Communication Code Research Articles

Finite Block-Length Analog Fountain Codes for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications

In this paper, a theoretical framework for the design and evaluation of finite block-length analog fountain codes (AFC) towards ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) is proposed. First, based on the achievable rate analysis and extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis for AFC, we propose a weight adaptive (WA) AFC transmission scheme by introducing a limited feedback link, which can realize the lowest complexity AFC over a wide range SNRs. Further, by combining the conventional EXIT analysis and the dispersion perspective of mutual information, we propose a modified weight selection scheme for short block length WA-AFC (SWA-AFC) scheme. Simulation results show that our SWA-AFC scheme can achieve a superior performance than the existing AFC schemes, and approaching to the Polyansky-Poor-Verdu (PPV) bound.

Contemporary Coding Theory

Coding Theory naturally lies at the intersection of a large number of disciplines in pure and applied mathematics. A multitude of methods and means has been designed to construct, analyze, and decode the resulting codes for communication. This has suggested to bring together researchers in a variety of disciplines within Mathematics, Computer Science, and Electrical Engineering, in order to cross-fertilize generation of new ideas and force global advancement of the field. Areas to be covered are Network Coding, Subspace Designs, General Algebraic Coding Theory, Distributed Storage and Private Information Retrieval (PIR), as well as Code-Based Cryptography.

Interoperability of interpersonal communications services – A consumer perspective

The European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) enables competent authorities to introduce interoperability obligations also for number-independent interpersonal communications services (NI-ICS) such as Facebook Messenger, LINE, Skype, WeChat and WhatsApp. Under such an obligation, consumers could interact not just with users of the NI-ICS where they have a user account themselves, but also with users of all then interoperable NI-ICS. While with traditional electronic communications services (ECS) economic theory and consumer interests align as regards interoperability since multi-homing across various operators is the exemption, it is not yet clear whether that is also true for NI-ICS for which multi-homing is the norm. Our paper draws on an online survey of n = 2044 consumers in Germany covering traditional ECS, email and 22 other NI-ICS to address this issue from a consumer point of view. We find that people proactively use the boundaries between communications services to compartmentalize their social contacts according to relationship closeness. Our finding echoes indications provided in a rich stream of computer-mediated communication (CMC) research and in particular psychological theories of relationship development. Specifically, people appear to follow a finely tuned cultural code implying a hierarchical order of communications services used depending on the closeness of the contacts. Consequently, our results provide a complementary explanation of how and why certain groups of social ties converge to a specific (set of) communications service(s) beyond network effects and shed a critical light on current policy debates around an interoperability obligation for interpersonal communications applications. They highlight that an interoperability obligation for NI-ICS would likely not be in line with consumer interests.

Symmetric Telecom Regulation, Competition and Investment

Symmetric telecoms regulation, where it is not only the operators with significant market power (SMP) at national or large geographical scales which are subject to special access obligations, has been on the agenda for long. However, emphasis has hitherto been on asymmetric regulation, but during the past few years, symmetric regulation has gradually gained weight in different EU countries, and the new European Electronic Communications Code also aims at putting more emphasis on symmetric regulation. The paper identifies the reasons behind symmetric access regulation possibly coming to play a more prominent role in EU telecoms regulation, the scope of symmetric regulation and how it is being articulated, and what the possible implications of symmetric regulation could be on the level of investment. The contribution of the paper is to discuss these different elements of understanding the potential role of symmetric regulation.

