Cognitive Aspects Research Articles

Identification of personal factors that influence engagement in cardiac rehabilitation and interventions targeting personal factors: A scoping review protocol.

Cardiac rehabilitation effectively reduces mortality and enhances the quality of life for individuals with cardiovascular disease. Despite that, individuals' engagement in cardiac rehabilitation remains low. Considering the significant contributions of individuals' self-management of cardiovascular disease to their progress, it is essential to understand the personal factors that influence engagement in cardiac rehabilitation. This scoping review aims to identify and map personal factors that influence cardiac rehabilitation engagement with a specific focus on the subjective experiential dimensions of personal factors (cognitive, emotional, and behavioural). It also aims to explore interventions targeting personal factors to increase cardiac rehabilitation engagement. This review will be reported using the PRISMA-ScR checklist following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. It will include peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 2004, excluding grey literature. Studies reporting adult populations aged 18 and over with cardiovascular disease and addressing personal factors or interventions to increase cardiac rehabilitation engagement, will be included. Databases for the searches will include PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. The data extraction is developed by the reviewers based on JBI guidelines and relevant literature, the form will detail the characteristics of included publications, personal factors influencing cardiac rehabilitation engagement, and intervention characteristics. The data analysis will summarise descriptively the key features of the included studies and interventions, the Patient Health Engagement Model will guide the categorisation of personal factors into cognitive, emotional, and behavioural aspects, with other personal factors organised as emerging other relevant factors themes. The findings of this review will provide important evidence support for researchers, clinicians and policy makers to promote participation in cardiac rehabilitation. Within the constraints of medical and human resources, attention to personal factors can maximise the individual's role in cardiac rehabilitation and self-management, contributing to the efficient allocation and use of resources.

Teacher Consultation from the Consultee Perspective

<p>教師諮詢在臺灣校園輔導工作中常被運用，透過輔導教師的專業支持，促進教師增能，以解決學生個案或相關議題。然而，國內關於教師諮詢的研究甚少。為確保諮詢工作效益，應納入受諮詢者（教師）的觀點與經驗，以精進現有模式，推展諮詢工作。本研究基於教師觀點，釐清其對諮詢者及服務的看法、經驗、需求與期待。訪談19位學校教師（7男、12女；平均38.68歲；平均教學年資12.26年），經紮根理論分析，結果如下：（1）教師進入諮詢源於認知、情緒與行為三方面的動機；（2）教師諮詢是一歷程，包括建立關係、探索議題、深刻理解、行動介入、鞏固與調整；（3）教師普遍肯定諮詢效益，並基於經驗與反思，歸納出促進諮詢進展與成效的影響要素。綜此，本研究歸結出多項實務建議，以助教師諮詢在校園輔導環境中正向發展。</p> <p> </p><p>Teacher consultation is a common service in Taiwan’s campus counseling work. Professional support and assistance from counseling teachers promote teacher empowerment in solving student cases and related issues. Consultation services will also be a trend in the future development of school psychology. However, little research has been conducted on teacher consultations in Taiwan. In ensuring that consultation work plays an appropriate role, the views and experiences of the consultees (i.e., teachers) must also be considered to refine the existing working mode of teacher consultation for the promotion of consultation work in schools. This study is based on teachers’ perspectives and aims to clarify their views, participation experiences, needs, and expectations of consultees and consultation services. A total of 19 school teachers (seven men and 12 women; average age of 38.68 years and average teaching experience of 12.26 years) participated in the interviews. The results can be divided into three parts based on the grounded theory analysis. (1) Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects mainly drive teachers’ entry into the consultation process. Regarding the cognitive dimension, teachers seek consultation primarily to expand their perspectives on their own difficulties or students’ problems and reconstruct their views. Regarding the emotional dimension, teachers seek consultation mainly to understand their emotions and obtain emotional support. In terms of the behavioral dimension, teachers seek consultation hoping to settle and improve their own mental and physical conditions affected by distress, receive professional support and advice from teacher-counselors, and thus solve their own difficulties or students’ problems. (2) Teacher consultation comprises steps, including establishing relationships, exploring core issues, deepening understanding, action, consolidation, and adjustment. More specifically, the consultation process begins with the construction of a supportive relationship provided by teacher-counselors, which encourages teachers to engage in a deeper exploration of their problems together with the teacher-counselors under circumstances where they feel supported. Teachers gain a better understanding and awareness of their problems through teacher-counselor assessment and feedback. Finally, through collaborative goal setting, appropriate responses or strategies are made to address these problems. Subsequent follow-ups are used to consolidate or adjust these strategies to ensure problems are adequately resolved. (3) Teachers generally acknowledge the benefits of consultation and base their conclusions on their experiences and reflections, identifying facilitative and inhibitory factors in the consultation progress. The factors that facilitate the consultation process mainly include the following: the teacher-counselors must acknowledge and establish a trusting relationship with teachers; both parties need to collaborate on the foundation of mutual professional respect; the teacher-counselors must assist teachers in gaining insight and recognition of their potential problems and help them positively focus on their abilities and performance; and the teacher-counselors must also base their advice and strategies on their own professional experience to provide teachers with concrete, context-specific guidance that helps them solve the problems. Conversely, inhibitory factors may include hierarchical consultation relationships, teacher-counselors’ advice and strategies not meeting teachers’ contexts and needs, and teachers’ lack of familiarity with the consultation context or teacher-counselors’ role positions, which may all affect the progress and effectiveness of the consultation. Therefore, catalysing facilitative factors and minimising inhibitory factors during the consultation process is essential. Overall, based on the analysis of teachers’ experiences participating in consultations, this study concludes with several practical implications that contribute to the positive development of teacher consultation in Taiwan’s campus counseling environment.</p> <p> </p>

