Coffee Exports Research Articles

Analisis Eksternal Sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Bisnis Perdagangan Internasional Baru (Studi Kasus: PT. GFA)

Indonesia is known as an agricultural country with abundant natural wealth and the majority of its population work as farmers. Agricultural products in Indonesia are in excess supply, while market demand for agricultural products abroad is very large. PT. GFA is a company that exports agricultural products from local farmers and SMEs which exports on HS07 and HS09. From this research it was found that the government has a very large role in the export business, for example through international agreements. From economic factors, there was an increase in vegetable exports but a decrease in coffee exports. From a socio-cultural perspective, PT. GFA can be sourced from local farmers. The existence of technological factors makes it easier for PT. GFA in marketing and control. Furthermore, PT. GFA has moderate buyer bargaining power, as evidenced by the Indonesian market penetration of trade value in Asia. However, the bargaining power of suppliers at PT. GFA is high, this is because the company does not have the goods but takes them from suppliers. On the other hand, the threat of small substance products is because HS07 and HS09 are commodities that cannot be replaced. Lastly, PT.GFA has a low threat of new entrants because to become an exporter requires quite a large amount of capital.

Peran Pemerintah Dalam Meningkatkan Volume Ekspor Kopi

Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world. Of course, it has great potential to increase the performance and volume of coffee exports globally. Given that Indonesia has become one of the largest coffee producers in the world, the development of coffee production must be carried out carefully and consistently. This research is focused on discussing what efforts the government has made in increasing coffee exports to the global market and the influence of farmers in increasing the volume of coffee exports themselves. So that later it can compete with other coffee-producing countries. The development of the coffee commodity industry is an ideal situation because Indonesia has abundant natural resources and a supportive archaeological environment. This requires government participation in improving the performance of national coffee production. From the results of this study, it is known that the government continues to strive to maximize the volume of coffee exports so that it continues to increase to the world market. The government conducts coaching to farmers, markets to the global market and improves the quality and productivity of coffee.

Coffee culture unravelled: exploring the coffee shop experience model in the Vietnamese context

ABSTRACT Amidst the captivating realm of the coffee shop experience, this study contributes to its significance across various literature streams and diverse forms. More specifically, the study focuses on the concept of the ‘ideal coffee shop experience’ from the perspectives of consumers and coffee shop owners/managers in Vietnam, drawing upon the experience economy and experience co-creation literature. The investigation takes place in Vietnam, a country renowned for its coffee exports and thriving coffee shop industry. Through qualitative data collected via interviews and an online questionnaire, the study uncovers divergent preferences between the supply and demand sides regarding the coffee shop's physical environment, product quality and variety, service staff performance/traits, and location or parking availability. Building on these findings, the study proposes the ‘supplier and consumer coffee shop experience’ model, which offers a comprehensive understanding of coffee shop experiences and provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers in the relevant fields.

Indonesian Coffee Development Path: Production and International Trade

Aims: The objectives of this study are (i) to compare Indonesia's coffee production efficiency among the top five world coffee-producing countries, (ii) to analyze Indonesia's coffee competitiveness against major world coffee producers in the international market, and (iii) to analyze Indonesia's coffee export structure based on unit price of export price to determine profitable differentiation of export destinations.
 Methodology: A descriptive comparative analysis was conducted on coffee productivity (kg/ha) in the major coffee-producing countries and on the export unit price (USD/ton) received by Indonesia and other exporting countries. To reveal the comparative advantage of Indonesian coffee in the global market, Symmetry Revealed Comparative Advantage (RSCA) is employed, and GL-Index is utilized as an analysis tool for export destination differentiation.
 Results: The results of this study are (i) Indonesian coffee production is very low due to various factors, including production techniques that do not apply innovation to increase production, (ii) the composition of production is dominated by Robusta Coffee which is known to get a lower price than Arabica Coffee, (iii) exports are in the form of low-quality products so that they attain a meager unit price even though Indonesian coffee has competitiveness with SRCA> 0, and (iv) GL-Index analysis shows that the most profitable export destinations for Indonesian coffee are to the United States and Australia and New Zealand, while contrary to what has been assumed, exports to West Europe, Northeast Asia and Middle East and North Africa do not show conclusive results while ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is not a profitable export destination.
 Conclusion: Indonesian coffee needs to be improved at various supply chain stages, especially at the production and export levels. Appropriate policies to address the weaknesses of Indonesia's coffee position have the potential to catch up with the existing productivity and export gaps.

