Spain), Alps (France, Austria and Switzerland) and Serra da Estrela (Portugal). The main survey was conducted from March through July of 2009 and 630 valid responses were obtained.ResultsA extensive literature review focusing on the concept of destination image and social and cultural meanings of mountains overtime, and insights from an empirical study of 315 tourists and 315 residents in European Mountains Destinations - the Serra da Estrela (Portugal), the Alps (France, Austria and Switzerland) and the Peaks of Europe (Spain) - indicate that this multi-dimension scale incorporates five mountain image dimensions held by tourists: (1) historic-cultural, (2) natural/ecological, (3) social and prestige, (4) sport and leisure, and (5) affective; and three images dimensions held by residents: 1) mystique/sacred, (2) historic-cultural and (3) affective.The content analysis of open-ended questions reinforces these results but additionally reveal "life and health" as a significant dimension of mountain image to residents. The results reveal differences on the mountain destination image held by tourists and residents, suggesting five gaps: (1) natural/ecological, (2) sport and leisure and (3) social and prestige, that is an mountain image dimensions significant only for tourists; and (4) mystique/sacred and (5) life and health, which are the mountain image dimensions significant only for residents. …

Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff in Selective Cooperation for Cognitive Radio

In this paper, we first explore a selective cooperation framework for secondary user transmissions in a cognitive radio network with single relay. In the selective cooperation framework, two transmission modes (i.e., relay diversity transmission and non-relay direct transmission) are considered. We study two specific selective cooperation schemes with and without an acknowledgement (ACK) from a cognitive destination as to if it succeeds in decoding or not, called ACK and non-ACK based selective cooperation, respectively. We derive closed-form outage probability expressions for the two schemes with imperfect spectrum sensing, showing that an outage probability floor occurs in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions due to mutual interference between primary and secondary users. We consider the use of the outage probability floor to generalize the traditional diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) definition, based on which a DMT analysis is conducted for the non-ACK and ACK based selective cooperation schemes. We then extend the selective cooperation framework to a multiple-relay cognitive radio network considering the best cognitive relay only to participate in assisting secondary transmissions, referred to as the selective best-relay cooperation. We also consider the non-ACK and ACK based selective best-relay cooperation schemes and develop their DMTs by using the generalized DMT definition.

How Do You Teach Enlightenment? The Wrightian Method

Enlightenment is the use of resolve, courage, and intellect to think for one’s self. Not everyone reaches enlightenment, but bringing students to this cognitive destination should be the goal of teachers. This raises the question: How do you teach enlightenment? One answer is the Wrightian method. This philosophy and practice of teaching holds that when students are provided freedom, treated equally, and given support, then their resolve and courage increase and, in turn, so too does the chance of enlightenment. In Kant’s famous essay, What is Enlightenment?, he provides theoretical reasons for why the Wrightian method works. In turn, this paper defines enlightenment, describes the key parts of the Wrightian method, examines Kant’s theory, and concludes by discussing their practical implications for teaching students enlightenment.

Relationships among Behavioral Intentions, Cognitive Event and Destination Images among Different Geographic Regions of Olympic Games Spectators

Sport tourism can arise from the unique interaction of people, places and activities (Weed, 2005). Consequently the characteristics of the place and the activity could influence sport tourists' behaviors. Given the international appeal of a mega event such as the Olympic Games, consideration should be given to spectators' geographic origins and how these impact the relationship and formation of event and destination images as well as spectators' behavioral intentions. This study aims: (a) to examine the impact of spectators' geographic regions on cognitive event and destination image perceptions and also on their intentions to revisit the destination; and (b) to test and quantify the impact of event image on destination image. Past experience with the destination and the event was controlled to account for differences between spectators from different geographic regions. Data were collected through onsite surveys from Olympic Games spectators who traveled to attend the event. MANCOVA and regression were used for the analysis. Differences were found between spectators from European and North American spectators on destination images related to the destination's local attractions and between Asians, Europeans and North Americans on event images related to Olympic Games infrastructure and organization. Spectators from different geographic regions did not differ in their intentions to revisit the hosting destination. However, their past experience with the destination was a significant predictor of their intentions. Regarding the relationship between event and destination images, certain aspects of the event image impacted cognitive destination images. Theoretical and practical implications are provided for event and destination marketers.