Construction and use of mental models: Organizing principles for the science of brain and mind.

As an organizing framework for questions of mind and brain, I discuss how the brain builds and uses mental models. Mental models provide a complex, structured description of some situation in the world. The role of perception is to build such a model for the current environment; knowledge provides many of the building blocks; in episodic memory, a previous model is reinstated; in cognitive control, the model dictates a choice of action. A model, I suggest, is a compositional, whole brain state, combining information from multiple specialised brain systems into a structured description of entities in the model and their roles and relationships. The default mode network may play an organizational role as parts of a model are combined into a broader whole. The model combines an active attentional foreground with a more extensive, latent background. Foreground is based on active neural firing, orchestrated by the brain's multiple demand network. Background may also include low-intensity neural activity, but with a substantial contribution from both faster and slower aspects of synaptic change. Interplay between foreground and background underlies core aspects of cognition, including cognitive control, problem solving, abstraction, and learning. Together, these proposals suggest how integrated, whole-brain functions build mental models, providing a unifying framework for the diverse concerns of cognitive neuroscience.

Training primates to forage in virtual 3D environments.

Virtual environment software is increasingly being employed as a non-invasive method in primate cognition research. Familiar and novel stimuli can be presented in new ways, opening the door to studying aspects of cognition in captivity which previously may not have been feasible. Despite the increased complexity of visual input compared to more traditional computerised studies, several groups of captive primates have now been trained to navigate virtual three-dimensional environments. Here, we outline a method for training primates to use a computerised virtual foraging task presented on a touchscreen. We document how to tailor this method to groups facing different training challenges. We present data from three groups: touchscreen-experienced chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), touchscreen-naïve orang-utans (Pongo abelii), and chimpanzees tested in a group setting. Subjects from all groups mastered basic navigation challenges with relative ease (some in as little as 16 days), setting them up for systematic studies of primate cognition within virtual environments. The training method we present is flexible, yet structured, and we encourage other researchers to adapt it to implement virtual environment research with more individuals and across more species.

