Cognitive And Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised Research Articles

Adult Attachment and Fear of Missing Out: Does a Mindful Attitude Matter?

Fear of missing out (FoMO) involves the desire or urge to stay continuously connected to and kept up-to-date with a social reference group. The present study explored the relationships between adult attachment and FoMO and the potential mediating effect of a mindful attitude. The present study was carried out on 192 participants (meanage = 23.24 years; SDage = 4.33 years), of whom 151 (78.6%) were female and the remaining 41 (21.4%) were male. The participants completed the Adult Attachment Scale—Revised (AAS-R), which evaluates Close, Depend, and Anxiety attachment, the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale—Revised (CAMS-R) and the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs). The results indicated that the three forms of adult attachment (Close, Depend, and Anxiety) were associated with FoMO through the indirect effect of mindful attitudes. This study yielded relevant theoretical and practical implications regarding the critical role of a mindful attitude as a protective factor against FoMO. Limitations and future research directions were also discussed.

Development of audio-guided deep breathing and auditory Go/No-Go task on evaluating its impact on the wellness of young adults: a pilot study.

Numerous studies indicate that deep breathing (DB) enhances wellbeing. Multiple deep breathing methods exist, but few employ audio to reach similar results. This study developed audio-guided DB and evaluated its immediate impacts on healthy population via self-created auditory Go/No-Go task, tidal volume changes, and psychological measures. Audio-guided DB with natural sounds to guide the DB was developed. Meanwhile, audio-based Go/No-Go paradigm with Arduino was built to measure the attention level. Thirty-two healthy young adults (n=32) were recruited. Psychological questionnaires (Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)), objective measurements with tidal volume and attention level with auditory Go/No-Go task were conducted before and after 5 min of DB. Results showed a significant increment in tidal volume and task reaction time from baseline (p=0.003 and p=0.033, respectively). Significant correlations were acquired between (1) task accuracy with commission error (r=-0.905), (2) CAMS-R with task accuracy (r=-0.425), commission error (r=0.53), omission error (r=0.395) and PSS (r=-0.477), and (3) RSES with task reaction time (r=-0.47), task accuracy (r=-0.362), PSS (r=-0.552) and CAMS-R (r=0.591). This pilot study suggests a link between it and young adults' wellbeing and proposes auditory Go/No-Go task for assessing attention across various groups while maintaining physical and mental wellness.

Preliminary evidence of psychological improvements and increased maternal-fetal attachment associated with a mindfulness sleep programme: secondary analysis of uncontrolled data in 11 pregnant women with insomnia disorder.

Treating insomnia during pregnancy improves sleep and depressed mood. However, given well-established links between poor sleep and a broad spectrum of adverse maternal outcomes, the benefits of insomnia care may reach beyond sleep and depression. The present study evaluated the preliminary efficacy of 'Perinatal Understanding of Mindful Awareness for Sleep' (PUMAS)-a mindfulness sleep programme tailored to pregnancy that combines behavioural sleep strategies and meditation-for enhancing everyday mindfulness and maternal-fetal attachment, as well as for alleviating anxiety, repetitive thinking, and sleep-related daytime impairment. We conducted a secondary analysis of a single-arm proof-of-concept trial of 11 pregnant women with fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnosed insomnia disorder who completed PUMAS (six sessions), which was delivered in an individual format via telemedicine video. Pre- and post-treatment outcomes included the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), Generalised Anxiety Disorder seven-item survey (GAD-7), Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), Daytime Insomnia Symptoms Response Scale (DISRS), and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep-Related Impairment Scale (PROMIS-SRI). Symptom changes were evaluated with paired-samples t tests. Results showed PUMAS patients reported large increases in CAMS-R (Cohen's dz = 1.81) and medium-large increases in MFAS scores (Cohen's dz = 0.73). Moreover, PUMAS patients reported large reductions in scores on the GAD-7 (Cohen's dz = 1.09), PTQ (Cohen's dz = 1.26), DISRS (Cohen's dz = 1.38), and PROMIS-SRI (Cohen's dz = 1.53). Preliminary evidence suggests that a mindfulness-based perinatal sleep programme may benefit several domains of maternal wellbeing beyond sleep and depression. PUMAS substantially enhanced patient ratings of everyday mindfulness and maternal-fetal attachment, while reporting alleviations in anxiety, perseverative thinking, insomnia-focused rumination, and sleep-related daytime impairment.

