Cognitive Confidence Research Articles

Emotion dysregulation in participants with substance use disorders: A metacognitive perspective

BackgroundUsing the metacognitive model of emotion dysregulation as a basis, this study explored whether, among participants with substance use disorders (SUDs), metacognitive beliefs and repetitive negative thinking were associated with emotion dysregulation. Methods127 participants with SUDs and 127 controls without SUDs were recruited. Emotion dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs, rumination, worry, anxiety, and depression were assessed. t-tests, Mann–Whitney tests, logistic regression, correlation, and hierarchal regression analyses were run. ResultsParticipants with SUDs reported significantly higher levels of emotion dysregulation, positive beliefs about worry, beliefs about the need to control thoughts, rumination, and worry, compared to controls without SUDs. Among participants with SUDs negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability and danger, cognitive confidence, beliefs about the need to control thoughts, rumination, and worry were significantly associated with an increase of emotion dysregulation. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design. ConclusionEmotion dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs, and repetitive negative thinking may contribute to increase the risk of substance use. Among participants with SUDs emotion dysregulation is associated with the tendency to endorse dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and report repetitive negative thinking. Metacognitive beliefs and repetitive negative thinking could be a suitable therapeutic target to reduce emotion dysregulation among participants with SUDs.

The Relationships between Metacognitive Beliefs and Personality Dysfunction: A Test Controlling for Personality Traits, Emotional Distress Symptoms and General Functioning

Personality dysfunction operationalized as impairment in self- and interpersonal functioning is a characteristic of personality disorders. The metacognitive model suggests that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are a common cause of psychological disorders, but the relevance and importance of metacognitions for personality dysfunction is less explored and was the objective for the current study. In a sample of 1278 individuals, we conducted a multiple hierarchical regression analysis to test the predictive role of metacognitive beliefs for personality dysfunction. We found a unique and independent contribution from negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worry and lower cognitive confidence to personality dysfunction whilst controlling age, gender, maladaptive personality traits, big-5 personality traits, emotional distress symptoms, and general psychosocial functioning. The results bring further support for the metacognitive model of psychological disorders which may be relevant for formulation and treatment of personality dysfunction and disorder.

Metacognitive beliefs, mood symptoms, and fatigue four years after stroke: An explorative study.

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between metacognition and mood symptoms four years post-stroke and examined fatigue as a potential moderator for this relationship. A number of 143 participants completed a survey that included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (functional status) four years after stroke. Multiple regression analyses adjusting for demographic and stroke-specific covariates were performed with anxiety and depression as dependent variables and fatigue as a moderator. The proportions of participants satisfying the caseness criteria for anxiety and depression were 20% and 19%, respectively, and 35% reported severe fatigue. Analysed separately, all MCQ-30 subscales contributed significantly to anxiety, whereas only three MCQ-30 subscales contributed significantly to depression. In the adjusted analyses, the MCQ-30 subscales 'positive beliefs' (p < 0.05) and 'uncontrollability and danger' (p < 0.001), as well as fatigue (p < 0.001) and functional status at four years (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. Similarly, the MCQ-30 subscales 'cognitive confidence' (p < 0.05) and 'self-consciousness' (p < 0.05), as well as fatigue (p < 0.001), stroke severity at baseline (p < 0.01), and functional status at four years (p < 0.01) were significantly associated with depression symptoms. Fatigue did not significantly moderate the relationship between any MCQ-30 subscale and HADS scores. Maladaptive metacognitions were associated with the mood symptoms of anxiety and depression, independent of fatigue, even after controlling for demographic and stroke-specific factors. Future studies should implement longitudinal designs to determine whether metacognitions precede anxiety or depression after a stroke, and more strongly indicate the potential of metacognitive therapy for improving the mental health of individuals after a stroke.

