Coexistence Of Languages Research Articles

Présence, statut et variétés du français dans le paysage linguistique du Maroc

Abstract The aim of this exploratory research is to map the presence of the French language in Morocco. To this proposal, we update the linguistic demographic profile of Moroccan francophones on the basis of numbers provided by international organisations and classify them according to the varieties used: basilectal, mesolectal and acrolectal. In this respect, we consider two important factors for the learning and use of French in Morocco: education and migratory flows. In addition, we draw on linguistic landscape studies to examine the traces that these linguistic practices leave in the public space, as this approach provides data on the functions, status and varieties of this language. Our approach is based on data collected in five main Moroccan cities, documenting, on the one hand, the highly standardised display used by public authorities and large private companies and, on the other, signs written in a more or less formatted manner by individual citizens. Our results allow us to corroborate the process of the ‘sédentarisation’ of French in Morocco on the basis of its visible traces. In addition, our sample illustrates the multilingualism displayed and the coexistence of several languages in Morocco. In the future, further in-depth studies could broaden our documentary bases, systematise the results and revise the conclusions that close this article.

On Fran Kurelac and Slovaks

Enclosed are two letters that Fran Kurelac sent from Pest to Bratislava in 1836 and 1837 to his peer, Slovak revivalist Alexander Boleslavín Vrchovský. Numerous studies have been written about the life and work of philologist and writer Fran Kurelac (1811 – 1874), one of the pioneers of the Croatian national revival. In view of the fact that he only published his first noteworthy text in a Croatian periodical in April 1848, when he was already 37 years old, few of Kurelac’s biographers had the ambition to paint as complete and well-rounded a picture of him as possible. The main subject of the interpretation of these letters is Fran Kurelac’s relationship to the Slovak cultural and political situation at the time. He strongly advocated for the unity of linguistically and religiously divided Slovak intellectuals. The linguistic situation among the Slovaks at the time when these two letters were written was characterised by the coexistence of Slovak, Czech, and other languages, which was reflected above all in the lexical fund. Considering the fact that the Czech language was not yet fully standardised and there were different tendencies in its standardisation, we also find at least three variants in its use among the Slovaks. Kurelac’s letters are written in a special, interesting, and clearly bohemianised variant of the Slovak language, influenced by the language of Ján Kollár’s literary works.

Challenges of the Calgary-Cambridge Consultation Guide in Veterinary Multicultural and Multilingual Scenarios and the Role of Veterinary Translators.

The Calgary-Cambridge Guide is a widely recognised framework for teaching communication skills to healthcare professionals that has become a cornerstone of communication training programs in medicine and other healthcare fields. In the context of veterinary medicine, its integration into communication training programs has become an asset improving communication, education, interaction, and quality of service, enhancing the veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR). In veterinary medicine, however, a more challenging consultation dynamic involves the veterinarian, the owner, and the animal. The addition of a veterinary assistant that acts as an interpreter or translator is common in Hong Kong where the native language (Cantonese) coexists with English when consultations are led by non-native language speakers. This addition converts this commonly dyadic model into a triadic communication model. The addition of an assistant interpreter influences the way consultations are conducted, how information is conveyed, and how interpersonal cues and empathy are delivered. In this report we depict challenges applying the Calgary-Cambridge Guide in multicultural and multilingual veterinary medical centres in Hong Kong and highlight the role of veterinary supporting staff in these scenarios, specifically veterinary assistant interpreters.

Teacher cognition about intercultural communicative competence (ICC): a comparative study of English-major and German-major pre-service teachers in China

This study explored teacher cognition concerning intercultural communicative competence (ICC) among pre-service English and German teachers in China, a context influenced by a rising demand for English as a lingua franca and the increasing significance of the German language due to the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. Data were gathered from undergraduate pre-service teachers of English (EnS) (n = 54) and German (GeS) (n = 89) using a questionnaire at a Chinese university. The findings revealed that: (1) EnS emphasised ICC-oriented knowledge, attitudes, and critical cultural awareness in their provided definitions of ICC, whereas GeS focused on German proficiency and target ­culture-oriented knowledge; (2) EnS’ length of studying English, abroad experience, and prior teaching experience exhibited varying correlations with their ICC beliefs, whereas only grade level and abroad experience were significantly related to GeS’ cognition about ICC. This study contributes to the broader discourse on teachers teaching different languages and their perceptions of ICC amidst the global landscape shaped by the coexistence of multiple languages and cultures. It concludes by calling for further research examining teacher cognition and influential factors across diverse languages and educational contexts in the realm of ICC.