Evolution of Mood Symptomatology Through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From the CovidSense Longitudinal Study.

BackgroundThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 global pandemic, with its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, has led to significant mental, physical, social, and economic hardships. Physical distancing, isolation, and fear of illness have significantly affected the mental health of people worldwide. Several studies have documented the cross-sectional elevated prevalence of mental anguish, but due to the sudden nature of the pandemic, very few longitudinal studies have been reported, especially covering the first phase of the pandemic. CovidSense, a longitudinal adaptive study, was initiated to answer some key questions: how did the pandemic and related social and economic conditions affect depression, which groups showed more vulnerability, and what protective factors emerged as the pandemic unfolded?MethodologyCovidSense was deployed from April to December 2020. The adaptive design enabled adaption to fluctuating demographics/health status. Participants were regularly queried via SMS messages about their mental health, physical health, and life circumstances. The study included 1,190 participants who answered a total of 18,783 survey panels. This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study following adult participants in the general population through the COVID-19 pandemic. The participant cohort reported self-assessed measures ranging from subjective mood ratings and substance use to validated questionnaires, such as the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R).ResultsParticipants with pre-existing physical (especially pulmonary) or mental conditions had overall higher levels of depression, as measured by the QIDS and self-reported mood. Participants with pre-existing conditions also showed increased vulnerability to the stress caused by watching the news and the increase in COVID-19 cases. Younger participants (aged 18-25 years) were more affected than older groups. People with severe levels of depression had the most variation in QIDS scores, whereas individuals with none to low depressive scores had the most variability in self-reported mood fluctuations.ConclusionsThe effects of pandemic-related chronic stress were predominant in young adults and individuals with pre-existing mental and medical conditions regardless of whether they had acquired COVID-19 or not. These results point to the possibility of allocating preventive as well as treatment resources based on vulnerability.

The Impact of Children Behavior on Depressive Symptoms among Parents of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Perceived Social Support

ABSTRACT Background Behavior problems of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) bring many difficulties and stress to their parents, thus increasing their risk of depression. Recent studies have shown that the mindfulness and perceived social support may play significant roles in improving the depression of these parents as well as relieve their boundary of stress. However, related research conducted under the context of Mainland China is still limited, and no studies have yet explored the mediating effect of mindfulness and perceived social support on the relationship between behavior of children with ASD and depressive symptoms of parents in Mainland China. Objective The present study aimed to examine the relationship between behavior problems of children with ASD and parents’ depressive symptoms in Mainland China and focused on whether mindfulness and perceived social support may act as mediators in the association between child behavior problems and parents’ depressive symptoms. Method Participants were 286 Chinese parents of children with ASD. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 (ISEL-12) were adopted to assess: child behavior problems, parental depressive symptoms, individual differences in mindfulness and perceived social support. Results The direct effects of child behavior problems on parental depressive symptoms was statistically significant (direct effect = 0.137, SE = 0.043, p = .002). Child behavior problems also showed a significant indirect effect on parental depressive symptoms through mindfulness (indirect effect = 0.097, SE = 0.025, p < .001) and perceived social support (indirect effect = 0.088, SE = 0.023, p < .001). Conclusions Two variables, mindfulness and perceived social support both played a mediating role in the influence of child behavior problems on parents’ depressive symptoms. Parental depressive symptoms were significantly related to child behavior problems. Consistent with previous studies across diverse cultural backgrounds, the results of this study showed that the relationship between child behavior problems and parents’ depressive symptoms was, in part, mediated by mindfulness and perceived social support of parents. Mindfulness interventions and effective social support for parents of children with ASD may be needed to help parents raise their children and relieve depressive symptoms.