Focalization of key meanings in the portrait ekphrasis

This article is dedicated to the explication of key meanings in the ekphrastic novel by Oscar Wilde “Picture of Dorian Gray” through the prism of emotional state and attitude of the protagonist in the situation of perception of his own portrait. Structured by antithetic principles novel is based on the semantic dominant of wonderful / disgraceful. The wonderful implies beauty and youth of Dorian and is opposed to his soul and morality, experiencing fatal transformations associated with the moral decay of personality. Thus, the object of research becomes the semantic dominant of wonderful / disgraceful alongside additional key meanings (semantic antinomies) it is based upon. The subject of research is the linguistic markers of focalization of key essences in the portrait ekphrasis, which resemble the character’s evaluation and comprehension of such categories as wonderful / disgraceful, beauty / ugliness, youth / old age, etc. Focalization is viewed as one of the cognitive mechanisms of ekphrasis, which emphasizes most significant from the character’s perspective information that translates his subjective, emotionally colored attitude to the object of perception. Determination of the key meanings is achieved through accumulation of linguistic means, namely lexical-semantic markers and markers of nonverbal communication code. Such means enhance the expressiveness and focus attention of the audience on the sharp comparison of the concepts and images, highlighting the main motif, semantic dominant that serves as the foundation for the entire novel.

A Basic Bio-Inspired Camouflage Communication Frame Design and Applications for Secure Underwater Communication Among Military Underwater Platforms

Many marine mammal species, such as different kinds of whales and dolphins, live together in groups. Although having no nice eyesight, they can accomplish cooperative foraging, inter-communication and group sailing very efficiently and accurately only depending on their sound. Generally, present interception systems almost always classify biological signals as ocean noise and try to filter them out. In addition, the covertness and security are very important for many military underwater platforms (MUPs) and their formations. Based on above classification fact and covert communication demand, this article designs a basic bio-inspired camouflage communication frame (BBICCF) for secure underwater communication among military underwater platforms based on the killer whale sound. According to characteristics of the killer whales’ original call pulse trains, the original long duration call pulses (whistles and pulsed calls) are utilized as communication address codes for each MUP so as to provide disguised communication addressing support for interconnection among multiple MUPs in the same formation, and the original short duration call pulses (clicks) are used as other communication codes, so as to construct BBICCF for highly camouflaged conveying communication information. A simple and effective time-frequency (TF) contour extraction method is proposed to achieve the accurate extraction of the TF contour of the fundamental frequency of whistles and pulsed calls of killer whales for efficient classification and decoding of address codes. Next, this article provides some extensions and applications about how to let the BBICCF to be applied in conventional communication networks for MUP formation. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness and concealment ability of designed BBICCF.

Zimbabwean prison argot:

The prison is a unique discourse community, often characterised by the use of a peculiar commonly shared communicative code. In a country such as Zimbabwe in which inmates generally come from different and diverse ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic backgrounds, the need for a common communicative code amongst inmates cannot be overstated. Communication amongst inmates is often through ‘cant’, ‘argot’ or slang and these are usually prison specific since they are formulated within. The formulation of prison ‘cant’ is also oftentimes necessitated by inmates’ need to create and own an alternative ‘safe’ interactive linguistic space that ‘evades’ prison authorities due to the ‘cat and mouse’ nature of prison life. Prison is thus here envisioned as a cultural and linguistic space and the linguistic codes used within prison walls can be considered as sociolects or language varieties – more precisely to be conceived of as slang/tsotsitaal. Prison life, thus, has its own value systems and norms which are strengthened through such a linguistic code. Once one gets in prison, he or she adapts to a new culture and language which is spoken by other fellow inmates. Herein, we examine sociolinguistically the etymology of the vocabulary of the discourse of inmates at Whawha Medium Offenders Prison in Gweru, Zimbabwe.

Franko’s concept of the term in the context of the modern anthropocentric paradigm