Mistakes in Language Policy as a Factor in the Collapse of the Soviet Union

This article analyses the evolution of language policy in the former Soviet Union with reference to documentary sources and its relationship with national policy and the Constitution. The rapid changes in the national policy of the USSR, starting with the idea of full equality of all nations and the right to self-determination, with subsequent changes towards the rapprochement of peoples, influenced the language policy, which evolved from multilingualism to bilingualism with an emphasis on the Russian language. It is important to note that the Russian language did not have a clear legal status in the USSR Constitution, unlike the national languages, which were enshrined in the constitutions and language laws of the Soviet republics. The Russian language mainly spread through administrative decrees, which led to negative consequences such as manipulation of language issues by local nationalists and the emergence of national conflicts, and influenced the process of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Compared to the modern European Union, where English dominates over other languages, the USSR represented a different version of language coexistence and a different language policy. This emphasizes the importance of finding a balance between the unity and diversity of languages and cultures of nations. The lack of a clear position on multilingualism and manipulation of the national sense of language as an indicator of identity contributed to tensions and aroused all kinds of emotions, thus provoking conflicts on cultural and national grounds.

The decision to publish in a minority language: the case of the Basque language

ABSTRACT Since the normalization of the Basque language in the 1980s, this minority and co-official language of the Basque Autonomous Community has been increasingly present in the academic sphere. Universities and other public institutions have made a significant effort to ensure that this language coexists with Spanish, the majority language, and English – the lingua franca of the scientific milieu. This is reflected in the growth of scientific production in the Basque language. In this context, this study seeks to delve into why researchers choose to publish in Basque, although the decision to do so goes against what is generally needed for international recognition. For this purpose, the opinions of 301 Basque researchers in the social sciences and the humanities were collected. The lexical data were analyzed using the Reinert method. The results show that social activism and a sense of national identity play an important role in using Basque in academia. The knowledge transfer to the Basque community is not considered as significant.

French Language Pedagogies in Tanzania: A Critical Analysis of Methods and Approaches and Their Implications for Language Education.

This paper delves into the methodologies employed for teaching French in Tanzania. It begins by examining the existing research conducted by various scholars on French in Tanzania and its integration within the education system. Subsequently, the paper explores the coexistence of foreign languages within the educational system and the utilisation of languages within this framework. Finally, the author presents the critical analysis of approaches, methods, and techniques employed for teaching French, along with their implications for learners in Tanzanian institutions that offer French language education.

Особливості функціювання української мови в Україні на початку ХХІ ст.

The article is based on the starting point that state language is one of the main factors that ensure normal existence and functioning of any country. Therefore, adequate awareness of the various types of threats that impede the full functioning of Ukrainian is of particular relevance. Among such threats, various interferences pose a particular danger. The article contains a comparative analysis of such interferences and some negative consequences that they cause. The specificity of linguistic situation in Ukraine consists in the simultaneous coexistence of Ukrainian, Russian and other different minority languages. The minority languages have a local influence, limited by the area of their distribution. Meanwhile, Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism is widespread throughout Ukraine. The dominant position in this interaction used to belong to Russian. This factor leads to numerous types of deviations in the Ukrainian speech. One of the major types of such deviations is the so-called Ukrainian-Russian surzhyk, which especially spread throughout the eastern and southeastern Ukraine where the increased influence of Russian continued for almost 350 years. Meanwhile, the western part of Ukraine was under the influence of Russian for no more than 50 years. Such a short period could not have negatively affected the state of the Ukrainian language, which remains the first language for the vast majority of the population in this area. In recent years, significant changes in the vocabulary of Ukrainian appeared as a result of total globalization which led to the emergence of numerous borrowings from English. A significant part of the latter are designations of the special terms and new realities that were previously absent in everyday life. Meanwhile, there are a lot of cases when speakers prefer to use the anglicized hybrid forms instead of their adequate Ukrainian equivalents. Such phenomena cannot be assessed positively and require prescriptive measures to be taken by authorized and competent educational and government bodies.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПОЛИТИКИ «МЯГКОЙ СИЛЫ» НА ЯЗЫКОВОЙ СДВИГ В ОБЩЕСТВЕ