A review of the psychometric properties of the persian version of the short revised compassionate love for humanity scale

Introduction: Compassionate love can involve suitable social behaviors such as protection. The compassionate love scale relative to the human has been made to assess this concept. Aim: The current study was performed to determine the psychometric properties of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society. Method: The plan of the research is descriptive-correlational. The studied population includes all persons of Kermanshah city above 18-year old in 2021, who participate in this research online. In this study, 510 people were addressed by an available sampling method. The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-revised (CAMS-R) questionnaire of Feldman et al. was utilized for convergent validity and Fear of Compassion to others (Gilbert et al.) for divergent validity. The internal consistency method was used to analyze data using Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structural validity with the help of SPSS-25 and Lisrel-8.8. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained 8.87 for the total scale. The compassionate love for humanity scale (CLS-H-SF) showed the positive and significant correlation with CAMS-R of 139 and negative one that fear of compassion to others was -126 (P&gt;0.005). Also, the results of CFA showed that the single-factor structure has the suitable fitting in the studied population. Conclusion: Validity of the revised short Persian version of the compassionate love scale relative to humans in Iranian society was confirmed. Researchers and mental health professionals can use this tool as a brief tool to evaluate compassionate love in the research and therapeutic interventions.

Mindfulness is inversely associated with psychological symptoms in long-term cardiac arrest survivors.

Identifying correlates of psychological symptoms in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors is a major research priority. In this longitudinal survey study, we evaluated associations between mindfulness, baseline psychological symptoms, and 1-year psychological symptoms in long-term CA survivors. We collected demographic and CA characteristics at baseline. At both timepoints, we assessed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) through the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) and depression and anxiety symptoms through the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). At follow-up, we assessed mindfulness through the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). We used adjusted linear regression to predict 1-year PCL-5 and PHQ-4 scores, with particular consideration of the CAMS-R as a cross-sectional correlate of outcome. We included 129 CA survivors (mean age: 52 years, 52% male, 98% white). At 1-year follow-up, in adjusted models, CAMS-R (β: −0.35, p < 0.001) and baseline PCL-5 scores (β: 0.56, p < 0.001) were associated with 1-year PCL-5 scores. CAMS-R (β: −0.34, p < 0.001) and baseline PHQ-4 scores were associated with 1-year PHQ-4 scores (β: 0.37, p < 0.001). In conclusion, mindfulness was inversely associated with psychological symptoms in long-term CA survivors. Future studies should examine the longitudinal relationship of mindfulness and psychological symptoms after CA.

Abstract 11503: Mindfulness is Inversely Associated with Psychological Symptoms in Long-Term Cardiac Arrest Survivors

Introduction: We sought to identify correlates with psychological symptoms in long-term cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. Mindfulness, or nonjudgmental awareness of the present moment, is a modifiable protective factor against psychological symptoms in various clinical populations and could be a potential treatment target for CA survivors. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal survey study between 10-11/2019 (baseline) and 10-11/2020 (1-year follow-up) with long-term CA survivor members of the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation. We collected demographic and CA characteristics at baseline. At both timepoints, we assessed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) through the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) and depression and anxiety symptoms through the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). At follow-up, we assessed mindfulness through the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). We used adjusted linear regression to predict 1-year PCL-5 and PHQ-4 scores, with particular consideration of the CAMS-R as a cross-sectional correlate of outcome. Results: We included 129 CA survivors (mean age: 52 years, 52% male, 98% white). At 1-year follow-up, in adjusted models, CAMS-R (β: -0.35, p &lt;0.001) and baseline PCL-5 scores (β: 0.56, p &lt;0.001) were associated with 1-year PCL-5 scores. CAMS-R (β: -0.34, p &lt;0.001) and baseline PHQ-4 scores were associated with 1-year PHQ-4 scores (β: 0.37, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Mindfulness was inversely associated with psychological symptoms in long-term CA survivors. Future studies should examine the longitudinal relationship of mindfulness and psychological symptoms after CA.