Geography Educational Effects of Geographic Fieldwork: Focus on the Cognitive Aspect

Geography Educational Effects of Geographic Fieldwork: Focus on the Cognitive Aspect

Cognitive and Neurolinguistic Aspects of Advertising Discourse Perception

This study examines how cognitive and neurolinguistic mechanisms influence consumer behavior and decision-making in advertising. It explores the roles of attentional salience, memory encoding, and emotional responses in shaping how advertisements affect audiences. Attention is critical, driven by visual stimuli (e.g., colors, motion) and top-down processes based on personal goals and cultural relevance. Memory encoding is supported through repetition, rhyme, and the integration of verbal and visual cues, while emotional triggers engage the amygdala, enhancing retention. Neurolinguistic techniques, such as semantic priming, create subconscious associations between words, images, and brand values, accelerating comprehension and promoting positive perceptions. For example, luxury brands use semantic cues to suggest exclusivity, while metaphors activate sensory and cognitive areas, strengthening engagement. Additionally, advertising content is processed through hemispheric lateralization, with the left hemisphere focusing on linguistic aspects and the right hemisphere processing visuals and emotions. This study underscores the significance of incorporating these cognitive and neurolinguistic principles into advertising. Examples include Coca-Cola’s use of visual icons for universal attention, Nike’s use of memorable slogans for retention, and Dove’s emotional appeals for loyalty. Also, culturally tailored approaches, such as aligning metaphors with societal norms, enhance relevance across diverse audiences. The research suggests using neuroimaging tools, like fMRI and EEG, to identify neural correlates of engagement. It emphasizes the potential of machine learning and neuromarketing in customizing advertisements based on individual neural responses. Integrating these principles can help create emotionally and cognitively impactful campaigns.

I-PACE 모델에 기반한 간호대학생의 스마트폰 사용 조절 시도 경험

Objectives This study is a qualitative descriptive study that attempted to deeply explore nursing students’ experiences of trying to control their smartphone usage time based on the I-PACE model from the perspectives of personal characteristics and the interaction between emotions and behaviors. Based on the integrated aspects of the I-PACE addiction model, this study attempted to identify vulnerable factors contributing to smartphone addiction in nursing students in order to control long-term smartphone usage time and to contribute to the utilization of evidence for intervention methods for comprehensive intervention strategies to control smartphone usage time. Methods According to the research purpose, 15 nursing students who have used smartphones for more than 5 years and have tried to control their smartphone usage time were selected through purposive sampling from October to December 2023. Data were collected through focus group interviews and individual in-depth interviews, and this is a qualitative descriptive study using content analysis. Results The results of the nursing students’ experience of trying to control their smartphone usage time were derived into three themes and seven subthemes. First, the category of ‘beginning of new awareness of smartphone moderation’ was diagrammed as ‘feelings before and after smartphone use’ and ‘use as a tool of escape’. Second, the category of ‘promoting smartphone moderation behavior in various dimensions’ was diagrammed as ‘environmental settings’ and ‘critical evaluation and judgment of smartphone use’. Third, the category of ‘continuous mediation of self-control and responsibility’ was diagrammed as ‘forming stable lifestyle habits’, ‘improving psychological resilience and adaptability’, and ‘freedom found through delayed gratification’. During the process of trying to control their smartphone usage time, the research participants acknowledged their smartphone dependency and formed critical thinking through repeated failures in moderation. After acknowledging that they could not control their smartphone usage with willpower alone, they prioritized correcting their lifestyle habits and learning constructive stress methods beyond simply trying to control their smartphone usage. This became the beginning of postponing immediate rewards and consciously controlling their impulses. Conclusions Based on the individual emotional aspect of the I-PACE model, as an intervention method to resolve smartphone addiction, the emotions of nursing students are carefully assessed, including states such as stress, loneliness, and depression according to the individual characteristics of nursing students. Based on the cognitive and practical aspects of the I-PACE model, cognitive factors such as expectations and beliefs of nursing students are closely examined to identify cognitive factors that may affect smartphone dependence. Cognitive behavioral intervention is provided to correct irrational beliefs and cognitive biases related to smartphones, strategies are provided to consciously control internal impulses, and the ability to monitor one's own smartphone usage patterns is expanded. In the interactive and integrated aspect of the I-PACE model, in order to control long-term smartphone usage time rather than short-term environmental settings, it is necessary to identify individual vulnerabilities that contribute to smartphone addiction in nursing students and to establish a constructive stress coping method that enhances psychological resilience in daily life.