The article shows that in throughout different historical epochs, languages have served as became an instrument of "soft power", promoting the interests of this or that state in the world. The main reasons for the emergence of an international language of communication is driven by are historical, political, economic, informational, and linguistic factors. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, we have witnessed the shift of language as a lingua franca. The world society has witnessed the dominance of German and English. The authors analyze the potential of Chinese to become an intermediary language in the international arena at present. It is suggested that despite the interest in the Chinese language, it is nevertheless not in conflict with English; rather it is possible to speak of a peaceful coexistence of several languages of international communication. The foundation for such a linguistic situation in the world is the desire of states to preserve their own linguistic identity and to protect their national interests in the geopolitical arena.

Exploring the Linguistic and Cultural Identities of Transnational Background Children in Catalonia, Spain

This article explores linguistic and cultural identities as they emerge in ethnographic data from plurilingual children with transnational and ethnic minority backgrounds in Catalonia, Spain. The particular sociolinguistic and multicultural context where these young people currently live, characterised by the coexistence of local, national and heritage languages with unequal social status, as well as their own trajectories and experiences of socialisation, implies that they often forge complex “in-between” linguistic and cultural identities and senses of belonging. To reflect on these complexities, we analyse multimodal data from transnational- and minority-background children as they participate in an autobiographical activity aimed at promoting linguistically and culturally inclusive pedagogical approaches and participatory action research (PAR). The analysis shows that children’s identity constructions fluently intertwine elements from their “home” and “host” languages and cultures with features characteristic of child/youth popular cultures, and with adscriptions to diverse real and imagined communities. These hybrid articulations, which can be described as plurilingual and transcultural, foreground how identity is both an individual and a social process, transversed by different axes, including cultural and ethnic referents, linguistic repertoires, historic, family and personal trajectories, urban cultures and the influence of friends and peers, among others. The identification of these emergent traits in our data foregrounds both the particularities and commonalities of pupils’ identity construction, which challenges and reshapes traditional understandings of identity. Finally, this work aims to illustrate how transnational children’s complex senses of being and belonging can be recognised and supported through inclusive pedagogical proposals as the one described herein.

Socioeconomic Factors and Language Variation in Punjabi Speech Communities

Introduction: The social structures and linguistic diversity of Pakistan have garnered global attention. The intricate relationship between these factors arises from the coexistence of multiple languages, each intricately tied to specific social strata. Social status often correlates with language use: English is favored by the elite and upper class, while Urdu is more prevalent among the middle class. Regional languages are commonly employed by rural residents and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Despite these variations, Pakistani society maintains a delicate balance between social stratification and linguistic richness, resulting in a culturally diverse environment. Methodology: This research explores the complex correlation between dialect variations and language attitudes within the district of Punjab, Pakistan. With its intriguing history and rich heritage, Punjab is the country's most populous and culturally diverse region? Its inhabitants represent diverse ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds, making it an ideal setting for studying language attitudes. By examining dialect variation, we seek to enhance our understanding of its influence on language attitudes and its impact on the linguistic landscape of Punjab. To achieve our objectives, we employ a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data analysis will comprehensively examine various dialectal features, while qualitative inquiry will elucidate community members' perceptions of these variations. Integrating these two methodologies allows us to unravel the dynamics of dialectal variation in the region. Results/Findings: Researchers comprehensively evaluated the vast variety of Punjabi dialects spoken in both urban and rural parts of Punjab. Data gathering involved surveys, interviews, and sociolinguistic observations. The results revealed an intricate configuration of dialect diversity shaped by urbanization, socioeconomic standing, and educational attainment. Additionally, the study explored the influence of other regional dialects on society, emphasizing language's role in shaping individual and group identities. Future Direction: The research emphasized the importance of language in influencing identity by examining how specific dialects are perceived in connection with linguistic prestige and social standing. Furthermore, the influence of social institutions news channels, educational institutions, and dialect diversity on linguistic perspectives and attitudes was observed. This study conducted an exhaustive examination of the intricate linguistic terrain of Punjab, Pakistan. The findings shed light on language policy and social identity implications, providing valuable insights for policymakers and researchers. Considering the impact of language policies, further exploration is needed to determine how they can facilitate or impede the spread of dialects. Understanding these dynamics will contribute to informed decisions regarding language preservation and propagation in Punjab.