Unleashing Vietnam’s Rice and Coffee Exports: Decoding The Power of Non-Tariff Measures in the CPTPP Market

Rice and coffee are vital commodities in Vietnam’s economy. Amidst the evolving dynamics of global trade, the substitution of traditional tariff barriers with non-tariff measures (NTMs) is progressively increasing, and the CPTPP market is not exempt from this trend. Using the gravity model, this study explores the factors influencing Vietnam's rice and coffee exports to the CPTPP market. The study finds that economic factors, such as GDP, have a significant impact on export values. Import tariffs hinder exports, while lower tariffs enhance competitiveness. Geographical distance affects transportation costs and export values. The impact of NTMs on exports is mixed. Vietnam's CPTPP membership offers integration opportunities, albeit gradually. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected exports, highlighting vulnerability. Policy recommendations include addressing adverse NTMs, promoting favorable measures, aligning legislation with the CPTPP, enhancing quality, and researching export markets and regulations. These recommendations aim to improve export performance, mitigate shocks, and leverage trade agreement benefits for the rice and coffee sectors.

Dinámica en la conformación y adopción de las Organizaciones Cafetaleras en el Perú

One of the forms of work in the agricultural sector at the Latin American level is the formation of organizations such as cooperatives. The Peruvian coffee sector has not been alien to this model, which after 50 years seems to have found an organizational model through the formation and strengthening of Associations or Cooperatives of Multiple Services, increasing their quality. The objective was to determine the adoption curve of the new organizational model of coffee organizations in the Peruvian coffee sector during the last 20 years and the consequences of adopting the new organizational model (OC) in the Peruvian coffee sector. Were used reports of coffee exporting OCs, analysis of information on coffee exports, consequences of capital analysis. Of the exporting POs in 2021, in the group of those formed before 2000, which are only 18, there were 112 in 2021 with the largest increases in the years 2000-2008 and 2012-2019, between consequences found there are better prices of the OCs per quintal exported, increase in certified coffees, and recomposition of the exporters, with a 37% share of exports for the OCs in the year 2021.

Variability of factors influencing coffee export performance in Indonesia.

Abstract
 Empirical evidence is lacking on the nexus between coffee commodity output and commodity price volatility of developing countries especially during pandemic era. The most visible impact from an economic perspective is the change of price expectation on people's basic needs which are in line with the decline of economic growth in Indonesia. This has significant implications, particularly considering the important role of coffee in supporting the country's economy. The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence the performance of coffee exports in Indonesia. The novelty of this study lay on the used national dataset within the range of 20 years (2000-2020) and including the pandemic effect on coffee sector performance. We examines the relationship between variables and coffee exports in Indonesia using unit root tests, cointegration analysis, and an Error Correction Model (ECM). The results show that coffee exports, total area, coffee production, coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have significant influences on coffee exports. The variables of total area and coffee production impact coffee exports negatively in the long term, while coffee price, gross national income, and coffee imports have mixed effects. In the short term, total area and coffee production significantly affect coffee exports, while coffee prices and gross national income show no significant impact. Coffee imports have a significant negative influence on coffee exports in the short term. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of the coffee industry in Indonesia.

Effects of real effective exchange rate volatility on export earnings in Ethiopia: Symmetric and asymmetric effect analysis