Multiple paths to rumination within a network analytical framework

Theories of rumination have proposed different psychological factors to place one at risk for repetitive negative thinking. A comprehensive empirical test that captures the most relevant contributors to rumination is lacking. Building on influential self-regulatory and metacognitive frameworks, we modeled how key constructs in this context relate to ruminative thinking. 498 participants completed online questionnaires including indicators of rumination, metacognition, promotion goal orientation, effortful control, and depression. We estimated regularized partial correlation networks to investigate unique associations between the different constructs and followed these analyses up with directed acyclic graphs to identify potential pathways towards rumination. Results demonstrated that: (1) both self-regulatory and metacognitive factors were directly linked to rumination, amongst these were (2) positive beliefs, negative beliefs about uncontrollability and harm, cognitive self-consciousness, depression, effortful control, perfectionism, and (lack of) cognitive confidence, and (3) we identified multiple directed pathways, suggesting three direct contributors to rumination while controlling for the influence of all other variables: diminished effortful control, positive beliefs, and cognitive self-consciousness. This study is the first to comprehensively assess metacognitive and self-regulatory frameworks of rumination in a data-driven manner. Our findings suggest that there are multiple pathways towards rumination, which should be incorporated in clinical case conceptualization of rumination and related disorders.

Trends in the dose-response relationship between adverse childhood experiences and maladaptive metacognitive beliefs: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundSince the publication of the major research on adverse childhood experiences (ACE) at the turn of the millennium, our knowledge about the prevalence and physical and mental consequences of childhood adversities has increased substantially. In parallel, research on metacognition, which plays an important role in understanding our mental functioning, has also been on the rise. Although the adverse effects of ACEs on mental processes and the role of metacognitive deficits in the development of mental disorders are widely known, hardly any research into the interaction between these two areas has been conducted; this is what triggered our investigation. MethodsOur research was carried out as a cross-sectional study on a sample of 304 members of the general population. We measured ACEs with the 10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and maladaptive metacognitions—positive and negative metacognitive beliefs, cognitive confidence, cognitive self-consciousness, and need to control thoughts— using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire.The closeness of the relationship between the ACE score and metacognitions was measured using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient, while the association of ACE accumulation with metacognitive beliefs was assessed using generalized linear models. ResultsThe most common ACE in our sample turned out to be emotional neglect (44.74%). All the examined maladaptive metacognitive beliefs correlate mildly to moderately with the number of suffered ACEs (r = 0.13–0.34), with an increase in the ACE score leading to a rise in the salience of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs. Moreover, a dose-response relationship was seen between increases in ACE scores and the overall values of metacognition, negative metacognitive beliefs, and the maladaptive metacognitive belief of the need to control thoughts. ConclusionsOur results suggest that the more ACEs were experienced in childhood, the more pronounced the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are. Therefore, our findings emphasize the importance of further research into the topic.

Difficulty in Emotion Regulation, Metacognition, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Suicide Probability in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Although an association has been newly reported between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and an increased risk of suicide, there are only a limited number of studies investigating suicide-related factors in OCD patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between dysfunctional metacognitive activity, difficulty in emotion regulation, anxiety, depression, somatization symptom severity, and suicide probability in OCD patients by comparing them with a control group. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Metacognition Scale, Suicide Probability Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depression Symptom Scale were administered to 70 OCD patients and 70 healthy controls. The Dimensional Obsession Compulsion Scale was administered to assess OCD symptom dimensions among OCD patients. Dysfunctional metacognition, difficulty in emotion regulation, probability of suicide, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms were significantly higher in OCD patients compared to the control group (P < .05). Suicide probability was found to be positively correlated with depression, difficulty in emotion regulation, impulsivity dimension, metacognition, cognitive confidence dimension, contamination, cleaning, and symmetry scores among OCD symptom dimensions (P < .05). Recognizing the factors that were found to be associated with suicide probability in individuals with OCD may be of great importance in identifying patients at higher suicide risk.

Assessment of metacognition and retinal optical coherence tomography findings in shift workers

ABSTRACT It is known that working in the shift system, especially the night shift, affects physical, mental, and social well-being. We investigated the changes in the inner retinal layers and choroidal layer of the eyes of nurses working night and day shifts using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We also explored the effect of night shift work on metacognition and the relationships between these variables. A total of 79 nurses participated in the study, of whom 40 worked night shifts. The researcher gave the participants sociodemographic information and the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) form. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness, inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured with OCT. It was found that the level of metacognitive activity associated with cognitive confidence was higher (p = 0.044) for nurses who worked night shifts and that the level of metacognitive activity associated with cognitive awareness was lower (p = 0.015) for nurses who worked night shifts. RNFL-nasal superior (NS) thickness was lower in night shift workers than the day shift group (p = 0.017). Our study revealed significant relationships between metacognition and the OCT findings among night and day shift workers. Our study revealed that RNFL measurements and metacognitive activity may differ and there may be a relationship between these parameters in nurses who work shifts. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of night shift work on retinal health.

