Cognitive Control Of Behavior Research Articles

Large-scale coupling of prefrontal activity patterns as a mechanism for cognitive control in health and disease: evidence from rodent models.

Cognitive control of behavior is crucial for well-being, as allows subject to adapt to changing environments in a goal-directed way. Changes in cognitive control of behavior is observed during cognitive decline in elderly and in pathological mental conditions. Therefore, the recovery of cognitive control may provide a reliable preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, its neural basis is not completely understood. Cognitive control is supported by the prefrontal cortex, structure that integrates relevant information for the appropriate organization of behavior. At neurophysiological level, it is suggested that cognitive control is supported by local and large-scale synchronization of oscillatory activity patterns and neural spiking activity between the prefrontal cortex and distributed neural networks. In this review, we focus mainly on rodent models approaching the neuronal origin of these prefrontal patterns, and the cognitive and behavioral relevance of its coordination with distributed brain systems. We also examine the relationship between cognitive control and neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex, and its role in normal cognitive decline and pathological mental conditions. Finally, based on these body of evidence, we propose a common mechanism that may underlie the impaired cognitive control of behavior.

61 Robustness of Attention Networks Across Multiple Sessions: Behavioral and ERP Findings

Objective:Attention is the backbone of cognitive systems and is requisite for many cognitive processes vital to everyday functioning, including memory, problem solving, and the cognitive control of behavior. Attention is commonly impaired following traumatic brain injury and is a critical focus of rehabilitation efforts. The development of reliable methods to assess rehabilitation-related changes are paramount. The Attention Network Test (ANT) has been used previously to identify 3 independent, yet interactive attention networks—alerting, orienting, and executive control (EC). We examined the behavioral and neurophysiological robustness and temporal stability of these networks across multiple sessions to assess the ANT’s potential utility as an effective measure of change during attention rehabilitative interventions.Participants and Methods:15 healthy young adults completed 4 sessions of the ANT (1 session/7-day period). ANT networks were assessed within the task by contrasting opposing stimulus conditions: cued vs. non-cued trials probed alerting, valid vs. invalid spatial cues probed orienting, and congruent vs. incongruent targets probed EC. Differences in median correct-trial reaction times (RTs) and error rates (ERs) between the condition pairs were assessed to determine attention network scores; robustness of networks effects, as determined by one-sample t-tests at each session, against a mean of 0, determining the presence of significant network effects at each session. Sixty-four-channel electroencephalography (EEG) data were acquired concurrently and processed using Matlab to create condition-related event-related potentials (ERPs)—particularly the cue- and probe-related P1, N1, and P3 deflection amplitudes, measured by using signed-area calculation in regions of interest (ROIs) determined by observation of spherical-spline voltages. This enabled us to examine the robustness of cue- and probe-attention-network ERPs.Results:All three attention networks showed robust effects. However, only the EC RT and ER network scores remained significantly robust [t(14)s>13.9,ps<.001] across all sessions, indicating that EC is robust in the face of repeated exposure. Session 1 showed the greatest EC-RT robustness effect which became smaller during the subsequent sessions per ANOVAs on Session x Congruency [F(3,42)=10.21,p<.0001], reflecting persistence despite practice effects. RT robustness of the other networks varied across sessions. Alerting and EC ERs were similarly robust across all 4 sessions, but were more variable for the orienting network. ERP results: The cue-locked P1-orienting (valid vs. invalid) was generally larger to valid- than invalid-cues, but the robustness across sessions was variable (significant in only sessions 1 and 4 [t(14)s>2.13,ps<.04], as reflected in a significant main effect of session [p=.0042]. Next, target-locked EC P3s were generally smaller to congruent than incongruent targets [F(1,14)=9.40,p=.0084], showing robust effects only in sessions 3 and 4 [ps<.005].Conclusions:The EC network RT and ER scores were consistently robust across all sessions, suggesting that this network may be less vulnerable to practice effects across session than the other networks and may be the most reliable probe of attentional rehabilitation. ERP measures were more variable across attention networks with respect to robustness. Behavioral measures of EC-network may be most reliable for assessing progress related to attentional-rehabilitation efforts.