The exchange rate is one of the key monetary policy instruments used to dictate the economy. However, the effect of exchange rate volatility on macroeconomic outcomes has been a subject of debate in previous research. Thus, this study examined the effects of real effective exchange rate (REER) volatility on Ethiopia's export earnings using quarterly data covering 2007 to 2021. The GARCH model is employed to estimate the volatility of the real effective exchange rate, and its effect is examined at the aggregate and disaggregate levels. Disaggregation is made at commodity and partner country levels. Besides these, the study also examined the symmetric and asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on the three categories of export earnings. To estimate the effects, both the linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) models are employed. The short-run ARDL result shows that the real effective exchange rate and its volatility affect export earnings only in a few cases. Real effective exchange rate appreciation is significant and reduces total export earnings and export earnings from vegetables, meat, and oilseed-related products. Similarly, exchange rate volatility reduces total export earnings and earnings from coffee, vegetables, and meat-related products. At the aggregate level, the NARDL result shows that exchange rate volatility has an asymmetric effect on total export earnings. Positive volatility reduces total export earnings, while negative volatility is not significant. At the commodity level, volatility also has an asymmetric effect on earnings from coffee and meat exports in the short run. However, in the long run, there is no asymmetric effect of exchange rate volatility on total and commodity-level export earnings. In terms of the country of destination, there is no strong evidence of the effect of real effective exchange rate appreciation and its volatility on export earnings. Thus, policies that stabilize the volatility of the exchange rate are needed in Ethiopia in order to enhance export earnings.

INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF COFFEE FARMERS IN THE COOPERATIVE “KETAKASI” ABOUT USE SMART ECO ROASTING MACHINE THROUGH TRAINING

Roasted coffee is an Indonesian export product and the Ketakasi Cooperative is one of the coffee exporters and a tourist destination. In its development, the Ketakasi Cooperative needs a machine that can facilitate the roasting process and has a small capacity for profiling and educational tourism. The solution offered is the use of a Smart Eco Roasting Machine. The method for implementing this service is competency development in the form of training and mentoring at the Ketakasi Cooperative which includes three stages of activities, namely the preparation stage, implementation stage, and evaluation stage. Based on the overall evaluation results, there was an increase in the understanding of coffee farmers and cooperative administrators about the roasting process. Training participants are interested in using the Smart Eco Roasting Machine.

The Influence Of Climate And Weather On The Arabica And RobustaCoffee Development And Production In The Ermera District Of Timor-Leste

Referring to the research entitled the effect of climate change and weather of the development and production of arabica and robusta coffee in Ermera district, Timor Leste. Arabica coffeeis one of the prima donna commodities that play an important and strategic role in securing the economy for nearly two and seventy thousand farmer houses in Timor-Leste. The potential for Arabica coffee exports in Timor Leste is ranked thirty-ninth with a fairly highexport quality because of the taste that is favored by coffee drinkers in the world around 157 million people, but the trend of increasing national coffee production is only 1-2% per year. On the other hand, the effects of climate change and weather also threaten the achievement of the target of increasing production. This research is a review of the effect of climate change and weather on coffee production and adaptation strategies in Timor Leste. The main coffee producing areas, such as the Regencies of Ainaro, Aileu, Bobonaro, Ermera, Liquisa and Manufahi, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and weather. Increased extreme climateevents such as drought due to El Nio resulted in a 10-15% decline in coffee production. On the other hand, the long rainy season due to La Nia reduces coffee production by 80-90%. The indirect effect of climate and weather changes is the increase in attacks of fruit borer, coffee powder and leaf rust disease (Hemelia vastatrix) which causes a decrease in production of around 40-50%. As a result of rising temperatures, coffee production centers are projected to move to areas with higher elevations. Various adaptation technologies have been produced, but the level of adaptation of coffee farmers is generally still low. This condition is exacerbated by the limited access of most farmers to climate information, markets, technology, farm credit, and information on climate risk management. To overcome these problems, policy makers, stakeholders, and farmers must accelerate adaptation efforts because climate change has occurred and will continueto take place.

PENGARUH EKSPOR, IMPOR KOPI DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP NERACA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA TAHUN 2003-2018

This research analyzes the impact of coffee exports, imports, and economic growth on Indonesia's trade balance in 2003-2018. The multiple linear regression analysis method tests the relationship between these variables. Data obtained from Indonesian Plantation Statistics for Coffee Commodities (2019). The research results show that coffee exports significantly negatively impact the trade balance, which means that an increase in coffee exports can cause a decline in the trade balance. On the other hand, coffee imports have a significant negative impact, indicating that increasing coffee imports can contribute to the trade balance deficit. The importance of policies that support increasing the competitiveness of coffee exports, controlling imports, and sustainable economic development to achieve a better trade balance. Further research can explore in-depth micro and macroeconomic aspects to produce more specific policy recommendations.

Bantaeng Geographical Indication Arabica Coffee Coffea Arabica: Does Altitude Affect the Quality of the Coffee Bean?

