Cognitive Verbs Research Articles

Feeling your neighbour: an experimental approach to the polysemy oftundma‘to feel’ in Estonian

ABSTRACTThis paper offers an experimental approach to the polysemy of the Estonian perception verbtundma‘to feel’ from the perspective of theperception➔cognitionmetaphor. First, a sorting task is used to map how native speakers perceive the different senses oftundma‘to feel’. The results show that cognition-related senses oftundmaform the most distinct and coherent group. This set was researched further by means of a second experiment, a conceptual feature rating task. The aim of this task was to assess if the cognition-related meanings oftundmadiffer from other cognition verbs of Estonian (teadma‘to know’,aru saama‘to understand’) in that they are metaphorically linked to physical perception. It was predicted that native speakers use characteristics tied to the physical perception in the conceptualisation of the type of knowledge expressed bytundma. However, native speakers did not rate sentences withtundmaas more physical than sentences with abstract cognition verbs. This result is indicative of the nature of the semantics oftundmabeing more varied than was first thought. It is argued that the semantics oftundmarefer to it being a verb of general proximal perception.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ КАТЕГОРИЙ ЛИЦА, ЧИСЛА И МОДАЛЬНОСТИ В ИРРЕАЛЬНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЯХ МАКЕДОНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of functional features of the analytical first-person singular da-construction in the standard Macedonian language. When it is used in an independent clause, the daconstruction has a wide range of modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The interaction of the grammatical categories of person, number and modality in the da-construction leads to changes in its meaning and shows its functional potential to indicate the speaker’s communicative intentions. The chosen semasiological approach to describing the da-construction is combined with the functional analysis and the communicative-pragmatic approach. The research material consists of about 200 examples gathered from contemporary Macedonian literary works and journalistic articles. 1. Da-construction has a full non-defective conjugation paradigm with an imperative meaning, where the first singular verb form has a special status. Directive speech acts, where imperative forms are usually used, are not supposed to combine a speaker and an addressee in one person, which causes semantic modification of the da-construction with a 1Sg verb: initially related to the imperative analytical paradigm, it describes the speaker’s intention to perform an action which he / she considers necessary. In addition, this type of construction marks a point in decision- making that is followed by the change of the speaker’s cognitive status; the only exception is the da-construction including verbs of perception, which points to an indirect causation of the addressee. 2. Independent 1Sg da-constructions with speech verbs and cognitive verbs tend to become idiomatic in meaning, which causes their use as discourse markers. Functioning as metacommentary, they help the speaker to direct the dialogue according to his/her communicative intentions. 3. The interaction of grammatical categories in the optative da-construction transforms curses to vows that have a function to confirm the truth of the speaker’s words and his / her commitment to face consequences in case of lying.

The syntactic encoding of experiential situations in Russian: Comparing verbs of perception, cognition and emotions

The syntactic encoding of experiential situations in Russian: Comparing verbs of perception, cognition and emotions

Struktur Dan Makna Sufiks ~Gatai Dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang

(Title: Structure and Meaning of Suffix ~Gatai in Japanese Sentences) suffix ~gatai is a suffix that attached to verbs. This research aims to describe the structure and meaning of suffix ~gatai. The data which is used is obtained from the websites, such as yourei.jp, kotonoha.gr.jp, and other sites that contained research topics. The data were collected by observation method and writing technique. Then for data analysis using agih method. The results of the analysis are presented by the informal method which explained with simple words. Based on the results of the analysis, suffix ~gatai can be attached to 3 categories of verbs (1) kanyouku or idiom, (2) ninshiki or cognitive verbs, and (3) hatsugen or verbal verbs. 2 meanings contain suffix ~gatai in Japanese sentences, (1) cannot be realized or something can't happen, and (2) not accepting an agreement.