아동의 그릿(Grit)이 학교적응에 미치는 영향에서 행복감과 집행기능곤란의 이중매개효과

This study was to investigate the dual mediating effects of happiness and executive functiondifficulty on the relationship between children's grit and school adjustment. The subjects of thisstudy were 1,397 children in 6th grade of elementary school. The data were drawn from the13th(T5) wave data(2020) of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Data processing wasperformed using the IBM SPSS 26 program and Hayes (2013) Macro Process (Model 6) for thecorrelation and dual mediating effect among relevant variables. The results of study are asfollows. First, children's grit had a direct effect on school adaptation in a path model includingchildren's happiness and executive function difficulties. Second, happiness mediated the effectof children's grit on school adaptation. Third, executive function difficulties mediated the effectof children's grit on school adaptation. Fourth, the effect of children's grit on school adaptationwas double mediated in the order of happiness and executive function difficulties. Inconclusion, children's grit could positively influence children's school adjustment by sequentiallyaffecting the emotional factor of happiness and the cognitive behavioral control factor ofexecutive functioning difficulties. Limitations of the study and suggestions were discussed.

Beyond cocaine and heroin use: a stacking ensemble-based framework for predicting the likelihood of subsequent substance use disorder using demographics and personality traits

Heroin and cocaine addiction is a global health issue that can result in death. These substances have the ability to change cognitive functions and impulsive behavior control. This study explores the relationship between heroin and cocaine use and the development of additional psychoactive substance addictions, such as cannabis and nicotine. It also investigates whether lighter drug use, like cannabis, leads to heavier drug use. Using subsets of heroin, cocaine, and cannabis data for neural network model training, stacking ensemble learning is employed to uncover these connections. These models predict the risk of subsequent substance abuse based on the history of heroin, cocaine, or cannabis abuse, incorporating demographic factors and personality traits. Results reveal significant impacts: Heroin abuse substantially increases the risk of cannabis and nicotine use (F-scores of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively). Cocaine abuse shows an even stronger association (Accuracy: 0.88) and can lead to heroin and cannabis use. Additionally, cannabis use is linked to subsequent cocaine use. These results have important implications for precision medicine, emphasizing the importance of personalized medications in preventing subsequent addiction development.

해외 의료관광객이 느끼는 통제력이 서비스 만족 및 구전의도에 미치는 영향

Receiving medical services abroad is an event that involves a high level of risk and stress for most people. This study proposes and empirically examines perceived control as a factor that has a potential to reduce the stress associated with overseas medical experience and enhance satisfaction with it. Based on the research findings in environmental psychology, one’s perceived control was divided into cognitive control, behavior control, and decision control. A research model and a set of hypotheses were constructed to investigate the effect of each control on satisfaction and word-of-mouth communications among consumers who had overseas medical service experiences. The data collection was conducted through an online survey of 220 Chinese consumers who had visited Korea as plastic medicine tourists. Satisfaction with their service experience was significantly affected by both behavioral control and decisional control, but not by cognitive control. Thus, Chinese medical tourists prefer to maintain the belief that they are in charge of major decisions associated with the medical procedure, and that the results of the medical procedure will have personally desirable consequences. In addition, satisfaction experienced by Chinese consumers with overseas medical services had a significant impact on their word-of-mouth activities. Based on the research results, a set of academic and practical implications were derived.