Adaptation and Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) in People Living with HIV in Myanmar

ObjectivesValid and reliable instruments for the measurement of mindfulness are crucial for people living with HIV. However, there was no Myanmar version of such an instrument.MethodsWe adapted the English version of the 12-item Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) based on standard cross-cultural procedures. By randomly sampling methods, a sample of 248 eligible people living with HIV was contacted from a closed Myanmar Facebook group; 159 PLHIV completed the initial 12-item version of the adapted survey.ResultsThree items were removed due to low item-to-total correlations of the corrected item-total correlation as well as having infit and outfit mean squares outside the range of 0.6 to 1.4. After deleting the 3 items, the three-factor structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated good model fit. The resultant 9-item CAMS-R in Myanmar (CAMS-R-M-2) achieved good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α of 0.75 to 0.87, and the corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.44 to 0.81). Construct validity of the scale was demonstrated by significant association with self-reported HIV stigma and social support levels (r = 0.63, and − 0.53). In Rasch analysis, the infit and outfit mean squares for each item ranged from 0.49 to 1.24, and the person reliability was 2.17 and the separation index was 0.83.ConclusionsThe 9-item CAMS-R-M-2 with a three-factor structure has good reliability and validity. Higher total scores and subscale score reflected greater mindfulness qualities in people living with HIV in Myanmar.

Relationship between mindfulness, depression, anxiety and stress: Mediating role of self-efficacy

This study used self-report measures to examine the connection between mindfulness, self-efficacy, anxiety, depression, and stress. We administered the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS21) to a non-clinical sample of Indian IT professionals (n = 382). The findings revealed that mindfulness was positively linked to self-efficacy, while it was negatively related to anxiety, stress, and depression. Furthermore, self-efficacy was negatively linked to anxiety, stress, and depression. In fact, according to the results of the mediation analysis, the role of self-efficacy worked as a partial mediator in the association between mindfulness, stress, depression and anxiety.

Compulsive Hoarding Symptoms and the Role of Mindfulness Skills During Social Distancing for the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Survey.

People reporting compulsive hoarding symptoms (CHS) have lower mindfulness skills than those without such symptoms. Mindfulness skills can have the role of a protective buffer against stressful periods. The quarantine imposed to contain the COVID-19 spread had a negative impact on daily habits and healthy behaviors (including social interactions). An increased attachment to objects might be one of the under-recognized psychological consequences of these difficult times, yet no study focused on CHS. Through an online survey in men who were on quarantine during the pandemic, this exploratory survey examined the prevalence of men reporting CHS during this period and explored the role of mindfulness skills on CHS controlling for anxious-depressive/stress symptoms. Forty-three men from the general population completed the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Twenty-eight percent reported CHS. No differences on the scores of the questionnaires emerged between men with and without CHS, except on CAMS-R Attention scores. In a logistic regression analysis lower CAMS-R Attention scores predicted CHS (β = −0.34, p = 0.03). This is the first, yet preliminary investigation on CHS during quarantine. The prevalence of CHS appears higher than the rates (4%) reported in the last years before the COVID-19 outbreak. Perhaps people showed more intense hoarding tendencies during quarantine/social distancing, and this pattern should be monitored. Larger samples, longitudinal designs and clinician-rated instruments are needed to support or not our findings.

Assessing the effectiveness of the “I Can Feel Good” programme mindfulness module for a group of detained intellectually disabled patients

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the Mindfulness module of the “I Can Feel Good” programme, an adapted dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) informed skills programme for a group of intellectually disabled offenders (IDOs).Design/methodology/approachThe programme module was delivered to a group of five male IDOs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 (Revised 2007) at an intellectual disability (ID) rehabilitation hospital based in the UK. The mindfulness module was 12 sessions in length, and it was evaluated using the emotional problems scale (EPS) and the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R) self-assessment and observational scale. These measures were administered pre- and post-module and used the staff report scales as a primary source of evaluation.FindingsNon-parametric testing revealed that there was a reduction in scores post module on the externalising behaviour problem scale of the EPS and increased scores on the CAMS-R observational scale, which would indicate clinical improvement in the IDO’s behavioural presentation, although it was not statistically significant. The internalising behaviour problem scale showed increased signs of anxiety post module, this could be related to increased self-awareness. The CAMS-R self-reported measure indicated reduced mindfulness qualities following the module.Originality/valueThe results indicate that following the mindfulness module, there was a reduced level of challenging behaviour displayed by the patients with increased signs of emotional regulation. There was also an observed reduction in symptoms of depression and low self-esteem post module.