The figure of a prominent Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko and his innovation in the evolution of the Ukrainian political and linguocognitological thought, especially his original ideas about a new type of the interdisciplinary studies in the Ukrainian linguistics are outlined in the research. The article analyses cognitive and discourse approach to the assessment of linguistic phenomena, defining a language as a living system, distinguishes linguophilosophical thinking of Ivan Franko as a linguist-anthropocentrist. According to his reflections on the scientific language nature and its inseparable semantic core, a term, it is possible to regard the ideological basis inherited by modern interdisciplinary studies: cognitive linguistics, theory of communication, linguopolitology. Thanks to Ivan Franko’s intellectual innovations, they managed to establish the Ukrainian anthropological terminology. According to Ivan Franko, pragmatic features merge into scientific definition along with a rational and logic explanation of a term context. They refer to emotion-esteem sphere of a speaker, their ideas and feelings. Thus, the scientist’s objectivism functions together with the publicist’s talent. When in the process of communication between its constituent entities, each of which creates his or her communicative-pragmatic space from the position of egocentrism, we experience cognitive conflicts or conflict situations, as a result, the communicative interaction is broken. The above observations give reasons to believe that Franko’s theory of suggestion has made the bridge to the modern theory of communication, which says: it is not so important what is said, but what is happening in the addressee. In other words: defining in the communication (exchanging of ideas, knowledge, feelings, behaviour patterns, etc) is not so much a communication code (language), but an internal, cognitive code, essence of man, his soul. This internal code is materialized in suggestion. Keywords: Ivan Franko, school of political thinking, term-politonim, cognitive-discourse approach, pragmatic meaning, anthropological terminology.

Analysis and Demonstration of Quasi Trace Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding for Visible Light Communications

In the VLC context, pulse position modulation (PPM) and similar modulations are typically used when the overall complexity of the transmitter is required to be low or the system needs to support dimming, i.e., dynamically control the illumination level of the transmitter. However, despite the power efficiency of PPM, it is known to be bandwidth inefficient. Having known the trade-off between reliability and spectral efficiency, in this paper we propose a PPM-based space-time block coding (STBC) technique named as quasi-trace-orthogonal (QTO), derived from trace-orthogonal, to increase the spectral efficiency of PPM VLC’s by limiting the reliability loss. We provide Monte-Carlo simulations for a $4\times 4$ MIMO-VLC system and validate the results experimentally, and show that for a given signal-to-noise-ratio, the QTO-STBC based 4-PPM VLC system offers higher spectral efficiency at a cost of higher symbol error rate compared to trace-orthogonal STBC.

Research of LT Code Based on Key Information Feedback in Deep Space Communication

CCSDS LDPC code cannot effectively solve the problems of communication interruptions and high communication error rates in deep space communication. An application scheme of digital fountain code for deep space communication is thoroughly studied in this paper. First, an improved joint coding and decoding algorithm for LT code is proposed by adjusting the probability of the source symbol selection to achieve a nonuniform selection coding algorithm and by introducing the idea of real-time decoding on the basis of combining the BP and GE decoding algorithms to disperse the decoding complexity. Second, to ensure that the LT code can be reliably transmitted under different channel conditions, a feedback information extraction method and a retransmission coding method are designed, and an LT code transmission scheme based on key information feedback is proposed. Finally, the concatenation of the LDPC code with the LT code based on key information feedback is proposed. The LDPC code processing can be equivalently run on deep-space channels as erasure channels so that the advantage of the LT code being rateless can still be exploited in deep-space communication. Through simulation experiments, the performance of the cascade codes is analyzed from the two aspects of decoding efficiency and decoding overhead, and the performance of the cascade codes and CCSDS LDPC codes are compared from the perspective of the bit error rate. Simulation results show that the decoding efficiency of the cascade code increases, the decoding overhead decreases, and the communication bit error rate is lower in deep space communication compared with the CCSDS LDPC code. Therefore, the cascade code can improve the reliability of deep space communication.

Соціокультурний феномен муралу як заклик до діалогу та обговорень

An attempt has been made to identify the sociocultural phenomenon of mural, which integrates various forms of fine arts into the street. Modern Art uses the principle of collecting information from different times and generations. It allows it to display a picture of the world in historical interaction on the surface of some object . Murals are a street art genre. In the context of the Theory of Art Criticism Murals are divided into graphic, artistic, decorative, which have a versatile genre palette. It is stated that the language of the murals is a universal and public access code for urban communication. So modern kind of street art will solve the problems of the urban environment, to change the architectonics of cities, to harmonize them and to bring them to one stylistic form.