Measures to sustain endangered languages: A bilingual competition model with sliding mode control.

There are thousands of languages in the world, many of which are in danger of extinction due to language competition and evolution. Language is an aspect of culture, the rise, and fall of a language directly affects its corresponding culture. To preserve languages and prevent their mass extinction, it is crucial to develop a mathematical model of language coexistence. In this paper, we use a qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations to analyze the bilingual competition model, and obtain the trivial and non-trivial solutions of the bilingual competition model without sliding mode control, then analyze the stability of solutions and prove that solutions of the model have positive invariance. In addition, to maintain linguistic diversity and prevent mass extinction of languages, we propose a novel bilingual competition model with sliding control. The bilingual competition model is analyzed by proposing a sliding control policy to obtain a pseudo-equilibrium point. Meanwhile, numerical simulations clearly illustrate the effectiveness of the sliding mode control strategy. The results show that the likelihood of successful language coexistence can be increased by changing the status of languages and the value of monolingual-bilingual interaction, provides theoretical analysis for the development of policies to prevent language extinction.

Exploring Migrant Students’ Attitudes towards Their Multilingual Identities through Language Portraits

The increasing linguistic and cultural diversity in contemporary societies inevitably affects the field of education by challenging teachers to cope with the coexistence of different languages in the classroom. The present research was intended to investigate migrant children’s attitudes towards languages through language portraits in order to help educators obtain insights into student multilingual repertoires and experiences. To this end, by adopting a qualitative approach, the study used linguistic portraits and semi-structured interviews to collect the data. The participants of the study were 10 primary school children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 with a migrant background who have been living in Greece, particularly on the island of Crete. Using the method of content analysis, the findings of the study indicated that migrant children made specific color choices based on flags, emotions, and world experience, and they put colors on parts of the body according to their functions, which signified students’ multilingual identities and experiences. Moreover, the findings highlighted multilingual students’ need to negotiate their multiple linguistic repertoires, make choices between the languages, prioritize them, rank them, or give priority to the second language, Greek, without, however, abandoning their first languages. The present study aspires to contribute to the relevant research and draws implications for the implementation of multilingual education and culturally sustaining pedagogies.

The spread of multilingualism in higher education and its repercussions for language for specific purposes

At a time when multilingualism is spreading across university contexts all over the world, this article focuses on the major repercussions that the coexistence of different languages has on Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP). After analysing the interface between LSP and multilingualism, the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU is put forward as a very good case in point of how multilingual universities are endeavouring to face the many challenges that the multilingual turn entails. The article underscores the need to foster collaboration not only between content and LSP specialists, but also between LSP practitioners in different languages.

Languages coexistence models in the multicultural environment of Ukraine and the EU

The aim the article is to study the model of coexistence of different languages in the multicultural environment of Ukraine and EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Italy). Methods. Testing was conducted using the Communicative Attitudes Technique. The degree of satisfaction with the environment was studied. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Reliability analysis was performed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results. The adaptability of EU citizens was found to be significantly higher than that of the residents of Ukraine (t=13.24; p < 0.001). The indicators of EU citizens are higher than those of Ukrainians (p<0.001) on a number of qualitative characteristics of adaptability: self-acceptance (t=21.84), acceptance of others (t=4.01), emotional comfort (t=4.49), internal control (t=33.74), external control (t=8.12); consciousness (t=2.58 at p<0.05). Conclusions. The obtained results give grounds to state a high level of communicative tolerance in the multicultural environment. This indicates the existence of effective models of multilingualism both in Ukraine and in the EU countries. Prospects. Further research may focus on identifying universal languages as communicative tools both in Ukraine and in EU countries.