The Role of Metacognition in the Prediction of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Chronically Ill Patients.

Cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases are frequent causes of depression and anxiety. The study explored the metacognitive beliefs manifested by chronically ill patients and the presence of depressive or anxiety symptoms and the predictive role of metacognition in both. A total of 254 chronically ill patients participated in the study. The Metacognitive Questionnaire was used to measure the patients' metacognitive beliefs, whereas the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was applied to evaluate their psychopathological symptoms. A correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships between metacognition and psychopathological symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive role of metacognition in anxiety and depression. The Negative Beliefs about Uncontrollability and Danger scale correlated with both anxiety and depression scales, and the Cognitive Confidence scale correlated with the depression scale. Linear regression analyses indicated that metacognitive beliefs were responsible for 32.2% of the variance of anxiety symptoms among all the chronically ill. Metacognitive beliefs accounted for 48.8% of the variance in anxiety symptoms and 36.6% in depressive symptoms among diabetes patients. There are specific correlations between psychopathological symptoms and metacognition among chronically ill patients. Metacognitions have a moderate role in developing and sustaining anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Dysfunctional Attitudes Versus Metacognitive Beliefs as Within-Person Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Over Time

Understanding within-person variation between theorized mechanisms of disorder and depressive symptoms can help identify targets for interventions. Cognitive models of depression hypothesize dysfunctional attitudes as underlying vulnerability factors, while the metacognitive model places emphasis on dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. However, no previous study has tested the relative importance of change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs as predictors of change in depressive symptoms within individuals. In a sample of 1,418 individuals measured at four time-points separated by 5-week intervals, a multilevel model approach was used to test the relative importance of change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs as predictors of change in depressive symptoms. Change in dysfunctional attitudes and metacognitive beliefs predicted change in depressive symptoms over time. However, change in metacognitive beliefs and in particular negative metacognitive beliefs and judgements of cognitive confidence were significantly stronger predictors of change in depressive symptoms compared to dysfunctional attitudes. Furthermore, change in metacognitive beliefs predicted change in dysfunctional attitudes beyond change in depressive symptoms. These results suggest that metacognitive beliefs rather than dysfunctional attitudes might be more important for depressive symptoms over time within persons and that metacognitive change may also influence dysfunctional attitudes over time. Metacognitive beliefs are therefore a promising target for treatment and prevention aiming to reduce depressive symptoms, but replication of our results in clinical samples is warranted before more clear conclusions can be drawn.

Linking Social Anxiety and Depression: The Role of Metacognitive Beliefs and Anhedonia

Aim and background: This study aims to examine mechanisms that may account for the comorbidity between social anxiety and depression. Objective: We hypothesized that maladaptive metacognitions and anhedonia would serially mediate the link between social anxiety and depression. Method: We tested this notion by collecting data from 208 international, English speaking participants ranging from the ages of 18 to 65 years old using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS), Patient’s Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30). Results and Discussion: The results show a significant serial mediation effect from social anxiety via beliefs about uncontrollability and danger and anhedonia to depression, with the pathway from social anxiety via reduced beliefs in cognitive confidence and anhedonia to depression not being significant. Furthermore, a direct path from social anxiety to depression was also significant. Conclusions: Findings provide support for both the tripartite model and the self-regulatory executive function model of anxiety and depression. While the findings imply the contributions of other mediating variables, they also indicate that metacognitive therapy with additional focus on anhedonia could be effective in preventing the development of depression.

Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the short form of the metacognition questionnaire (MCQ-30) in a non-clinical adult sample

BackgroundPrevious linguistic validations of the 30-item Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30) have been performed in Western/Eastern populations, and no Arabic validated version exists to date for the wide Arabic-speaking populations in the Middle East-North African region and abroad. In this regard, we sought through the present study to test the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the MCQ-30 in a sample of Arabic-speaking community adults from Lebanon.MethodsThe sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 423 participants (mean age: 38.13 ± 11.03 years; 61.2% females). The Metacognition Questionnaire-short form, Teruel Orthorexia Scale and Emotion regulation questionnaire were used to assess metacognition, orthorexia nervosa and emotion regulation (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) respectively.ResultsFindings of Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed that the five-factor model provided a good fit to the data. McDonald’s ω coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.94 for the five MCQ-30 subscales, and was of 0.93 for the total score, hence supporting the adequacy of scale reliability. Results also supported configural, metric, and scalar equivalence of the five-factor model across gender groups. The MCQ-30 subscales showed patterns of correlations with the emotion regulation and disordered eating constructs in the expected directions, providing evidence of the criterion-related validity of the measure. In particular, positive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) were negatively correlated with cognitive self-consciousness and need to control thoughts; whereas maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., expressive suppression) showed positive correlations with lack of cognitive confidence, negative beliefs and need to control thoughts. Additionally, all metacognition dimensions (except for cognitive self-consciousness) were significantly and positively correlated with higher levels of orthorexia nervosa behaviors.ConclusionsOur findings preliminarily suggest that the scale is valid, reliable, and can be recommended for use among the broad Arabic-speaking community worldwide.

Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Psychological Distress in an Adolescent Population: A Preliminary Analysis.

Adolescence is a period marked by significant vulnerability to the onset of mental health concerns. Within adults, the metacognitive model of psychological disorders advocates for the involvement of metacognitive beliefs in the onset, and maintenance, of psychopathology. The current study aimed to assess the applicability of the metacognitive model in adolescence by exploring the relationship, as well as the trajectory, between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress. The longitudinal prospective cohort study investigated data from a community-based sample of participants aged 12 to 13. Self-report assessment measures of metacognitive beliefs, psychological distress, and somatic distress are reported across four time-points. Baseline assessments are reported for 70 participants, which reduced to 53 participants at time-point four. Correlational analyses demonstrated a significant relationship between overall metacognition, as well as negative metacognitive beliefs, and psychological distress at each of the four time-points. Generalised Estimating Equations found a significant association between metacognitive predictors and psychological distress over the four time-points. These results indicate that negative metacognitive beliefs, positive metacognitive beliefs, metacognitive beliefs related to superstition, punishment, and responsibility, low perceived levels of cognitive confidence and cognitive self-consciousness predict psychological distress over 12months in adolescents aged 12 to 13. The strongest longitudinal correlational structure was found for the model of negative metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the positive linear relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress in adolescence. The study provides an important contribution to understanding the role of metacognitive beliefs in the aetiology and perpetuation of psychological distress in adolescence.

Risk factors for Internet Gaming Disorder: Testing the contribution of metacognitions, stress, and coping

Engaging in online gaming is often considered as an avoidance strategy to cope with stress. This study aimed to test whether metacognitions make a unique contribution and which of them is/are the most salient to explaining Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) tendency after controlling for age, gender, and stress. We further explored the structure of relationships between these variables by testing a metacognitively mediated stress-IGD model. A convenience sample of 1255 Chinese young adults with gaming experience (age ranged from 18 to 27; 57.0% females) completed an anonymous online questionnaire in June 2021. Each metacognitions subscale was positively correlated with IGD tendency, whilst cognitive confidence and positive beliefs about worry were identified as the most salient dimensions among metacognitions for IGD tendency after controlling for demographics and stress. The mediation path model showed acceptable fit after implementing minor modifications. The bootstrapping results showed that the effect of stress on IGD tendency was fully mediated, with metacognitions and escape motivation as independent mediators. In the model, the paths from both positive metacognitions and uncontrollability/danger metacognitions to escape motivation (and in turn IGD) remained significant, whilst the path between cognitive confidence and IGD also remained significant. The findings suggest revisions to the stress-coping model consistent with self-regulatory executive function theory, and advance our understanding of the potential risk factors linking stress to problematic gaming. Enhancing individuals’ capacity for metacognitive regulation may be an effective approach for future IGD preventive interventions among Chinese young gamers.