The Influence of KOL Internet Marketing on Consumers from the example about Beauty products in Xiaohongshu Platform

Key opinion leader (KOL) Internet marketing is one of the key research topics today. Researchers have found that with the rise and popularity of Xiaohongshu platform in recent years, more and more beauty products have been promoted by KOL on this platform, thus affecting consumers. However, there is still a research gap on the form and degree of influence behind it. Therefore, this paper collects questionnaire data on the consumption of beauty products purchased by Xiaohongshu of all ages, and conducts regression analysis on the data, to explore the relationship between the KOL Internet marketing environment and consumers. The results show that under the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), consumer attitude, subjective criteria and cognitive behavior control all have positive effects on consumer behavior intention. All factors under the CMM model will promote consumers' media attention to the product, and media attention has a positive effect on consumers' consumption behavior intention.

Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intention among parents of children aged 5-11 years in South Korea: a cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting parents' intentions to have their children aged 5-11 years vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The participants of the study were 298 parents with children aged 5-11 years in South Korea. Data collection took place from October 20 to October 26, 2022 and used an online survey (Google Forms). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t test, analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression in IBM SPSS version 26.0. The factors influencing participants' vaccination intentions for their children aged 5-11 years were cognitive behavioral control (β=.40, p<.001), attitudes (β=.37, p<.001), subjective norms (β=.20, p<.001), and awareness of whether their child could receive the COVID-19 vaccine (β=.07, p=.016). The explanatory power of the regression equation was 89%. Parents' intentions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 are influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control toward vaccines. Since parents are concerned about vaccine side effects, it is important to establish a trusted line of communication to keep them informed about vaccinations.

The Development of Various Speech Components and Their Relations with the State of the Brain Executive Functions in Senior Preschool Age

The brain executive functions (EF) are crucial for various aspects of childrens’ development, as they stipulate control of cognitive processes and behavior. Speech development is one of the most important goals of preschool age and a defining predictor of successful school education. Both classical and contemporary studies stress relations between the given functions. In order to achieve an in-depth comprehension of the relations we have deepened a comparative neuropsychological research by means of complemented speech functions assessment (phonological process, verbal memory, motor program sequencing, grammatical and lexical speech design, planning of utterance) and conducted it targeting children aged 5–6 (n = 61, average age – 5.67 ± 0.33 y.) and 6–7 (n = 117, average age – 6.67 ± 0.29 y.). The research has revealed age-specific differences of the given age groups (verbal memory (р ≤ 0.002), comprehension of logical grammatical constructions (р 0.001), lexical (р = 0.031) and grammatical (р = 0.008) speech design, planning of utterance (р 0.001)). A coherency of speech and the state of EF development increases from 5–6 to 6–7 years old and is evident in various aspects of coherent speech (planning of utterance and its grammatical and, to a lesser degree, lexical speech design), verbal memory and verbal logical thinking; in phonological processing, motor program sequencing and comprehension of logical grammatical constructions, however, it is less evident as it is related to particular indexes, but still exists. The following research findings can be used to further voluntary regulated speech development and correction programs targeting senior preschoolers, as well as to develop voluntary regulation and control incorporating various speech components.

Cognitive Brain: Neuroscience, Neurophysiology and Neuroendocrinology of Emotions

Humancognitive brain integrates and synchronizes neurobiological, neurophysiological, and neuroendocrinological emotions that promote compassion and intersubjectivity that will help reduce stress and enhance compassionate mediation to resolve conflicts. The dependence of emotional states on context is also critical for affective neurology studies in which we want to experimentally manipulate emotional states. Emotions are functional states realized in the activities of neural systems that regulate complex behavior. Strategic is the creation of an integrative working model of emotions and stress, which specifies a time frame for measuring stress: acute, event, daily and chronic and a more accurate language for measuring stress. Human cognitive brains are biological, biophysical, neurophysiological, and medico-social information exchange paradigms. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders, using combined and hybrid neuroimaging, next-generation sequencing, etc., in order to begin timely and effective rehabilitation of the Human brain. Social feelings have conceptual and empirical links to affect and emotion. The modern problem of affective neurology is to detail causal interactions between emotional states, emotion experiences, and emotion concepts: in healthy adults, all three usually occur together. Emotional states, along with many other signs of mental state, provide causal explanations for behavior. Emotions are “purposeful” because they are aimed at preparing the body to respond to situations that have repeatedly arisen throughout evolution. In conceptual stages of development, emotions become more differentiated and diverse as the cognitive brain of Human (individual, person, personality) postpones memories of emotional events often caused by social interactions, assesses situations, and develops coping mechanisms, including expectation, appropriate levels of arousal, and cognitive control of emotional behavior. Human brain working in the mode of genius (talent, creativity) requires the creation and maintenance of modern neurocompunctions between the new cortex and the hippocampus (memory library, memory hard drive), the formation of new structural and functional neurocompunctions in Human brain that occur continuously throughout the life of all life from birth to ultra-longevity and have creative advantages in the era of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing.