Enhancing consecutive interpreting with ASR: Sight-Terp as a computer-assisted interpreting tool

This experimental study investigates the potential impact of employing automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech translation (ST) in consecutive interpreting (CI) through the use of a computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tool. The tool used is Sight-Terp, an ASR-supported CAI tool developed and designed by the first author of this study. It offers multiple features, such as ASR, real-time ST, named entity highlighting, and automatically enumerated segmentation. The methodology adopted in this research involves a within-subjects design, assessing participants’ output in scenarios with and without the use of Sight-Terp on a tablet. Twelve participants were recruited for the experimental setup and asked to interpret four English speeches into Turkish in long CI mode, using Sight-Terp for two of them and a pen and paper for the other two. The data analysis is grounded on parameters of both accuracy and fluency. In distinguishing the variance in accuracy across the two settings, accuracy metrics were rooted in the mean count of correctly rendered semantic units (units of meaning), as defined by Seleskovitch (1989). On the other hand, fluency was quantified by tracking the frequency of disfluency markers, including false starts, frequency of filled pauses, filler words, whole-word repetitions, broken words, and incomplete phrases in each session. The results show that the integration of ASR into two CI tasks led to an enhancement in the accuracy of the participants’ rendition. Concurrently, however, it led to an increase in disfluencies and extended task durations compared to the tasks in which Sight-Terp was not used. The study outcomes also suggest potential areas of improvement and modifications that could further enhance the utility of the tool. Future empirical studies using Sight-Terp will tell us more about the feasibility of ASR in the interpreting process and cognitive aspects of human-machine interaction in CI.

Development of a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial culture

PurposeInnovation is key. It improves a nations’ standing in international competition and in-creases the productivity of the workforce – a significant aspect in aging societies with a declining entrepreneurial activity. But how can innovation be fostered? This paper argues that entrepreneurial culture is an underestimated solution to this difficult challenge. It therefore differs from common models in which other measures such as financial capital or networks play a predominant role and thus mask the influence of entrepreneurial culture on innovation in entrepreneurial ecosystems.Design/methodology/approachUsing a qualitative literature analysis, the paper links various interdisciplinary touch points to the entrepreneurial ecosystem – including the individual-focused cognitive aspects of entrepreneurs, the social and spatial communities and the ecosystem as a service model.FindingsThe framework is conceptualized as a multi-layer model, enabling a discussion of policy measures in socioeconomic spaces with a short- and long-term perspective. It dispenses artificial assumptions and considers the complexity of human behavior as a strong and reciprocal driver of entrepreneurial culture.Practical implicationsWith this framework, the paper tends to qualify policy makers and researchers in a de-tailed manner, when it comes to the formulation and application of culture-focused innovation policies.Originality/valueThe paper enriches the existing research with a new perspective on the relation between entrepreneurial culture and entrepreneurial ecosystems, which especially emphasizes the entrepreneurs experienced reality and its multi-level embeddedness.

Model pengembangan kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam dalam pendidikan dasar

The Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum in elementary schools faces various challenges, primarily due to its overemphasis on the cognitive aspect, which is no longer aligned with contemporary needs. This study employs literature review, policy analysis, and empirical research methods to develop a relevant PAI curriculum model. The proposed model emphasizes the integration of Islamic values into learning activities to shape students' character, morality, and spiritual values. The findings indicate that an Islamic value-based, adaptive, and contextual curriculum can enhance students' understanding of religious teachings and strengthen their application in daily life. The curriculum development process highlights the importance of collaboration among educators, parents, and policymakers to create a dynamic curriculum focused on holistic Islamic character development.