Metacognitive beliefs and anxiety symptoms could serve as mediators between fear of missing out and gaming disorder in adolescents

Given the vulnerability to and prevalence of emotional problems and Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in adolescents, this study aimed to test the effects of fear of missing out (FoMO) on IGD and the mediating roles of metacognitive beliefs and anxiety symptoms based on the self-regulatory executive function (S-REF) model. At a Chinese high school, 283 participants (Mage = 16.89 years old; girls = 42.0%) with past-year gaming experience voluntarily completed an anonymous paper-and-pencil questionnaire. FoMO showed significant, positive associations with IGD, anxiety symptoms, and metacognitive beliefs. Results of path analysis showed a significant direct effect of FoMO on IGD, whereas anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship between FoMO and IGD. The indirect effects of FoMO on IGD via serial mediations of three negative metacognitive beliefs (i.e., negative beliefs about worry, low cognitive confidence, and beliefs regarding need for control) and anxiety symptoms were also statistically significant. These findings demonstrated that maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and anxiety are risk-enhancing mediators in the relationship between FoMO and IGD. Therefore, metacognitive therapy, particularly for regulating those three specific significant metacognitive beliefs, is recommended for treating IGD and anxiety, especially for those with higher levels of FoMO.

Metacognition and self‐regulation on the road: A qualitative approach to driver attention and distraction

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the self‐regulatory experiences and perceptions of drivers' attentional processes on the road, via a metacognitive framework. A total of 46 Australian drivers participated in a phone interview and thematic analysis was applied to the data. The results revealed that effective self‐reported attention regulation was perceptually contingent on: driving experience, metacognitive skills used to regulate attention, and strategies to sustain attention. The perceptual difficulty of driving environments was shown to impact on self‐reported arousal, and thus the perceived ability to control and sustain attention. Similarly, cognitive confidence, and metacognitive beliefs about worry and mindless driving were shown to not only influence the tendency to engage in worry and mindless driving, but also the subjective ability to self‐regulate attention whilst doing so. This study has provided evidence for the potential of metacognitive concepts to help better understand the process of attentional lapses and difficulties on the road.

Metakognitiv kunnskap om hukommelse og arbeidsevne: En replikasjon og stringent test

Work ability is a prospective predictor of sick leave and is defined as the balance between human resources and work demands. Since work ability is not equivalent to health status, identifying modifiable factors that contribute to it has the potential to reduce sick leave and related problems. The metacognitive model suggests that metacognition may be related to work ability and status, and a previous study reported an association between memory confidence and work ability. We aimed to replicate this finding and to test its robustness. In a cross-sectional study, 502 eligible participants responded to self-reporting measures. Confidence in memory significantly correlated with work ability, and this association held even when controlling for gender, age, physical health impairments, symptoms of anxiety and depression, negative automatic thoughts related to anxiety, fear of bodily sensations, and intolerance of uncertainty. Memory confidence may be a target for treatment with an aim to improve work ability. Keywords: work ability, metacognition, S-REF model, cognitive confidence, metacognitive therapy

Mediating role for metacognitive processes in the relationship between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms

ABSTRACT Introduction: Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are commonly associated with schizotypy in non-clinical samples. However, it remains unclear what factors could be contributing to the relationships between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms. Using path analysis, we explored the complex interplay between schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, and symptoms of emotional distress. Methods: Self-report data of schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, depression, and anxiety symptoms were collected from 344 participants from a predominantly student sample. Results: Path analysis confirmed unique associations between schizotypy dimensions, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive insight. Furthermore, negative beliefs about worry mediated the link between the schizotypy dimensions, unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, and introvertive anhedonia and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Lack of cognitive confidence also mediated the relationship between cognitive disorganisation and depression symptoms. Finally, the cognitive insight subcomponent self-reflectiveness mediated the relationship between unusual experiences and cognitive disorganisation and anxiety. Conclusions: This study significantly furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between schizotypy, metacognitive processes, and emotional distress. Our findings also provide support for interventions which modify metacognitive beliefs and self-reflectiveness, which may prove beneficial for treatment in clinical settings.