Genetic Disruption of System xc-Mediated Glutamate Release from Astrocytes Increases Negative-Outcome Behaviors While Preserving Basic Brain Function in Rat.

The importance of neuronal glutamate to synaptic transmission throughout the brain illustrates the immense therapeutic potential and safety risks of targeting this system. Astrocytes also release glutamate, the clinical relevance of which is unknown as the range of brain functions reliant on signaling from these cells hasn't been fully established. Here, we investigated system xc- (Sxc), which is a glutamate release mechanism with an in vivo rodent expression pattern that is restricted to astrocytes. As most animals do not express Sxc, we first compared the expression and sequence of the obligatory Sxc subunit xCT among major classes of vertebrate species. We found xCT to be ubiquitously expressed and under significant negative selective pressure. Hence, Sxc likely confers important advantages to vertebrate brain function that may promote biological fitness. Next, we assessed brain function in male genetically modified rats (MSxc) created to eliminate Sxc activity. Unlike other glutamatergic mechanisms, eliminating Sxc activity was not lethal and didn't alter growth patterns, telemetry measures of basic health, locomotor activity, or behaviors reliant on simple learning. However, MSxc rats exhibited deficits in tasks used to assess cognitive behavioral control. In a pavlovian conditioned approach, MSxc rats approached a food-predicted cue more frequently than WT rats, even when this response was punished. In attentional set shifting, MSxc rats displayed cognitive inflexibility because of an increased frequency of perseverative errors. MSxc rats also displayed heightened cocaine-primed drug seeking. Hence, a loss of Sxc-activity appears to weaken control over nonreinforced or negative-outcome behaviors without altering basic brain function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glutamate is essential to synaptic activity throughout the brain, which illustrates immense therapeutic potential and risk. Notably, glutamatergic mechanisms are expressed by most types of brain cells. Hence, glutamate likely encodes multiple forms of intercellular signaling. Here, we hypothesized that the selective manipulation of astrocyte to neuron signaling would alter cognition without producing widespread brain impairments. First, we eliminated activity of the astrocytic glutamate release mechanism, Sxc, in rat. This impaired cognitive flexibility and increased expression of perseverative, maladaptive behaviors. Notably, eliminating Sxc activity did not alter metrics of health or noncognitive brain function. These data add to recent evidence that the brain expresses cognition-specific molecular mechanisms that could lead to highly precise, safe medications for impaired cognition.