Sign Language Metaphors: Verbs of Cognition and Emotions in Russian Sign Language

Sign Language Metaphors: Verbs of Cognition and Emotions in Russian Sign Language

Analysis of Citation Verbs in EFL Academic Writing: The Case Study of Dissertations and Theses at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This study was an analytical account of EFL postgraduate learners’ use of verbs in citing other scholars in their own writing. Particular interest was differing extents of these verbs as categorised by Myer (1997), namely verbs representing a statement of scholarly writing, verbs communicating knowledge of scholarly writing, and verbs denoting cognition of scholarly writing, each of which has subcategories. To achieve this, 40 postgraduate dissertations and theses by the University of Dar es Salaam students were purposively selected. From these citation verbs from the introduction and literature review chapters were posted to the Microsoft Excel sheets and frequencies of occurrences were computed for each verb before assigning them to their relevant categories. The findings indicate the predominance of verbs of cognition of scholarly writing (notably perception and interpretation verbs) followed by those denoting knowledge of scholarly writing (notably procedural verbs). The least used category was verbs belonging to a statement of scholarly, especially inclusive verbs with only 10 instances of occurrence.

IMPLICIT PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESS: A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS

Mental processes are process of sensing and are realized by verbs of cognition, affection, perception, and volition. Those types of verbs are transitive verbs, which mean they need object. This means that there is someone who senses (Senser) and there is something that is sensed (Phenomenon). There are three types of phenomenon, Phenomenon of Thing, Phenomenon of Act and Phenomenon of Fact. These two participants—Senser and Phenomenon—always exist in the processes, whether explicitly or implicitly. However, some clauses that are mental processes do not include one of the participants, eitherSenser or Phenomenon. There is even some data that do not include both participants. Thus, the aim of this paper is to probe implicit participants that might exist in mental processes, using content analysis as a method. The result, Implicit Participants, namely Implicit Senser and Implicit Phenomenon, can be retrieved from sentence that comes before the mental processes. The mental processes were then paraphrased and deconstructed to form a complete mental processes that include both participants, Senser and Phenomenon.Keywords: Mental process, Senser, Phenomenon, implicit

한국어 유의어 목록 마련을 위한 기초 연구 -한국어 인지행위 동사를 중심으로-

The purpose of this study is to set the criteria for the selection of synonym for Korean cognitive behavioral verbs and to compile a list of their synonyms. To this end, the chapter 3 organized the vocabulary in language education and searched the dictionaries and corpus for vocabulary as the subject of the study to point out the gap between dictionary and actual usage patterns. Therefore, the criteria for selecting a synonym were prepared, discussing that the meaning of the vocabulary should be reclassified in consideration of the discourse actually used. And based on this, the chapter 5 prepared a list of synonym for Korean cognitive behavioral verbs.

Thinking out loud: A discourse analysis of ‘thinking’ during talk radio interactions

Abstract Early work in discursive psychology highlighted the rhetorical strength of devices that serve to establish matters as objective facts. More recently, there has been increasing interest within this discipline concerning mental state invocations (e.g. imagining; knowing; intending), which typically convey speaker subjectivity. Elsewhere, linguists have examined the social business enabled by speakers’ deployment of cognitive verbs, a prime example of which deals with overt references to thinking. The current article sets out to extend the work on thinking by synthesizing research from discursive psychology, linguistics, and conversation analysis in order to undertake an integrated analysis of thinking. In our examination of a UK talk radio corpus, comprising data from 11 talk radio shows, we demonstrate three discursive functions of deploying a thinking device: setting an intersubjective agenda; doing opinion; and managing ‘facts’. An integrated approach allows us to examine the rhetorical strength of these subjectivizing maneuvers, and contribute to the existing body of work concerning the discursive deployment of thinking and mental state terms.