MULTIMEDIA LANGUAGE CODE AND ITS ROLE IN POLITICAL LINGUISTICS

The development of Internet technologies and multimedia makes it possible to create texts incorporating signs of various codes, both verbal and nonverbal, alphabetical and non - alphabetical. This allows posing a hypothesis about the formation of a new multimedia language code in the communicative space of the Internet. This code is considered to be a logical stage in the development of human communication under new technological conditions but not as an anthropological regression. The multimedia code complicates the traditional punctuation system of language integrating into it emoji, stickers and other multimedia signs in the function of commas, full stops, suspension points, etc. Multimedia stylistics treats the new communicative language code as a potential for boosting emotionality and expressiveness. The author discriminates between the terms “multimedia text” and “multimodal text”: the multimedia text emerges on the basis of multimedia and is a product of multimedia technologies which form a complex syncretic code of media communication by incorporating signs of diversified media nature, and the multimodal text is not necessarily media. Multimedia texts, which are at the same time polycode and multimodal, produce a stimulating effect with a serious impact upon the recipient. This property of multimedia texts is actively used in political communication. Internet memes and multimedia articles which become instruments of modern political technologies are especially interesting for political linguistics. The meme, genetically connected with cartoon, is not created by artists but by any common person who has mastered multimedia Internet technologies. The advantages of the meme consist in the speed of disseminating, a wide range of audience (it is close to political anecdote in this sense) and the interactive response to a political message. The multimedia code in the Internet articles does not only enhance the perception by all sense organs but also improves information reliability, e.g. by using video footages.

ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗМ-ЗАГОЛОВОК ЯК МАНІПУЛЯТИВНА ДОМІНАНТА МЕДІАТЕКСТУ

The article deals with different types of headings with a phraseological component, which is motivated by the manipulative function of media. Thus, journalists resort to manipulation in media when they want to: (a) obscure factual information; (b) affect the mass consciousness of the Ukrainians; (c) focus on key positions of a media text. A phraseologism (as a certain verbal code of mass communication that is characterized by semantic indivisibility, integrity, emotionality and expressiveness) is used primarily to attract the attention of the recipient and to accentuate the main positions of a media text. The role of a phraseologism in the heading of a media text is very high: it is able to succinctly convey the meaning of the main text, motivate the recipient to perceive the material, be apt in the role of media nomination of the phenomenon described. In the context of information competitiveness, the chosen phraseologism-heading helps the media text to be noticed and read by the potential recipient. An attempt is made to classify phraseologisms-headings as the dominant of modern media texts by several criteria (structure, functions and genre affiliation). Such classification was made possible by the broad illustrative material: Ukrainian printed and electronic media, radio and television, advertising, the Internet (2019 – early 2020). Emphasis is made on the correction of the proposed classification due to the expansion of information space and the emergence of new genres with headings of new types. It is proved that a phraseologism-heading in media is used for: attracting the attention of the recipient, focusing on key information, clarifying on some facts, activating the background knowledge of the recipient, pre-comprehension and understanding the text, influencing the mass consciousness. The key goal of a phraseologism-heading remains manipulation. A phraseologism-heading is increasingly used by journalists in modern media communication.

Improved EXIT Algorithm Based on Gaussian Mixture Model and its Application to LDPC Construction in Coding Cooperative Systems With Hybrid Fading

In this study, an EXIT algorithm based on Gaussian mixture coding and multi-dimensional node information calculation is proposed. The objective is to solve the problem of performance analysis of cooperative communication and LDPC code construction under hybrid fading and impulse noise. First, Gaussian mixture model estimation of the decoding initialization information is performed by the expectation maximized algorithm. In addition, key parameters, such as weight, mean, and variance of the Gaussian mixture model are obtained. Then, the multi-dimensional information processing is performed on the variable node and the check node information in the traditional EXIT algorithm based on the multi-dimensional Gaussian mixture model and system symmetry analysis. Finally, the objective function of LDPC code optimization is constructed, the constraints are given, and the optimal LDPC code degree distribution is obtained by the differential evolution algorithm. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional regular and other irregular LDPC codes, the newly constructed degree distribution has better performance in waterfall characteristics and error floor characteristics. Such distribution provides a necessary method to analyze and optimize the performance of cooperative coding system under hybrid media or hybrid fading.