INTERACTIVE BLOCK GAMES TO IMPROVE VISUAL SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

The development of technology and modern lifestyle has changed children's play patterns, where more time is spent with digital devices than manipulative activities that support visual-spatial development, interactive block play is a popular activity for preschool children and has been considered by researchers as a versatile activity to help children develop technological thinking, critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, and abstract thinking, Data collection was carried out through systematic observation, documentation, and performance tests to measure the development of children's visual-spatial intelligence. The collected data were analyzed using the independent sample t-test statistical test, and the paired sample t-test to analyze the increase in scores from pretest to posttest. The validity and reliability of the instrument trial instrument with a Cronbach's alpha reliability value> 0.7. based on the Sig. (2-tailed) value in the experimental class of 0.010 <0.05. So there is a difference before the intervention or pretest and after the intervention or posttest. Therefore, there is an influence of interactive block play to improve visual spatial intelligence in early childhood. Children who regularly play with interactive blocks show improvements in several cognitive aspects. They have better abilities in recognizing patterns, understanding spatial relationships, and solving problems involving spatial orientation

Migration discourse: a cognitive-pragmatic vantage point

This article focuses on the English-language migration discourse and aims to develop its methodology through the lens of cognitive pragmatics and cognitively oriented critical discourse analysis. The analysis is underpinned by understanding of discourse against a social, pragmatic, and cognitive background, which postulates the unity of cognitive and pragmatic aspects of migration discourse. This paper focuses on the 2024 USA presidential election as a case study. First, I studied the discourse-generating concept of migrant represented in Donald Trump’s utterances by lexemes, word-combinations, and cognitive metaphors. Then with the help of critical discourse analysis framework I singled out discourse strategies of migration discourse in the Republican Party Platform and in Harris – Trump presidential debate. In the 2024 USA presidential election campaign, the written migration discourse of the Republican Party sought to evoke negative emotions and included populist content. I argue that in his speeches at public events, Donald Trump often generated dramatization, both verbally and non-verbally, and engaged in negative campaigning concerning the issues of migrants and migration. Migration discourse that involved negative campaigning and evoked negative emotions towards migrants yielded high voters engagement. Negative, exaggerated, and sensationalized style of argumentation in migration issues is a strategic tool of Donald Trump’s political discourse, intentionally meant to reach the voters both rationally and subconsciously. Republican migration discourse is ethno- and culturally specified; its strategies bear the features of xenophobic ethno-cultural stereotypes that are underpinned by cognitive ‘immigrants-as-home-invaders’ scenario based on discursive narrowing of the conceptual space of migrant as compared to that of citizen.

ATTITUDE AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF MUSLIM FAMILIES TOWARDS THE FATWA OF THE INDONESIAN ULEMA COUNCIL (MUI) CONCERNING THE LAW AND SUPPORT FOR THE PALESTINIAN STRUGGLE

The issuance of MUI Fatwa number 83 of 2023, addressing the Law and Support for the Palestinian Struggle, has elicited diverse reactions from the public. Some view it as a means of expressing solidarity with the Palestinian people's struggle against colonialism. In contrast, others harbor skepticism due to potential negative repercussions, especially for Muslim families targeted by the fatwa. Consequently, this study aims to assess the support of Muslim families for MUI Fatwa No. 23 of 2023, particularly those directly impacted and unaffected by the fatwa. Employing a quantitative-qualitative method, this research uses psychological and philosophical approach by utilizing attitude and Maqashid theory. The research utilized a Likert scale measuring support for the MUI fatwa, validated and tested for reliability. The scale was administered through the Google Form application in an online distribution. The study involved 176 Muslim families, encompassing both those affected and unaffected by the fatwa. Overall, the findings indicate a moderate level (mean 62,81). It covered 35,8% of the respondent's support for the MUI fatwa among Muslim families. Post hoc analysis revealed a significantly higher mean for the affective aspect (3.94) compared to the cognitive (3.75) and behavioral aspects (3.65), emphasizing the emotional nature of the support. Furthermore, a comparison of support between affected (64.02) and unaffected (62.3) families revealed an insignificant difference (p-value 0.152 > 0.05). In the perspective attitude theory, the Muslim family's response to the MUI fatwa falls within the moderate range and leans towards an emotional rather than cognitive and behavioral inclination. In the Maqashid perspective, they tend to fight for the value of human protection (hifdh an-nafs) for themselves and their families. On the one hand they also condemn Israel's crimes against Palestinians. Here it can be stated that their attitude and legal consciousness in the cognitive aspect is not comparable to the practical aspect.