Construction in conversation

AbstractAlthough the Construction Grammar (CxG) model has yielded fruitful findings, the role that pragmatics plays in language has not yet been fully considered in this theoretical framework. The recent development of spoken corpora, however, enables construction grammarians to develop a new approach called Interactional Construction Grammar, which incorporates interactional factors into CxG analysis to account for patterns that involve interpersonal functions and global contexts. Adopting this approach, the present study attempts to examine the use of a complement-taking mental predicatexiangshuoin Taiwan Mandarin conversation and analyze the co-occurrence patterns of this cognitive verb with different subjects. We identify three sequential patterns in whichxiangshuomost frequently occurs, including account-giving, contrast-projecting and involvement-constructing, and argue that only by taking into account the sequential context and interactional function can the distribution patterns of subjects and particles that recurrently collocate withxiangshuobe explained.

Aspectos semânticos dos verbos cognitivos deduzir e calcular no português

Este trabalho analisa os verbos cognitivos deduzir e calcular, a fim de identificar, dentre as acepções que os compõem, aquelas que se salientam em sua atuação como parênteses. Os aspectos teóricos relacionam-se à Gramaticalização (HEINE; CLAUDI; HUNNEMEYER 1991; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 1993; HIMMELMANN, 2004), e em trabalhos sobre a parentetização de verbos (GONÇALVES, 2003; CASSEB-GALVÃO, 2000; FORTILLI, 2015), associada ao comportamento semelhante ao de advérbios. Utilizaram-se ocorrências entre os séculos XIX a XXI, do Corpus do Português e do jornal Folha.com. Por meio da análise, são apresentados seus vários significados, delineando-se aqueles que os mantêm mais arraigados à expressão de mecanismos de cognição, exprimindo processos mentais específicos, e os que sustentam sua atuação como modais epistêmicos.

Kognitionsverb i sverigesvenska och finlandssvenska handledningssamtal

I denna studie undersöker vi vilka kognitionsverb sverigesvenska och finlandssvenska studenter och handledare använder i akademiska handledningssamtal och i vilken omfattning de olika verben används. Materialet består av svenskspråkiga ämnes- och språkhandledningssamtal som spelats in vid universitet och högskolor i Sverige och i Finland. Resultatet av den kvantitativa och kontrastiva analysen visar att antalet och andelen kognitionsverb är högre i det sverigesvenska materialet. I båda materialsamlingarna använder handledarna fler kognitionsverb än studenterna. De finlandssvenska studenterna bidrar dock med fler kognitionsverb än de sverigesvenska studenterna. I analysen noteras vissa nyansskillnader vad gäller vilka semantiska fält som betonas och förekomsten av specifika kognitionsverb.

Investigating the impact of structural factors upon that/zero complementizer alternation patterns in verbs of cognition: a diachronic corpus-based multifactorial analysis

This corpus-based study examines the diachronic development of the that/zero alternation with nine verbs of cognition, viz. think, believe, feel, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose and understand by means of a stepwise logistic regression analysis. The data comprised a total of (n=5,812) think, (n=3,056) believe, (n=1,273) feel, (n=1,885) guess, (n=2,225) imagine, (n=1,805) know, (n=1,244) realize, (n=2,836) suppose and (n=3,395) understand tokens from both spoken and written corpora from 1580–2012. Taking our cue from previous research suggesting that there has been a diachronic increase in the use of the zero complementizer form from Late Middle / Early Modern to Present-day English, we use a large set of parallel spoken and written diachronic data and a rigorous quantitative methodology to test this claim with the nine aforementioned verbs. In addition, we also investigate the impact of eleven structural features, which have been claimed to act as predictors for the use or presence of the zero complementizer form for ‘panchronic’ (i.e. effects are aggregated over all time periods) and diachronic effects. The objectives of this study are to examine the following: (i) whether there is indeed a diachronic trend towards more zero use; (ii) whether the conditioning factors proposed in the literature indeed predict the zero form; (iii) to what extent these factors interact; and (iv) whether the predictive power of the conditioning factors becomes stronger or weaker over time. The analysis shows that, contrary to the aforementioned belief that the zero form has been on the increase, there is in fact a steady decrease in zero use, but the extent of this decrease is not the same for all verbs. In addition, the analysis of interactions with verb type indicates differences between verbs in terms of the predictive power of the conditioning factors. Additional significant interactions emerged, notably with verb, mode (i.e. spoken or written data) and period. The interactions with period show that certain factors that are good predictors of the zero form overall lose predictive power over time.