Language as a marker of ethnic identity among the Yucatec Maya.

Most human variation is structured around symbolically marked cultural ('ethnic') groups that require common codes of communication. Consequently, many have hypothesised that using others' linguistic competences as markers of their descent is part of an evolved human psychology. However, there is also evidence that the use of language as ethnic markers is not universally applied, but context specific. We explore the tension between these views by studying responses to bilingualism among 121 adults living in Mayan communities undergoing rapid socioeconomic changes involving increased contact with Spanish-speaking towns. We show that, although competences in Mayan were strongly tied to perceiving others as having a Mayan ethnic identity, ethnolinguistic category membership was not seen as stable through life, vertically transmitted, nor regarded as incompatible with competences in Spanish. Moreover, we find variation in how people reasoned about ethnolinguistic identities depending on their own linguistic repertoires. Our work suggests that, while there may be an evolved predisposition to use language as a signal of group identity, our developmental plasticity allows us to respond adaptively to social information around us, leading to psychological and behavioural variation within and across populations. How people reason about others based on their linguistic profiles will affect the payoffs of acquiring different languages and ultimately the long-term sustainability of linguistic diversity.

Revaluation of the Proxemics Code in Mediatized Communication

Abstract Technological progress in the field of media and communication as well as the dynamics of development of modern communication tools pose a challenge for studying the issue of space in communication and proxemics theory. The mediatisation of almost all aspects of human life is based on increasingly better communication tools that transform time-space relations in communication. Natural forms of interpersonal communication are increasingly being replaced by mediatized communication. Electronic communicators are becoming a kind of laboratory that modifies contexts, channels and codes of communication acts, especially in the proxemics field. Therefore, the purpose of our analyses is to show some aspects of these changes from the perspective of three basic proxemics categories: interpersonal distance, territoriality and space arrangement. In this way, we want to achieve the triple goal of our analysis: cognitive, research and practical. The cognitive goal is an attempt to show changes in the proxemics code in mediatized communication. The research goal is to describe the functioning of this code in electronic communication practice. However, the practical goal of our analyses is to point out the important rules for using proxemics in improving the quality of personality and efficiency of communication.

Compassionate and Clinical Behavior of Residents in a Simulated Informed Consent Encounter.

Compassionate behavior in clinicians is described as seeking to understand patients' psychosocial, physical and medical needs, timely attending to these needs, and involving patients as they desire. The goal of our study was to evaluate compassionate behavior in patient interactions, pain management, and the informed consent process of anesthesia residents in a simulated preoperative evaluation of a patient in pain scheduled for urgent surgery. Forty-nine Clinical Anesthesia residents in year 1 and 16 Clinical Anesthesia residents in year 3 from three residency programs individually obtained informed consent for anesthesia for an urgent laparotomy from a standardized patient complaining of pain. Encounters were assessed for ordering pain medication, for patient-resident interactions by using the Empathic Communication Coding System to code responses to pain and nausea cues, and for the content of the informed consent discussion. Of the 65 residents, 56 (86%) ordered pain medication, at an average of 4.2 min (95% CI, 3.2 to 5.1) into the encounter; 9 (14%) did not order pain medication. Resident responses to the cues averaged between perfunctory recognition and implicit recognition (mean, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.6 to 1.9]) in the 0 (less empathic) to 6 (more empathic) system. Responses were lower for residents who did not order pain medication (mean, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.8 to 1.6]) and similar for those who ordered medication before informed consent signing (mean, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.1]) and after signing (mean, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.0]; F (2, 62) = 4.21; P = 0.019; partial η = 0.120). There were significant differences between residents who ordered pain medication before informed consent and those who did not order pain medication and between residents who ordered pain medication after informed consent signing and those who did not. In a simulated preoperative evaluation, anesthesia residents have variable and, at times, flawed recognition of patient cues, responsiveness to patient cues, pain management, and patient interactions.