Indonesia has a wide variety of coffee varieties, and is the 4th largest coffee exporter in the world. This study aims to discover about the difference of coffee bean quality from different altitude. In this study Coffee samples Coffea arabica L. which will be used is taken from Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. The selected sample is coffee beans that are red and have matured at every altitude where they grow. Station I is between 800-1000 masl, station II is between 1000-1200 masl and station III is between 1200-1400 masl. The quality test including Physical test, Bean weight, volume, and smell test (rotten aroma) as in SNI 01-2907-2008. The result shows that the quality from each station is different. Thus this research conclude that the altitude will affect the bean quality of Coffea arabica from Bantaeng Geographical Indication area.

Traceability Automation in Coffee Production: A Case Study on QR Code Integration to Optimize Manual Steps

Agriculture and coffee production are vital to Brazil’s economy, generating jobs, driving regional development, and contributing significantly to the trade balance, making Brazil a leading coffee producer and exporter. In this context, this scientific article proposes automating coffee production traceability using QR codes to optimize processes, enhance quality, safety, and sustainability in the supply chain under the Industry 4.0 paradigm. We employ BPMN modeling to delineate coffee production stages, leveraging QR codes for data collection and registration during activities like harvesting, washing, drying, processing, storage, and farm certification validation. QR codes streamline operations, reduce errors, and enhance traceability, involving actors ranging from harvesters to quality personnel, inspectors, and clerks. The study scrutinizes coffee transfer from rural producers to warehouses, optimizing stock and delivery management. The main results obtained were the significant reduction in the number of employees, the reduction of activities and consequently the time, finally, the assertiveness to complete the process.

The Impact of Partnership Forms on the Improvement of Coffee Farmers’ Welfare

This study examines the optimal partnership structure for impacting the well-being of coffee farmers. It is crucial to elucidate the variances in each business model within the context of collaborations involving coffee farmers, traders, and exporters along the coffee supply chain, and their subsequent effect on the welfare of coffee farmers within each specific partnership configuration. We employed a questionnaire to assess the influence of partnership models on the well-being of farmers. The survey was carried out in Central Aceh, known for Arabica coffee production, and Lampung, recognized for Robusta coffee cultivation. we find that farmers participating in globally certified partnership constellations score better on economic performance than farmers in local partnership constellations (both certified and conventional).

DETERMINANT FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CHANGES IN INDONESIA COFFEE EXPORTS TO MALAYSIA IN 2008 -2022

The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the amount of coffee production in Indonesia, the area of Indonesian coffee land, the variable changes in the rupiah and the inflation rate on the amount of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia during the period 2008 to 2022. This research was conducted using quantitative descriptive methods using time series data 2008-2022.Types of data include the volume of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia, the amount of production and area of Indonesian coffee land, changes in the rupiah against the US dollar (exchange rate), and inflation. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis using Eviews12 software. Based on the results, it was found that partially Indonesian coffee production, Indonesian coffee land area and inflation did not significantly influence the amount of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia in 2008-2022. The partial change in the value of the Indonesian currency has a significant impact on the amount of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia in 2008-2022. Simultaneously, Indonesian coffee production, Indonesian coffee land area, rupiah exchange rate and inflation have a significant influence and are able to explain the volume of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia in 2008-2022 of 48.8878%.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Indonesian Coffee Export Volume Abroad

The aim of this research is to analyze factors influencing Indonesian coffee export volume abroad. The type of data used in this research is quantitative secondary data. Data taken from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, World Bank, United Nations International Trade Statistics Database, Indonesian Shoe Association, and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. This research uses the literature study method, by analyzing secondary data obtained from official publications related to this research. The data analysis method in this research uses panel data regression. The research results show that real gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on Indonesian coffee export volume abroad. Exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on Indonesian coffee export volume abroad. Price has a negative and significant effect on Indonesian coffee export volume abroad. Population has a positive and significant effect on Indonesian coffee export volume abroad