A Quantitative Analysis of Mindfulness Practice as Self-Care for Social Workers in an Urban Setting

This study examines the relationship between mindfulness and secondary traumatic stress (STS) amongst licensed social workers in New York City. The research that was conducted was a quantitative analysis. Participants consisted of 154 social workers that were employed in a variety of agency based or private practice settings. Participants were asked to complete an electronic survey that included: (1) a questionnaire of professional characteristics and demographic information; (2) Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale - Revised (CAMS-R); (3) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ); (3) Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS). The data was analyzed by the use of SPSS. The multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that higher level of mindfulness is related to an increase in job satisfaction (B=1.13, SE=.09, β=.73, p.001) and lower STS for social workers (B=-.66, SE=.11, β=-.49, p.001).

A group intervention incorporating mindfulness‐informed techniques and relaxation strategies for individuals with learning disabilities

Accessible Summary This paper reflects on a group for adults with learning disabilities. The group taught the adults some mindfulness‐informed and relaxation techniques. These techniques can help when people feel angry, anxious or upset. The adults provided really useful comments that will help us when we plan future groups. AbstractBackgroundMindfulness‐informed interventions are increasingly being offered to individuals with learning disabilities. The current paper aims to reflect on the provision and effectiveness of a group intervention incorporating mindfulness‐informed techniques and relaxation strategies.MethodNine group attendees with mild learning disabilities were invited to attend the 8‐week group intervention, incorporating mindfulness‐informed techniques and relaxation strategies. The Glasgow Anxiety Scale for Intellectual Disabilities (GAS‐ID) and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale—Revised (CAMS‐R) were used as a pre‐ and post‐measure, to evaluate the effectiveness of the group intervention.ResultsThe mean scores from the above measures revealed a decrease in anxiety symptoms and an increase in mindful qualities. Qualitative data gathered post‐intervention, illustrated reductions in challenging behaviour, greater use of the techniques learned and social benefits of participating in the group. A need for a training session for carers and family members was recommended as beneficial to support and assist the individuals to consolidate the techniques learned.ConclusionsMindfulness‐informed techniques and relaxation strategies are useful tools that can be adapted for individuals with learning disabilities to yield positive outcomes. However, further research to contribute to this evidence base is required. Recommendations for future practice are also identified.

Quality of life in patients with mild Alzheimer disease: the mediator role of mindfulness and spirituality

Objectives This study examined the mediator role of mindfulness and spirituality in the relationship between psychological morbidity, awareness of the disease, functionality, social support, family satisfaction, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with mild AD. Method The sample consisted of 128 patients who answered the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), the Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia (ASPIDD), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS), the Satisfaction with Social Support Scale (SSSS), the Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), the Spiritual and Religious Attitudes in Dealing with Illness (SpREUK), the Index of Barthel, and the Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD). Results Mindfulness and spirituality mediated the relationship between functionality, awareness of the disease, family satisfaction and QoL. Psychological morbidity had a direct negative impact on QoL and was negatively associated with awareness of the disease, family satisfaction and social support. Mindfulness was negatively associated with spirituality and the latter was negatively associated with QoL. More social support was associated with greater awareness of the disease and family satisfaction. More functionality, awareness of the disease and family satisfaction contributed to more QoL and this relationship was mediated by mindfulness and spirituality. Conclusion Interventions directed at the promotion of the QoL of patients with mild AD should focus on the promotion of mindfulness skills in AD patients, in addition to the reduction of psychological morbidity and the promotion of functionality, awareness of the disease, family relationships and social support.

Association of functional dorsal attention network alterations with breast cancer and chemotherapy

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Adjuvant chemotherapy has significantly reduced mortality but increased cognitive impairments, including attention function, making quality of life issues a crucial concern. This study enrolled nineteen breast cancer patients who were treated with standard chemotherapy within 6 months and 20 sex-matched healthy controls to investigate the brain effects of chemotherapy. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) with mean fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mfALFF) analysis and were correlated with neuropsychological tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), to explore the possible underlying mechanism of cognitive alternations. We found increased mfALFF over the frontoparietal lobe and decreased mfALFF over the occipital lobe in the cancer patients compared with the healthy controls; the altered brain regions may be associated with the dorsal attention network (DAN) and may be explained by a compensatory mechanism. Both MMSE and CAMS-R scores showed a positive correlation with mfALFF in the occipital lobe but a negative correlation in the frontoparietal lobe. By contrast, IES-R scores showed a positive correlation with mfALFF in the frontoparietal lobe but a negative correlation in the occipital lobe. These alterations are potentially related to the effects of both chemotherapy and psychological distress. Future research involving a larger sample size of patients with breast cancer is recommended.