МАКСИМИ ВВІЧЛИВОСТІ В КОНТЕКСТІ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ НОСІЇВ ПЕРСЬКОЇ МОВИ

This article explores issues connected with the maxims of politeness and their realizing in the communicative behavior of Persian native speakers. It provides brief analyses of the history of studying maxims of conversation by western linguists Paul Grice, Robin Lakoff and Geoffrey Leech who prepared the basis for effective communication, which is still valid. G. Leech proposed the principle of politeness consisting of six maxims of conversation, which inspired many researches to conduct comparative study of the communicative behavior of different nations. Among those researchers was Sofia Koutlaki, a Greek-born linguist who examined the politeness system in Persian and proposed her own set of Persian maxims of conversation, marked withbright ethnic specific features. S. Koutlaki determined one main supermaxim – the Manner, which roughly corresponds to the Persian notion of ادب adab ('politeness', 'good manners') and comprises three maxims: Respect, Humility, and Cordiality. These three make basis for the Persian communicative codes. Comparative analysis of the maxims of polite conversation done by G. Leech and S. Koutlaki proved that Persian maxims are more emotional,express attention and empathy to an interlocutor rather intensively, and use specific communicative strategies and tactics different from the western ones. At the same time, Persian maxim 'Respect' matches English 'Approbation', while Persian 'Humility' – unlike English 'Modesty' – has specific feature of self-humiliation together with considerable increasing the interlocutor's status. Persian maxim 'Cordiality' seems to be most special and includes four maxims by G. Leech, viz.: Tact, Generosity, Agreement, and Sympathy. This maxim envisages the use of such communicative tactics as persistent offer of assistance or service, all kinds of invitations (very often ostensible), obligatory rejecting anything being proposed, etc. Performed analysis allows concluding that attempts to 'keep face', both of one's own and that of interlocutor, in the Iranian communicative cultureoften cannot be separated from the intent to establish and keep nice long-term friendly relations.

Analogía, símil y metáfora en un poema de José Saramago

Este artículo trata del papel de los tropos y de las figuras en la literatura y en el arte de lenguaje teniendo en cuenta la analogía, la activación del motor metafórico y del motor translacional en la construcción del poema y en su interpretación, así como el establecimiento de un código comunicativo retórico-cultural que conecta al autor y a los receptores. La presencia conjunta y la cooperación de los dispositivos retóricos son analizadas como un modo de conseguir la sinergia poética. Se explora el símil y la metáfora y su combinación por medio de las interrogaciones retóricas en el poema titulado «Analogia» del libro de poesía Os poemas possíveis de José Saramago. Se explica la sinergia poética como un fenómeno textual que funciona dinámicamente dentro de la Retórica cultural.

Cultural codes: essence, structure and functioning in the process of communication

The article contains a critical review of the interpretations of the concept cultural code and proposes the author’s own definition. The author points out versatility of the notion in question, describes its regulative, semiotic, cultural and cognitive aspects. The phenomenon of cultural codes is studied from the perspective of a linguistic approach, which is based on the idea of their imagery nature. The author describes an imagery code as a system of images that are part of an ethnoculture, are established in the practice of communication, are normative in nature and serve as signs of fragments of reality. It is emphasized that the basis of the images is the so-called cultural realia. Under the cultural realia in this work the author understands different objects of the real world directly related to a certain culture and somehow involved in any kind of human activity. It is noted that physical objects, gaining meaning in the mind of a person, become signs. Objects related to a particular area of reality, in the process of semiosis form cultural codes. The article analyzes a number of imagery codes of culture, describing them as codes of cognition and communication. In addition, the author studies the function of a cultural code, substantiating the fact that any sphere of reality perceived by the sensory organs can fulfill the function of a cultural code.