A Diachronic Study on Language Policy of Laos

The purpose of this research is to examine the language policies of Laos in different historical periods: the Kingdom of Lan Xang and the vassal state of Siam, the French colonial period, the monarchical period, and the socialist period. Based on the three-dimensional model of language policy research proposed by Lo Bianco and Aliani, "Text", "Discourse", and "Practice", through analyzing the Lao policy documents that state the position of language use in different periods, unscrambling the literature on the interpretation of policy documents, and investigating the actual use of language, the following conclusions are drawn: during the period of Kingdom of Lan Xang and the vassal state of Siam, the original Lao was similar to the Yue language spoken by the Baiyue people in the history of southern China. The Lao script is alphabetic writing created from Sanskrit and Pali. More than a century of Siamese rule over Laos resulted in a high degree of similarity between the Lao and Thai languages today. During the French colonial period, the Language policy of assimilation, standardization, and “de-Siamization” was implemented in Laos. In the meantime, French had been the official language, working language, and instruction language, while Lao was an optional subject in the education system. During the monarchical period, it was a transitional period in terms of language policy in the Kingdom of Laos. The Royalist Government of Laos continued the language education policies and spelling rules of Lao formulated by the “Comité Littéraire” of French colonial authorities and established Lao as the official language in the Constitution. During the socialist period, the government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic adopted the language policy of monolingualism by taking Lao as the official language, national language, and instruction language. The monolingual policy aroused opposition from other ethnic minorities, but it played a role in cultivating Lao national consciousness and constructing a national identity for an emerging multi-ethnic country. While fulfilling this historic mission, the Lao government has gradually improved the monolingual policy, adjusted the policy of minority languages, and implemented the policy of the coexistence of multiple languages.

한국어와 그리스어 이동사건의 어휘화 대조 연구

The following research investigates the lexicalization patterns of motion events in Korean and Greek. Cross-linguistic differences in the encoding of motion events are typically attributed to differences in encoding strategies offered by languages and the limited possibilities for organizing semantic components of movement (i.e., Manner and Course). According to Talmy (1985, 2000), Korean and Modern Greek have been classified as “verb-framed languages,” although there is some disagreement among researchers regarding this classification. Korean language, while debatably not clearly belonging to the verb-framed language or some third category, generally exhibits the characteristics of a V-language. Modern Greek, on the other hand, is a language that demonstrates the coexistence of verb and satellite-framed language, sharing certain properties with satellite language systems, and is situated in an intermediate position on the typological continuum between V and S-languages. Through the research, it is confirmed that the two languages, while initially categorized as V-languages, display unique features in the lexicalization patterns of motion events. Based on the results of this study, further cross-linguistic research can be conducted to explore the individual characteristics of each language in relation to language acquisition.

The Destiny of Phenomenology: Gadamer on Value, Globalism, and the Growth of Being

The Destiny of Phenomenology: Gadamer on Value, Globalism, and the Growth of Being

Alla ricerca del canto perduto: tra Dante e Topolino

This paper is intended to illustrate the possibilities offered by comics in linguistic and literary education. In particular, the subject of analysis concerns a publication by Disney, Zio Paperone e il centounesimo canto, made as a tribute to Dante and the Divina Commedia. The proposal is introduced by a reference to the mystery that surrounds various discoveries of songs of the Divina Commedia supposedly lost; it continues with a description of the comic as a medium in linguistic and literary education; the idea of language varieties and the coexistence of different languages is then presented, linking the proposal to the requirements contained in ministerial school documents. To conclude, an analysis of the language present in the balloons of the comic is carried out, with an examination of the choices made by the authors, also through references in diachrony.

Multilingual Songbooks in Slovakia in the 19th Century

Manuscript songbooks with a multilingual repertoire are a little-researched component of song culture from the territory of Slovakia in the 19th century. They document a tradition of multilingual singing, which survived during this period and which existed alongside singing in the Slovak language and the concept of the Slovak national song. Over the 19th century, the coexistence of several languages and the repertoire structure of these songbooks changed as the functions of singing did in contemporary society, in the given social milieu, and in a person’s life.