Los verbos de percepción en el discurso turístico promocional

AbstractPersuasion is the dominant function of tourist promotional texts and is fostered through the use of certain lexical devices such as verbs of perception, which engage readers and arouse in them pleasant feelings. This paper aims to compare verbs of perception in English and Spanish through the exploitation of a bilingual comparable corpus of five British and five Spanish institutional websites. In particular, the analysis conducted seeks to (1) determine which language expresses more perceptions through verbal forms, (2) analyse to what extent each language uses verbs of sensory and intellectual perception, and (3) identify equivalent verbs in both corpora. In general terms, the results show that the English corpus includes a higher frequency of verbs of perception, cognitive verbs prevail over sensory ones in both corpora, and there exist equivalent verbs which are more used in one language than in the other.

Verkkokeskustelujen kansa

People 'kansa' in digital discourses. 
 Corpus-assisted discourse analysis on Suomi24 discussion forum. 
 In this paper, our objective is to analyze how participants use the word kansa 'people' on the largest discussion forum in Finland, called Suomi24 (Finland 24). Our main research questions are the following: 1) What kinds of discourses the forum participants relate to kansa 'people' and 2) what kinds of representations the writers attach to kansa and what kinds of meanings they construct for the term on the discussion forum. 
 Our theoretical and methodological approach is based on corpus-assisted discourse analysis and on digital discourse analysis. Studying the data from two different perspectives with two different methods will give two complementary views on the discourses of kansa. In the first part of the study, we analyzed the 2,4-billion-token Suomi24 data in its entirety applying corpus-assisted discourse studies and keyword analysis in order to analyze the discourses and representations that the discussion participants attach to kansa. To this end, we extracted all paragraphs were the lemma kansa was used. Alltogether, the data contain about 829 000 occurrences of the lemma. 
 In the second phase, we executed qualitative digital discourse analysis in which we focused on the positioning of the word kansa (people) by examining the type of linguistic action in the utterances where it was used, what kind of relation and agreement/isagreement writers expressed in relation to the topic and object of talk they were writing about. 
 The first analysis showed that the most frequent discourses attached to kansa were religion, politics and power, ethnicity and society. In particular, these indicate that kansa is often represented through religion and that the discourses relate kansa strongly to nation-state, that is, independence, government and ethnic groups. Furthermore, kansa is often associated with inequality in the society, where parts of the kansa are seen as disfavoured. 
 The second analysis, based on digital discourse analysis, reveals that the word people is used in the following five ways. First, kansa is positioned as either in the biblical sense or as religious people who blames others. Second, writers describe stupid people and they complain and blame while showing their disregard towards people. Third, people was described as victim, betrayed, and oppressed without access to power. Here, the writers complain and accuse. Forth, the people was described as social actor through the use of cognitive verbs and speech act verbs showing intelligence of this people to which the writers belonged. The last category was a mixed one that contained people as representative of a nation or described with some quality, such as sisukas kansa (persistent people, or people with guts). 
 The results show that kansa (people) are used in very familiar and stereotypical ways. This word functions as part of an ideological discourse in the discussions in this forum that allow writers to build their self-image, distinguish themselves from the people or in order to legitimate their own position in a way that other writers recognize the shared and reproduced representation of people. In this way, this representation is part of this new kind of public vernacular discourse in various platforms of social media produced by ordinary people. However, these representations of the kansa (people) did not present any novel ways of understanding people. 
 Avainsanat: verkkokeskustelu, korpusavusteinen diskurssintutkimus, avainsana-analyysi, digitaalinen diskurssianalyysi, representaatio

Affective Language in Student Peer Reviews: Exploring Data from Three Institutional Contexts