Association between Metacognitive Beliefs and COVID-19 phobia in a community population: a cross-sectional study.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and COVID-19 phobia. The sample included 514 Turkish adults, 295 of whom are women (57,4%), and 219 are men (42,6%). Their ages ranged between 18 and 70 years (M = 32.96, SD = 10.79). COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S) and Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) were administered. Our analysis showed that women reported significantly higher COVID-19 phobia. The participants with chronic illnesses showed significantly higher COVID-19 phobia and MCQ-30 scores. It was found that C19P-S total score positively correlated with negative beliefs about worry concerning uncontrollability of thoughts, the need to control thoughts, cognitive self-consciousness, positive beliefs, cognitive confidence, and MCQ-30 total score respectively (r = .47, p < .001; r = .33, p < .001; r = .30, p < .001; r = .29, p < .001; r = .12, p < .001; r = .44, p < .001). Then, hierarchical multiple regression was conducted, and the relationships were tested via structural equation modeling. To sum up, it can be concluded that negative beliefs about worry concerning the uncontrollability of thoughts contribute to COVID-19 phobia. However, explained variance was small suggesting that there are additional factors involved. These results provided preliminary findings relating to the association between metacognitive beliefs and coronavirus phobia symptoms. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine the causal direction of these findings.

Configuration of organizational trust in the automotive sector in Mexico. A Sociological Look at organizations

Results of the type of organizational trust are presented in two automotive agencies, from Morelos and Querétaro. The diagnosis of the type of organizational trust is made through the sociology of organizations, the theory of organizational behavior and the model of Lewicki and Bunker. It is measured using a quantitative, inductive, explanatory, and cross-sectional methodology. The Lewicki and Bunker (1996) model was used. For the level of behavioral or calculative trust, Querétaro 81.72% and Morelos 88.89%, a low level of this type of trust is shown in both states. It means that employees are at a confidence level of 18.28% and 11.11% respectively. In Cognitive or Cognitive confidence, in Querétaro 89.68% and in Morelos 89.91%, so the real level of this confidence is 10.32% and 10.09%, respectively. Finally, affective or identifying trust, a low level of trust was detected, for Querétaro 88.39% and for Morelos 90%, so the percentage of this type of trust is 11.61% and 10%, respectively. What brings consequences: lack of leadership, lack of clear objectives, lack of teamwork, dissatisfied customers. These are traditionalist and bureaucratic organizations, a formal structure, with established norms and policies, far removed from the construction of identifying trust.

Comparison of Metacognitions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Healthy Controls

IntroductionGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) and Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are common psychiatric disorders. Researchers studying the pathophysiology of these two disorders evaluated the effect of metacognition. However, there is no research examining the metacognition differences of these two psychiatric conditions.ObjectivesThis study was performed to compare the metacognitions in OCD, GAD and healthy controls.MethodsThe sample of this study consisted of 158 GAD and 137 OCD patients aged 18-65 years who presented to outpatient psychiatry clinic and applied to the health committee 168 healthy controls without psychopathology. Sociodemographic data form, Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 scale(MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) were applied to the volunteer participants who met the criteria for participation in the study. The data obtained were evaluated statistically and subjected to statistical analysis.ResultsThe mean age was 31.89 ± 10.86 years and was 60.5% (n = 208) women. There was statistical difference between marital status, occupation and income(p &lt;0.05). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between MCQ-30 total and subscales, BDI and BAI (p &lt;0.001). According to the comparison of OCD and GAD patients, ’positive belief’, MCQ-30 total and BAI scores were found to be statistically different (p &lt;0.05), ’Uncontrollability and danger’, ’Cognitive Confidence’, ’Beliefs about The Need to Control Thoughts’, ’Cognitive Self-Consciousness’, BDI there was no statistical difference between them (p&gt; 0.05).ConclusionsOur results are contributing to the understanding of the uncertainty of development and maintenance of OCD and GAD. Additionally, metacognitions could be important for the diagnosis and treatment of OCD and GAD.DisclosureNo significant relationships.