Cognitive behavior therapy vs. control conditions, other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression: a comprehensive meta-analysis including 409 trials with 52,702 patients.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is by far the most examined type of psychological treatment for depression and is recommended in most treatment guide-lines. However, no recent meta-analysis has integrated the results of randomized trials examining its effects, and its efficacy in comparison with other psychotherapies, pharmacotherapies and combined treatment for depression remains uncertain. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Library to identify studies on CBT, and separated included trials into several subsets to conduct random-effects meta-analyses. We included 409 trials (518 comparisons) with 52,702 patients, thus conducting the largest meta-analysis ever of a specific type of psychotherapy for a mental disorder. The quality of the trials was found to have increased significantly over time (with increasing numbers of trials with low risk of bias, less waitlist control groups, and larger sample sizes). CBT had moderate to large effects compared to control conditions such as care as usual and waitlist (g=0.79; 95% CI: 0.70-0.89), which remained similar in sensitivity analyses and were still significant at 6-12 month follow-up. There was no reduction of the effect size of CBT according to the publication year (<2001 vs. 2001-2010 vs. >2011). CBT was significantly more effective than other psychotherapies, but the difference was small (g=0.06; 95% CI: 0-0.12) and became non-significant in most sensitivity analyses. The effects of CBT did not differ significantly from those of pharmacotherapies at the short term, but were significantly larger at 6-12 month follow-up (g=0.34; 95% CI: 0.09-0.58), although the number of trials was small, and the difference was not significant in all sensitivity analyses. Combined treatment was more effective than pharmacotherapies alone at the short (g=0.51; 95% CI: 0.19-0.84) and long term (g=0.32; 95% CI: 0.09-0.55), but it was not more effective than CBT alone at either time point. CBT was also effective as unguided self-help intervention (g=0.45; 95% CI: 0.31-0.60), in institutional settings (g=0.65; 95% CI: 0.21-1.08), and in children and adolescents (g=0.41; 95% CI: 0.25-0.57). We can conclude that the efficacy of CBT in depression is documented across different formats, ages, target groups, and settings. However, the superiority of CBT over other psychotherapies for depression does not emerge clearly from this meta-analysis. CBT appears to be as effective as pharmacotherapies at the short term, but more effective at the longer term.

Environmental impacts on the perception of young generation toward the purchasing intention of green furniture in Ho Chi Minh City

The article aims to investigate and research the environmental impacts from any perspective on the perception of the young generation who have the intention to purchase green products and green furniture, based on the fact that pollution and environmental damage are needed to be considered as vital issue, and the concern grows to a greater degree gradually. Therefore, this article focuses on exploring and examining various factors that could affect the focused customer class, which is the younger generation, in terms of the awareness and their personal attitude toward purchasing green furniture in order to obtain a more sustainable environment. Green furniture is one of the environmentally friendly green products products that can be produced and used without causing harm to the environment. The database is gathered from 241 advantageous survey respondents whose age falls into the range of young adulthood (from 18 to 35 years old), living and working in Ho Chi Minh City. Data analysis is performed by using Smart SPL4 with the partial least squares structural equation modeling method (PLS-SEM). From the conclusion of this survey, the following factors can affect the intention of young consumers in Ho Chi Minh City to purchase green furniture: environmental knowledge, products’ functional value, perceptive behavior control, and environmental responsibility. The results show that cognitive behavioral control has a relative effect on purchase intention; the environmental responsibility and environmental knowledge of young people in Ho Chi Minh City can impact on their consciousness about environmental issues and socio-ecological benefits, positively impacting their purchase intention towards green furniture and green products. The results provide valuable information about the impact of various factors on the purchasing intention of green furniture among young consumers in Ho Chi Minh City.

Disinhibition of the orbitofrontal cortex biases decision-making in obesity.

The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) receives sensory information about food and integrates these signals with expected outcomes to guide future actions, and thus may play a key role in a distributed network of neural circuits that regulate feeding behavior. Here, we reveal a new role for the lOFC in the cognitive control of behavior in obesity. Food-seeking behavior is biased in obesity such that in male obese mice, behaviors are less flexible to changes in the perceived value of the outcome. Obesity is associated with reduced lOFC inhibitory drive and chemogenetic reduction in GABAergic neurotransmission in the lOFC induces obesity-like impairments in goal-directed behavior. Conversely, pharmacological or optogenetic restoration of inhibitory neurotransmission in the lOFC of obese mice reinstates flexible behavior. Our results indicate that obesity-induced disinhibition of the lOFC leads to a failure to update changes in the value of food with satiety, which in turn may influence how individuals make decisions in an obesogenic environment.

Executive functions in primary progressive aphasia: A meta-analysis.