Эффективность государственной политики в развитии вьетнамской кофейной индустрии

Vietnamese coffee has been exported since 1990, after the country reformed its economic management mechanism in 1986. Since 2000, Vietnam has been the second-largest coffee exporter in the global market. Annual foreign currency income from coffee exports has been around 3 billion US dollars. 600,000 small-scale farmers are the main coffee producers, whose production accounts for 95% of the total annual volume. Faced with difficulties, especially capital shortages, coffee growers tend to liquidate old coffee plantations because they do not have the means to renovate them. Although the government has many supporting strategies, they haven’t been truly effective in practice. According to research from 1990 to 2000, government policy has mainly been aimed at encouraging coffee processing plants without any support from the producers themselves. Since 2000, government policy has been aimed at supporting the capital investment of farmers in the renewal of coffee plantations, but many of them were not able to receive it due to the presence of inconsistencies and duplication in it, which reduced its effectiveness. Private and non-governmental producers’ coffee support policies were more effective than government policies. No research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of government-supported policies in the development of Vietnam’s coffee industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of government support policies in promoting the growth and development of Vietnam’s coffee industry. The research findings indicate that coffee farmers and businesses do not receive any direct financial assistance from the government other than the tax on agricultural land. Coffee farmers primarily rely on non-governmental coffee companies and cooperatives for support, and they hardly destroy coffee to replace it with other crops. This demonstrates that adequate support for coffee production is extremely necessary, but government support policies for coffee producers aren’t being implemented in practice.

Analysis Of Performance And Competitiveness Of Indonesian Coffee Exports To Japan

Coffee is Indonesia's leading plantation export commodity, contributing to the country's foreign exchange growth. The main objective of this research is to analyse the performance and competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports to Japan. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to analyse the competitiveness between coffee-exporting countries in the Japanese market. Next, the Export Product Dynamics (EPD) method is used to analyse Indonesian coffee's performance and competitive position in Japan. The X-Model Potential Export Product method is used to see the potential for developing the Indonesian coffee market in Japan. The results show that Indonesia has power strong competition with an average RCA score of 4.87, though Still under Colombia, Brazil and Vietnam. Indonesia is in position Power Saing Retreat, meaning Indonesian coffee is not in demand in the Japanese market. Also, Indonesia's coffee export potency and lack of market development indicate a potential decline in the performance of Indonesian coffee exports to Japan.

Sensory quality of different coffee varieties submitted to controlled fermentation

The consumer market for specialty coffees has been growing every day in most countries, especially in the Brazilian domestic market. Post-harvest processing and preparation methods have been extremely relevant in this context. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of coffee in the world, and one of the largest consumers of the beverage, making it necessary to develop research involving strategies to improve the quality of the coffee beverage. These researches have provided Brazil with recognition not only as a major producer but also as a supplier of good quality coffee. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory quality of the beverage of different coffee varieties submitted to controlled fermentation compared to natural drying in the yard process. The experiment was carried out in the Planalto de Araxá, in the experimental design in randomized blocks, in the factorial scheme of 8 X 3, being: 8 varieties; 3 types of fermentation (120 and 168 hours of controlled fermentation and a third, which was natural drying in the yard), all with 4 repetitions. The sensory quality of the drink was evaluated through the scores of 3 qualified referees, called Q Arabica Graders, following the SCA classification methodology. It was concluded that the inoculation of fermentation yeasts added to the sensory quality in the 8 varieties evaluated, compared with natural drying. Controlled coffee fermentation, provided that it is carried out under satisfactory environmental and technical conditions, can improve the sensory quality of coffee grown in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais.

Mild Arabica coffee trade at a time of market regulation

ABSTRACT This paper explores the dynamics of mild coffee trade during the term of the International Coffee Agreement, focusing on Costa Rica as a case study. We aimed to verify the influence of the agreement on coffee exports and understand its impact on the exports of high-quality coffee. To compare the influence of the coffee agreement on the trade performance of high-quality coffee producers with that of producers specializing in coffee of similar – or lower – quality, we also included exports of Brazilian coffee (low quality) and Colombian coffee (high quality) in the sample. We focused on analysing commodity trade agreements in the second half of the twentieth century and, simultaneously, on the drivers of coffee exports based on a gravity equation consistent with international trade models. Our findings allowed us to conclude that the International Coffee Agreement gave rise to few benefits for ‘Other Milds’ countries such as Costa Rica and greater benefits for ‘Colombian Milds’ countries such as Colombia, at least in its early versions.