Although peer review is a common practice in writing classrooms, there are still few studies that analyze written patterns in students’ peer reviews across multiple institutional contexts. Based on a sample of approximately 50,000 peer reviews written by students at the University of South Florida (USF), Malmo University (MAU), and the University of Tartu (UT), this study examines how students formulate criticism and praise, negotiate power relations, and express authority and expertise in reviewing their peers’ writing. The study specifically focuses on features of affective language, including adjectives, expressions of suggestion, boosters and hedges, cognitive verbs, personal pronouns, and adversative transitions. The results show that across all three contexts, the peer reviews contain a blend of foci, including descriptions and evaluations of peer texts, directives or suggestions for revisions, responses to the writer or the text, and indications of reader interpretations. Across all three contexts, peer reviews also contain more positively glossed responses than negatively glossed responses. By contrast, certain features of affective language pattern idiosyncratically in different contexts; these distinctions can be explained variously according to writer experience, nativeness, and institutional context. The findings carry implications for continued research and for instructional guidance for student peer review.

A Corpus Investigation of English Cognition Verbs and their Effect on the Incipient Epistemization of Physical Activity Verbs

In the spirit of NSM accounts that attempt to build up a language’s full expressivity from a small set of lexical primitives, we have investigated the usage in English of basic verbs of ideation ( think, know ) and physical activity ( strike, hit, go, run ) as they take on new epistemic meanings and functions, all the while calcifying in their inflectional range. It is well known that certain verbs of cognition in English such as remember , forget , and think are grammaticalizing into pragmatic particles of epistemic stance and, consequently, 1st person singular (1sg) forms account for the majority of usages. Likewise, we have carried out systematic queries and hand-tagging of corpus returns and have found that many verbs and phrasal expressions, ideational or not, seem to be associated with rather narrow collocational patterning, argument structure, and inflectional marking in almost idiom-like and constructional fashion. Moreover, we find that expressions associated with 1sg and 2nd person “cognizers” are, to a large extent, in complementary distribution, giving rise to fairly strong semantic differences in how I and you “ideate”. In this study, we demonstrate the extent of inflectional and collocational specificity for verbs of cognition and physical activity and discuss implications this lexico-syntactic idiosyncracy has for cognitive linguistics.

Verbos cognitivos en el "Corpus del Nuevo diccionario histórico" (CDH)

The study analizes four cognitive verbs (creo, imagino, pienso and supongo) in the texts of the Corpus del Nuevo diccionario historico (CDH). It focuses on the first person singular of the present indicative and the emergence of its mitigating function. This form occurs in several constructions among which the following ones are particularly relevant: 1. verb+que+clause (V+que+CL); 2. intermediate or final a lo que / como / segun+verb (Conj+V); 3. intermediate or final verb (V). The main research questions are: Which constructions occur with which verb? How do these constructions develop diachronically? The result of the research is that each verb passes two stages before it appears as parenthetical. First, the verb acquires the capability to introduce propositions. Second, the verb acquires an epistemic meaning.

Study on the Lexical Network of Non-Substantial Nouns and Cognitive Verbs in the Journal Writing of Youth with Intellectual Disabilities

Study on the Lexical Network of Non-Substantial Nouns and Cognitive Verbs in the Journal Writing of Youth with Intellectual Disabilities

Kırgız Türkçesinde Mental Fiiller

The aim of this study is to propound the expression possibilities of language in abstract concepts through firstly explaining the verb notion, and then determining the mental verbs in Kirghiz Turkish. In this study, mental verbs have been handled in the three main titles that are cognition verbs (the verbs that express understanding, thought, intention, request and desire, dream, guess, forgetting, remembering), the verbs of psychological situation (the verbs expressing doubt and suspicion, love, anger, anxiety, apprehension and fuss, fear, astonishment, sadness, shame, regret) and the perception verbs (the verbs of vision, hearing, tasting, smell, handling, regarding with perception verbs).