Executive functions (EFs) refer to a set of cognitive processes, specifically shifting, inhibition, updating of working memory, and are involved in the cognitive control of behavior. Conflicting results have been reported regarding impairments of EFs in Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). We performed a multi-level meta-analysis to confirm whether deficits of EFs exist in this population, focusing on a common EFs composite, and the components shifting, inhibition and updating separately. We included 141 studies that report on 294EFs tasks. The overall mean weighted effect size was large (d=-1,28), indicating poorer EFs in PPA as compared to age-matched cognitively healthy controls. Differences between effect sizes of the EFs components were not significant, indicating all components are affected similarly. Overall, moderator analysis revealed that PPA variant and disease duration were significant moderators of performance, while task modality and years of education were not. The non-fluent/agrammatic PPA and the logopenic PPA variants were similarly affected, but the semantic variant was affected to a lesser extent. We discuss implications for clinical and research settings, and future research.

Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a natural disaster and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in Indian children

The aim of this study was to assess the relation between early exposure to stressful events and symptoms of the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, based on the outcomes from a natural experiment. It was hypothesized that children pre- and postnatally exposed to cyclone Aila have increased ADHD symptoms compared to the control group, and the effect depends on the timing of the exposure. Indian children (8–11 years) prenatally (N = 336) and early postnatally (N = 216) exposed to cyclone Aila were compared to a non-exposed control peer group (N = 285). ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Conner’s Teacher Rating Scale Revised. The main effect of exposure to the cyclone on the total ADHD symptoms’ score, ADHD index, Hyperactivity and Oppositional symptoms was significant and independent to covariates: age and sex of children, gestational age and birth weight, maternal stress during the year before the study and the socioeconomic status of a family. The timing of exposure and sex of the children were found to be a significant moderator of the relation between early exposure to the natural disaster and ADHD symptoms. The prenatal, but also early postnatal exposure to stressful experiences such as a natural disaster, may disturb the development of cognitive functions and behavioural control, thus increasing the risk of ADHD in children.

Psychology and Cybernetics

Cyberpsychology is an emerged field in Social Sciences concerned with control and communication of humans and machines focusing on Psychology and Communication Studies. In its generalized form operates as a thematic “umbrella” for all branches of Psychology and Communication employing different methodologies, methods and techniques related to interactive, cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are observed on the internet and social media. As a special science, in the form of Cybernetic Psychology, is focusing on the mechanisms of cognitive control of perception, information and behavior. It targets the programmable simulation of these phenomena; their algorithmic representation and the feedback learning processes that allow adaptation in cyberspace. Issues as integration of everyday life in digital context, management in governance, problem-solving in human-machine interaction, consulting and therapy assistance to practitioners, establish Cyberpsychology and Cybernetic Psychology as areas that contribute and furthering the scientific knowledge of successful or failed human evolutionary processes and strategies. Homo Virtualis as cybernetic organism seeks to maintain and strengthen control over itself, the others and machines, in digital environments, through cognitive, behavioral and affective processes. The paper attempts an introduction to questions regarding the dimensions of the ontological basis of Cybernetic Psychology as foundation of general Cyberpsychology. The special issue “Initiation to Cyber-Psychology: A Students’ Research Anthology” is dedicated to the work of undergraduate students of the Psychology Department of Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences. Students’ papers were prepared within the “Cyberpsychology” course, taught, for the first time as a compulsory, during the spring semester of the academic year 2020-2021.

Development of a package of reality-oriented acceptance and commitment therapy (RACT) and comparing its effectiveness with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on procrastination, self-efficacy and academic competence of students with academic burnout.