Learning method innovation: Integrating projects for holistic development of early childhood.

Background : Innovative learning methods are essential in early childhood education to support their holistic development, encompassing cognitive, social, emotional, and physical aspects. However, the implementation of monotonous learning methods often reduces children's interest in learning. The Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model offers a relevant approach to enhancing children's creativity and collaborative skills.Aim.:This study aims to analyze the implementation of PjBL in improving the creativity and collaboration skills of early childhood learners and to provide practical guidance for educators.Methode:This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation.Result : The findings reveal that the implementation of PjBL through thematic, partial, and occasional approaches is effective in enhancing children's engagement in the learning process. Children demonstrated improved creativity, independence, and collaboration skills. Teachers also played a significant role as facilitators throughout the project implementation process.Conclusion.: This research provides a new contribution by exploring the implementation of PjBL in a local context, specifically in early childhood education in Indonesia. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, which has previously focused more on general applications without emphasizing children's creativity and collaboration. These findings support the development of the Merdeka Curriculum by prioritizing active, collaborative, and contextual learning relevant to the developmental needs of early childhood learners. Thus, PjBL proves to be a relevant learning model, encouraging active exploration, mastery of 21st-century skills, and meaningful learning experiences, while simultaneously serving as a solution to improve the quality of learning aligned with children's developmental needs.

Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Initial Teacher Training in Chile: Perceptions of Teacher Trainers

Comprehensive sexuality education involves intentional, progressive and systematic learning about the cognitive, emotional, biological and social aspects of sexuality. To identify how this occurs within higher education contexts, this study is conducted to describe the perceptions of teacher trainers about the relationship between comprehensive sexuality education and initial teacher training. Using a qualitative, semi-structured approach, 54 teacher trainers from eight universities in Santiago, Chile, were interviewed. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis and aided by the use of NVivo software. The participants expressed positive perceptions regarding the integration of the subject into mainstream educational curricula. The findings highlight the need for training programmes that develop content and strategies for future teaching practices. We conclude that promoting and protecting sexual and reproductive rights requires understanding of the challenge of implementing comprehensive sexuality education that is supported and regulated by public educational policies.

Inclusive Workplace Culture of a Government Office in the Philippines Through Intercultural Communication

Effective intercultural communication is essential in the workplace to address cultural barriers, improve inclusivity and promote employee engagement. In this respect, the study aimed to enhance cultural competence by observing emotions, developing cultural sensitivity, and identifying barriers to intercultural communication within a government office in the Philippines. This study examined the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication and barriers to effective interaction among employees. A comprehensive quantitative-descriptive study was conducted with a census of fifty (50) employees from the subject government office, including permanent staff and outsourced personnel. The data-gathering tool was a validated questionnaire distributed via an in-person survey. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The findings indicate that respect for cultural differences is highly practiced in the office, with the cognitive interaction aspects of intercultural communication to be further improved for a more efficient inclusive environment. Although barriers to intercultural communication exist, they can be minimized by fostering respectful and inclusive interactions among employees. Based on the findings of the study, a strategy roadmap for improving intercultural communication is proposed. This study is essential for an organization seeking to improve workplace dynamics and the long-term success created through diversity and inclusion initiatives.