The effects of four days of intensive mindfulness meditation training (Templestay program) on resilience to stress: a randomized controlled trial

The interest in mindfulness meditation interventions has surged due to their beneficial effects in fostering resilience and reducing stress in both clinical and non-clinical populations. However, the relaxation benefits that may occur while practicing mindfulness meditation and long-term benefits of these interventions remain unclear. Fifty-one participants were recruited and randomized into the experimental and control groups, which underwent 4 days of Intensive Meditation (Templestay program, n = 33) and Relaxation (Control, n = 18), respectively. The self-report measures of Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS) and the modified Korean version of the Resilience Quotient Test (RQT) were administered pre-, post- and 3 months after the intervention to measure participants’ levels of mindfulness and resilience. Participants in both the Templestay program and Control groups showed significant increases in their scores on CAMS and RQT after completing the program. During the 3-month follow-up, a significant interaction effect of the intervention method and time was revealed for the individuals’ CAMS and RQT scores. Our findings support the hypothesis that while relaxation practices may have certain stress reduction effects, the effects are predominantly mediated by the mindfulness meditation practice. Furthermore, the long-term benefits of increased resilience observed in the Templestay program group suggest that the practice may be a possible treatment strategy in clinical populations, such as patients with depression and anxiety.

Portuguese validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised and the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was the validation of two instruments: Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) and the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) in a non-clinical Portuguese sample. MethodsParticipants were 168 undergraduates (123 women), aged 18–50 years old (M=22; SD=5.94). Participants answered the following instruments: Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R); Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS); Portuguese version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale; and Separation/Individuation Process Inventory. ResultsThe factorial analysis for the CAMS-R yielded a 9-items one factor with adequate internal consistency (.76). For PHLMS, the results showed a clear two-factor structure with exactly the same structure as the original version, and with adequate internal consistencies: awareness (.77) and acceptance (.85). The quality of mindfulness (CAMS-R) was positively correlated with awareness and acceptance (PHLMS), and negatively with self-differentiation (more problematic) and alexithymia. ConclusionBoth instruments seem to present adequate psychometric properties to be used in the Portuguese population.

Revalidation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale — Revised (CAMS-R) With Its Newly Developed Chinese Version (Ch-CAMS-R)

Considering the strengths and weaknesses of currently available inventories measuring mindfulness for Chinese population, a need for a short and comprehensive inventory was identified. The present study therefore developed a written Chinese version of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale — Revised (CAMS-R) that excels in its full range of conceptual coverage, employs widely accessible language, and is brief in length. The reliability and validity of the Ch-CAMS-R was examined and found to be compatible with the original version and with other inventories measuring mindfulness. Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested allocation of two question items, without posing a threat to the four-factor (including attention, awareness, present-focus and acceptance) structure in both the CAMS-R and Ch-CAMS-R. In general, the present study supports that this four-factor structure is compatible with the conceptualidation of mindfulness in both United States and Hong Kong samples.

Cognition and Emotion: The Cognitive Regulation of Emotions : A Review

One of life’s great challenges is successfully regulating emotions (Gross, 2002). The topic of emotion regulation has been of interest since Freud (1923) began to examine the relationship between the control of affective impulses and psychic health ( Krohne et al., 2002) . The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. Emotion regulation is defined and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation (Gross, 1998). Many studies have been conducted in the field of cognition and emotion; e.g., emotion regulation: Past, present, future (Gross, 1999), the cognitive regulation of emotions: The role of success versus failure experience and coping dispositions (Krohne et al., 2002), the cognitive control of emotion (Ochsner and Gross, 2005), relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples, (Garnefski and Kraaij, 2002), incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders (Campbell-Sills et al., 2007), healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development (John and Gross, 2004), emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything (Gross, 2001 ),emotional states, attention, and working memory. Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition (Joormann and Gotlib, 2010), individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being (Gross and John, 2003), mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)(Laurenceau, 2007), regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view (Kopp, 1989), basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations (Izard, 1992), emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children, (Carthy, 2010)