Background and Aim: Several factors affect students' academic performance. Some of these factors improve academic performance and others weaken the performance of learners; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the realistic acceptance and commitment therapy package compared to cognitive behavioral therapy on procrastination and responsibility of teenage girls. Methods: The current research was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group and a two-month follow-up; And the statistical population of the research was all secondary school girls of the 5th district of Isfahan in 1400, after screening with the academic burnout questionnaire, 45 adolescent girls were selected in an accessible way and in the experimental group of realistic acceptance and commitment therapy package (15 girls), the experimental group Cognitive behavioral therapy (15 girls) and control group (15 girls) were randomly replaced. The experimental group received the researcher-made realistic commitment and acceptance therapy package, and the experimental group received cognitive behavioral therapy for eight 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention; All three groups responded to Tuckman's procrastination questionnaire (1991) and California accountability (1951) in three phases: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the treatment package of acceptance and realistic commitment on the score of procrastination (F=8.09, P=0.007) and responsibility (F=9.40, P=0.004) and cognitive behavioral intervention on the score of procrastination ((F = 5.51, P = 0.024) and responsibility (F = 9.11, P = 0.005) is effective and this effect was stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: The results of the research suggest evidence that the intervention of the researcher's realistic acceptance and commitment therapy package and cognitive behavioral therapy is a suitable method for increasing responsibility and reducing procrastination in teenagers.

The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on exam anxiety and academic vitality

Background and purpose: Examining the issues and problems of students in the field of education and personality and identifying the factors that probably hinder their personal and social growth is of particular importance in every society. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral game therapy on exam anxiety and academic vitality in elementary school boys. Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of implementation method, it was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research included all male students of primary school in district 2 of Sari city. In this research, a sample consisting of 30 students who were selected by voluntary sampling from among all the male students of primary school in district 2 of Sari city. They were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (cognitive behavioral play therapy and control group). The data were collected using the children's test anxiety questionnaire (Wren and Benson, 2004) and the academic vitality questionnaire (Martin and Marsh, 2006) and were analyzed by univariate covariance analysis and spss.22 software. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. Results: The results showed that cognitive behavioral game therapy led to a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group in reducing exam anxiety (P&lt;0.001) and increasing academic vitality (P&lt;0.001) in male students. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, cognitive behavioral game therapy can be used to improve exam anxiety and academic vitality in students in psychology and counseling centers.

Hubungan Self-Regulated Learning Dengan Dukungan Teman Sebaya Serata Pengaruhnya Terhadap Prestasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Riau

Self-regulated learning is a student learning method that is active and independent to achieve academic goals by using cognitive learning, self-motivation and behavioral control. One of the factors that can influence self-regulated learning is peer support. This study aims to assess the correlation between the ability of self-regulated learning and peer support in students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Riau, and to determine its effect on academic achievement. Respondents in this study were 147 students of class 2019. The research data consisted of the results of the self-regulated learning ability questionnaire and the peer support questionnaire, transcript of the CBT exam results, the GPA transcripts. The Pearson analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the results of the ability of self-regulated learning and peers support with a p value of 0.00 (&lt;0.05) and a positive correlation of 0.464. The effect of self-regulated learning ability on academic achievement, obtained a p-value of 0.043. There was a significant difference between the results of the CBT with low, medium and high self-regulated learning abilities. There was no difference between the Grade Point Average (GPA) based on the independent learning ability of students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Riau with a p value of 0.43.

A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor

The anterior insular cortex (aIC) plays a critical role in cognitive and motivational control of behavior, but the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that aIC neurons expressing Fezf2 (aICFezf2), which are the pyramidal tract neurons, signal motivational vigor and invigorate need-seeking behavior through projections to the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). aICFezf2 neurons and their postsynaptic NTS neurons acquire anticipatory activity through learning, which encodes the perceived value and the vigor of actions to pursue homeostatic needs. Correspondingly, aIC → NTS circuit activity controls vigor, effort, and striatal dopamine release but only if the action is learned and the outcome is needed. Notably, aICFezf2 neurons do not represent taste or valence. Moreover, aIC → NTS activity neither drives reinforcement nor influences total consumption. These results pinpoint specific functions of aIC → NTS circuit for selectively controlling motivational vigor and suggest that motivation is subserved, in part, by aIC's top-down regulation of dopamine signaling.