Konsep Dasar Belajar dan Hasil Belajar

Learning is a process of behavioral change that involves interaction between individuals and their environment. Learning outcomes are changes resulting from the learning process, both in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. This article aims to explain the concept of learning, factors that influence the learning process, and how learning outcomes are measured and evaluated. With this understanding, it is hoped that it can provide guidance for educators to optimize the learning process. Learning is very important to produce output in an educational process. A good understanding of the basic concepts of learning is needed by education actors such as teachers, lecturers and stakeholders in an educational unit.

The Sakha language: Cultural code of the nation in the media text of online newspaper editions

For the first time, based on online editions of the Yakut print media, an attempt has been made to re-think lexical symbols, idioms and parodies as powerful factors in understanding the unique cultural characteristics of the Sakha people from the perspective of linguoculturology. By looking through the prism of ethnic culture at the original linguistic means of Yakut online publications, we better understand their cognitive aspect and the figurative abstraction both of an individual and the entire people as a whole. In this study, the mechanism of forming our picture of the world depends on the information of modern media, its implementation being related to the property of these texts, and this is a key factor. An important result of the study is that in media texts, the words-symbols of the Sakha people’s original culture represent a non-equivalent vocabulary, their analogues are absent in other languages; moreover, Yakut phraseological expressions and proverbs help to avoid truisms and cliches, making the language of Sakha Internet publications more vivid and convincing. The identified Sakha language tools reflect the national identity of the ethnic group and connect people with their cultural and historical experience. In general, the specific lexical symbols, phraseological units and proverbs of the Yakut print online media reflect the worldview of the ethnic group, being a powerful factor in the formation of the national cultural code.

Behavioral therapies for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment spectrum characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interpersonal interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, or activities. The appropriate screening and diagnosis must be realized to improve the children's prognosis. Moreover, appropriate treatments are necessary to promote better social integration and development. In this scenario, this systematic review aims to evaluate the impacts of behavioral therapies applied in healthcare settings for patients with ASD. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The databases MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane), and Lilacs were accessed, and gray and manual searches were performed. The search strategy was created with terms referring to autism and behavioral therapy. The studies were assessed qualitatively. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies demonstrated improvements in cognitive and verbal components of patients who received behavioral therapies in therapeutic settings. These results indicate a positive impact of both cognitive-behavioral therapy and ESDM on the development of patients' skills. Among the cognitive-behavioral therapies, the one based on the MASSI protocol did not impact the reduction of anxious symptoms. As for cognitive-behavioral therapy, one study demonstrated that the Behavioral Intervention for Anxiety in Children with Autism (BIACA), when compared to the Coping Cat protocol, improves cognition and reduces anxiety symptoms. Despite these results, further randomized clinical trials comparing behavioral therapies with one another are needed. In the context of behavioral therapy within a healthcare setting, the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) showed improvements in the cognitive, verbal, and social aspects of the evaluated patients. Improvement in scores sometimes is achieved independently of the group and related to the time of interventions.

Understanding the Stagnation: Attitude as a Predictor of Extensive Reading Skills without Observable Improvement Despite Metacognitive Integration

This study explores the impact of integrating Extensive Reading (ER) enriched with metacognitive strategies on ER skills and positive attitudes towards ER learning. The research employs a one-group pretest-posttest design involving 79 Arabic language students. The measurement of ER skills and positive attitudes towards ER activities was conducted using a questionnaire based on the ten principles of ER. Bayesian paired t-tests did not show a significant improvement in skills or attitudes towards ER activities post-intervention. However, Bayesian linear regression revealed a significant correlation between post-intervention skills and attitudes, with attitudes explaining most of the variation in skills. Although no direct improvement was observed, fostering a positive attitude towards ER may indirectly enhance reading proficiency. These findings underscore the necessity of addressing both cognitive and affective aspects in Arabic language teaching.